Flavobacterium poyangense sp. nov., an ammonifying bacterium isolated from a freshwater lake

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain JXAS1T, was isolated from a freshwater sample collected from Poyang Lake in China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate belonged to the genus Flavobacterium, being closest to Flavobacterium pectinovorum DSM 6368T (98.61 %). The genome size of strain JXAS1T was 4.66 Mb with DNA G+C content 35.7 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain JXAS1T and its closest relatives were below the threshold values of 95 and 70 %, respectively. The strain contained menaquinone 6 (MK-6) as the predominant menaquinone and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified glycolipid, and one unidentified polar lipid. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c), C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3OH, iso-C15 : 0 3OH, and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1  ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0). Based on phylogenetic, genotypic, and phenotypic evidence, the isolated strain represents a new species in the genus Flavobacterium, and the name Flavobacterium poyangense is proposed. The type strain is JXAS1T (=GDMCC 1.1378T=KCTC 62719T).

Flavobacterium humidisoli sp. nov., isolated from riverside soil

A novel Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated MMS21-Er5^T was isolated and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. MMS21- Er5^T could grow at 4-34 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl (optimum, 1 %). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that MMS21- Er5^T showed low levels of sequence similarities with other species, as the highest similarity of 97.83 % was observed with Flavobacterium tyrosinilyticum THG DN8.8^T, then 97.68 % with 'Flavobacterium ginsengiterrae' DCY 55 and 97.63 % with Flavobacterium banpakuense 15F3^T, which were well below the suggested cutoff for species distinction. The whole genome sequence of MMS21-Er5^T consisted of a single contig of 5.63 Mbp, and the DNA G+C content was 34.06 mol%. The in-silico DNA-DNA hybridization and orthologous average nucleotide identity values were highest with Flavobacterium tyrosinilyticum KCTC 42726^T (45.7 and 91.92% respectively). The predominant respiratory quinone for the strain was menaquinone-6 (MK-6), the major cellular fatty acid was iso-C_15 : 0, and the diagnostic polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyldiethanolamine. The combination of physiological and biochemical tests clearly distinguished the strain from related species of the genus Flavobacterium. On the basis of these results, strain MMS21-Er5^T evidently represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium humidisoli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain=MMS21-Er5^T=KCTC 92256^T =LMG 32524^T).

Flavobacterium parvum sp. nov., isolated from soil polluted by sewer water

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of gliding, and short rod-shaped bacterium, designated HS916T, was isolated from soil polluted by sewer water in Cheonan-si, South Korea. Growth occurred at 10-35°C (optimum 30°C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and 0-1% sodium chloride (NaCl, w/v). Based on similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain HS916^T was closely related to members of the genus Flavobacterium, exhibiting the highest sequence similarities with Flavobacterium glycines Gm-149^T (96.4%), followed by F. granuli Kw05^T (96.3%), F. fluminis 3R17^T (96.3%), F. aquicola TMd3a3^T (96.2%), and F. nitratireducens N1^T (96.2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain HS916T was placed in a monophyletic cluster with F. nitratireducens N1^T and F. fluminis 3R17^T. The predominant fatty acids (> 5% of the total) of strain HS916^T were iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, C_17:1ω6с, C_16:0 3-OH, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7с and/or C_16:1ω6с). The major polar lipids of the strain comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone and the major polyamine were menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and symhomospermidine, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain HS916^T was 34.9 mol%. Based on polyphasic analyses, strain HS916^T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium parvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HS916T (= KACC 19448^T = JCM 32368^T).

Flavobacterium sediminilitoris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic, motile-by-gliding, non-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated YSM-43^T, was isolated from a tidal flat in Yeosu on the South Sea in the Republic of Korea. Strain YSM-43^T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YSM-43^T fell within the clade comprising type strains of Flavobacterium species, clustering with the type strains of Flavobacterium jejuense and Flavobacterium jumunjinense. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.20 and 97.15 % to the type strains of F. jejuense and F. jumunjinense, respectively, and of less than 96.59 % to the type strains of the other Flavobacterium species. Strain YSM-43^T contained menaquinone-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain YSM-43^T was 29.8 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with type strains of F. jejuense and F. jumunjinense were 13 and 11 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, revealed that strain YSM-43^T is separate from other recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium. On the basis of the data presented, strain YSM-43^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacteriumsediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YSM-43^T (=KACC 19435^T=KCTC 62142^T=NBRC 113020^T).