Shiella aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from activated sludge, and proposal of Shiellaceae fam. nov

A novel Gram-stain-negative, long rod-shaped, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and orange-pigmented bacterium, designated LB-30T, was isolated from activated sludge. Growth was observed at 15-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum 7.0) and salinities of 0-3.0 % (w/v; optimum 2.0 %). LB-30T showed less than 89.9 % sequence similarities to the recognized taxa of the order Cytophagales. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and phylogenomic tree indicated that LB-30T formed a distinct lineage within the order Cytophagales. The average amino acid identity (AAI) values between LB-30T and members of the related families Cyclobacteriaceae, Fulvivirgaceae, Roseivirgaceae, Reichenbachiellaceae, Cesiribacteraceae, Cytophagaceae and Hymenobacteraceae in the order Cytophagales were 50.5-54.6 %. The sole respiratory quinone of LB-31T was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, aminolipid and four unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was 43.8 mol%, calculated from the genome sequence. On the basis of differences in the phenotypic, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and distinct phylogenetic relationships, strain LB-30T is proposed to represent a novel species in a novel genus for which the name Shiella aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov is proposed, within a novel family Shiellaceae fam. nov. of the order Cytophagales. The type strain is LB-30T (=GDMCC 1.3629T= KCTC 92689T).

Algoriphagus algorifonticola sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from cold spring area of South China Sea

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, short-rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain hg1T, was isolated from marine sediment within the cold spring area of South China Sea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Colonies were circular and 1.0–2.0 mm in diameter, coral in colour, convex and smooth after growth on marine agar at 28 °C for 3 days. Strain hg1T was found to grow at 4–40 °C (optimum, 35–37 °C), at pH 6.5–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and with 0–8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.5–2 %). Chemotaxonomic analysis showed the sole respiratory quinone was MK-7, and the principal fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), and iso-C16 : 0. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid and five unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content of strain hg1T was 39.6 mol% based on the genome sequence. The comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that hg1T was closely related to Algoriphagus ornithinivorans DSM 15282T (98.6 % sequence similarity), Algoriphagus zhangzhouensis MCCC 1F01099T (97.9 %) and Algoriphagus vanfongensis DSM 17529T (97.2 %); it exhibited 97.0 % or less sequence similarity to the type strains of other species of the genus Algoriphagus with validly published names. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed with the neighbour-joining, maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain hg1T constituted a separate branch with A . ornithinivorans , A. zhangzhouensis , A. vanfongensis in a clade of the genus Algoriphagus . OrthoANI values between strain hg1T and A . ornithinivorans , A. zhangzhouensis and A. vanfongensis were 94.3, 74.1, 73.2 %, respectively, and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values were 56.2, 18.5 and 18.3 %, respectively. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain hg1T is clearly distinct from recognized species of genus Algoriphagus . On the basis of these features, we propose that strain hg1T (=MCCC 1K03570T=KCTC 72111T) represents a novel species of the genus Algoriphagus with the name Algoriphagus algorifonticola sp. nov.

Algoriphagus kandeliae sp. nov., isolated from mangrove rhizosphere soil

Strain XY-J91^T, a Gram-stain-negative, reddish orange, non-spore-forming and short-rod-shaped marine bacterium, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of the mangrove plant Kandelia candel (L.) Druce in Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. The strain showed growth at 15-50 °C (optimum 40 °C), at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum 7.0-8.0) and with 0-8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1-2 %). The only respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids were iso-C_15 : 0 and iso-C_17 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The G+C content of strain XY-J91^T was 40.4 mol%. Strain XY-J91^T exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of Algoriphagus marincola SW-2^T (96.66 %), Algoriphagus taiwanensis CC-PR-82^T (96.21%), Algoriphagus ornithinivorans JC2052^T (96.16%), Algoriphagus confluentis HJM-2^T (95.73%) and Algoriphagus zhangzhouensis 12C11^T (95.52 %). Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic evidence presented, strain XY-J91^T represents a novel species of the genus Algoriphagus, for which the name Algoriphagus kandeliae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XY-J91^T (=MCCC 1K03612^T=KCTC 72216^T).

Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from seashore sand

Strain F21^T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain F21^T were non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming and formed pinkish-red colonies on marine agar. The strain grew optimally at 37°C, pH 7 and in the presence of 2-3 % NaCl (w/v). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21^T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067^T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014^T, respectively. When comparing the genome sequence of F21 ^T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). The DNA G+C content of strain F21^T was 42.0 mol%. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21^T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω6c and/or C_16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21^T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. nov. and proposed that strain F21^T (=KEMB 2250-007^T= KCTC 72106^T=JCM 33187^T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species.

Algoriphagus sanaruensis sp. nov., a member of the family Cyclobacteriaceae, isolated from a brackish lake in Hamamatsu, Japan

Strain M8-2^T, which was isolated from brackish lake water (Lake Sanaru) in Japan, was characterized for representation of a novel species in the genus Algoriphagus. Cells of strain M8-2^T were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative and curved-rod-shaped (0.2-0.5 µm wide and 0.7-1.9 µm long). Strain M8-2^T grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 6.5-7.5 and in the presence of 0.5-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. MK-7 was the sole isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain M8-2^T belonged to the genus Algoriphagus and was closely related to Algoriphagus aquatilis A8-7^T, Algoriphagus boseongensis BS-R1^T, Algoriphagus aquaeductus T4^T, Algoriphagus olei CC-Hsuan-617^T, Algoriphagusshivajiensis NIO-S3^T and Algoriphagus mannitolivorans DSM 15301^T with sequence similarities of 96.6-97.4 %. Results of average nucleotide identity (<75 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (<19 %) studies showed that M8-2^T was distinct from its phylogenetic relatives. Based on the results of tests for acid production, the predominant cellular fatty acid composition, the DNA G+C content and phylogenetic position, a novel species in the genus Algoriphagus, with the name Algoriphagussanaruensis sp. nov., is proposed for strain M8-2^T (=JCM 31446^T=LMG 29969^T).