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Zhang X, Liu Z, Xu W, Pan J, Huang Y, Cai M, Luo Z, Li M. Genomic insights into versatile lifestyle of three new bacterial candidate phyla. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1547-1562. [PMID: 35060074 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metagenomic explorations of the Earth's biosphere enable the discovery of previously unknown bacterial lineages of phylogenetic and ecological significance. Here, we retrieved 11 metagenomic-assembled genomes (MAGs) affiliated to three new monophyletic bacterial lineages from the seawater of the Yap Trench. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that each lineage is a new bacterial candidate phylum, subsequently named Candidatus Qinglongiota, Candidatus Heilongiota, and Candidatus Canglongiota. Metabolic reconstruction of genomes from the three phyla suggested that they adopt a versatile lifestyle, with the potential to utilize various types of sugars, proteins, and/or short-chain fatty acids through anaerobic pathways. This was further confirmed by a global distribution map of the three phyla, indicating a preference for oxygen-limited or particle-attached niches, such as anoxic sedimentary environments. Of note, Candidatus Canglongiota genomes harbor genes for the complete Wood- Ljungdahl pathway and sulfate reduction that are similar to those identified in some sulfate-reducing bacteria. Evolutionary analysis indicated that gene gain and loss events, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) play important roles in shaping the genomic and metabolic features of the three new phyla. This study presents the genomic insight into the ecology, metabolism, and evolution of three new phyla, which broadens the phylum-level diversity within the domain Bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxu Zhang
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zongbao Liu
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mingwei Cai
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Meng Li
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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2
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Gao Y, Wei Y, Wang P. Marinomonas lutimaris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the East China Sea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated as E165T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the East China Sea. Strain E165T grew optimally at pH 6, at 32 °C and with 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity results revealed that strain E165T was most closely related to
Marinomonas rhizomae
IVIA-Po-145T,
Marinomonas polaris
CK13T,
Marinomonas foliarum
IVIA-Po-155T,
Marinomonas hwangdonensis
HDW-15T,
Marinomonas pontica
46-16T,
Marinomonas mangrovi
B20-1T and
Marinomonas shanghaiensis
DSL-35T with values of 97.0–98.5 %. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain E165T and the reference strains were 21.9–34.3 % and 77.6–87.3 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 42.9 mol%. Strain E165T contained Q-8 as the sole ubiquinone and C16 : 0, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1
ω7c and/or C18 : 1
ω6c) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain E165T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, aminolipid and aminophospholipid. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and DNA–DNA relatedness, a novel species, Marinomonas lutimaris sp. nov., is proposed with E165T (=MCCC 1K06241T=KCTC 82809T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yuli Wei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Fan S, Wang M, Ding W, Li YX, Zhang YZ, Zhang W. Scientific and technological progress in the microbial exploration of the hadal zone. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:127-137. [PMID: 37073349 PMCID: PMC10077178 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-021-00110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The hadal zone is the deepest point in the ocean with a depth that exceeds 6000 m. Exploration of the biological communities in hadal zone began in the 1950s (the first wave of hadal exploration) and substantial advances have been made since the turn of the twenty-first century (the second wave of hadal exploration), resulting in a focus on the hadal sphere as a research hotspot because of its unique physical and chemical conditions. A variety of prokaryotes are found in the hadal zone. The mechanisms used by these prokaryotes to manage the high hydrostatic pressures and acquire energy from the environment are of substantial interest. Moreover, the symbioses between microbes and hadal animals have barely been studied. In addition, equipment has been developed that can now mimic hadal environments in the laboratory and allow cultivation of microbes under simulated in situ pressure. This review provides a brief summary of recent progress in the mechanisms by which microbes adapt to high hydrostatic pressures, manage limited energy resources and coexist with animals in the hadal zone, as well as technical developments in the exploration of hadal microbial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Fan
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Ying JJ, Fang YC, Ye YL, Wu ZC, Xu L, Han BN, Sun C. Marinomonas vulgaris sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from seawater in a coastal intertidal zone of Zhoushan island. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5133-5139. [PMID: 34319420 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A Marinomonas-like, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and rod to ovoid-shaped bacterium, designated as strain A79T, was isolated from the seawater mixtures of oyster shells and brown algae in a coastal intertidal zone of Zhoushan, China. The strain was positive for oxidase and catalase. Colonies grown on marine agar for 48 h were round, milky white, smooth and moist with the diameter of 2-3 mm. Growth was observed at 15-30 °C (optimum, 25℃), pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 8.5) and with 0.5-8% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2-2.5%). The G + C content based on the genome sequence was 46.0%. The only respiratory quinone was Q-8. The main polar lipids contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified glycolipids, unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids (> 10%) were C16:0, Summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain A79T and Marinomonas pollencensis IVIA-Po-185T was 97.4%, the similarities with other type strains of the genus Marinomonas were 93.8-96.7%. Based on the results, Marinomonas vulgaris sp. nov. was proposed as a novel species. The type strain is A79T (= MCCC 1K05799T = KCTC 82519T = JCM 34473T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Ying
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chun Fang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Lian Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China.,Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Nan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China.
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Sun XM, Chen C, Xue Z, He XY, Liu NH, Chen XL, Zhang YZ, Fan SJ, Zhang XY. Marinomonas algicola sp. nov. and Marinomonas colpomeniae sp. nov., isolated from marine macroalgae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33661091 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, polar flagellated, designated strains SM2066T and SM1966T, were respectively isolated from the surfaces of Colpomenia sinuosa and Ulva pertusa macroalgae collected off the coastal areas of Rongcheng, PR China. Strain SM2066T grew at 8-37 °C and with 0.5-7.0 % (w/v) NaCl, while strain SM1966T grew at 5-30 °C and with 0.5-8.5% (w/v) NaCl. Both of them reduced nitrate to nitrite and required Na+ for growth but neither of them hydrolysed starch and DNA. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and single-copy orthologous cluster sequences revealed that both strains SM2066T and SM1966T were affiliated with the genus Marinomonas but formed distinct phylogenetic branches from known Marinomonas species, respectively sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with type strains of Marinomonas ushuaiensis (97.9 %) and Marinomonas blandensis (96.7 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strains SM2066T and SM1966T and type strains of closely related Marinomonas species were all below 22.9 and 79.9 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acids of the two strains were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c/C16 : 1 ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c) and C16 : 0, with their predominant polar lipids being phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, and their sole respiratory quinone being Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains SM2066T and SM1966T determined from genomic sequences were 40.3 and 41.6 mol%, respectively. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence presented in this study, strains SM2066T and SM1966T are considered to represent two novel species within the genus Marinomonas, for which the names Marinomonas colpomeniae sp. nov. and Marinomonas algicola sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are SM2066T (=MCCC 1K04390T= KCTC 82372T) and SM1966T (=MCCC 1K04387T= KCTC 72848T), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.,Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Cui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.,Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Zhao Xue
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.,Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ning-Hua Liu
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Shou-Jin Fan
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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Tang X, Yu L, Yi Y, Wang J, Wang S, Meng C, Liu S, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Cao X, Jian H, Xiao X. Phylogenomic analysis reveals a two-stage process of the evolutionary transition of Shewanella from the upper ocean to the hadal zone. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:744-756. [PMID: 32657519 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella strains are characterized by versatile metabolic capabilities, resulting in their wide distribution in the ocean at different depths. Considering that particle sedimentation is an important dynamic process in the ocean, we hypothesized that hadal Shewanella species evolved from the upper ocean. In this study, we isolated three novel Shewanella strains from deep-sea sediments in the Southwest Indian Ocean. Genome sequencing indicated that strains YLB-06 and YLB-08 represent two novel species in the genus Shewanella. Through phylogenomic analysis, we showed that speciation and genomic changes in marine Shewanella strains are related to water depth. We further confirmed the aforementioned hypothesis and revealed a two-stage process of the evolutionary transition of Shewanella from the upper ocean to the hadal zone by comparative genomics and gene gain/loss analysis. Finally, the transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that recently obtained genes are strictly repressed and may thus play a minor role in the response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.,China Ocean Sample Repository (Biology), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Libo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.,China Ocean Sample Repository (Biology), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Canxing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shunzhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yali Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaorong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.,China Ocean Sample Repository (Biology), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Huahua Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
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Oliver GC, Cario A, Rogers KL. Rate and Extent of Growth of a Model Extremophile, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Under High Hydrostatic Pressures. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1023. [PMID: 32595611 PMCID: PMC7303961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) batch cultivation of a model extremophile, Archaeoglobus fulgidus type strain VC-16, was performed to explore how elevated pressures might affect microbial growth and physiology in the deep marine biosphere. Though commonly identified in high-temperature and high-pressure marine environments (up to 2-5 km below sea level, 20-50 MPa pressures), A. fulgidus growth at elevated pressure has not been characterized previously. Here, exponential growth of A. fulgidus was observed up to 60 MPa when supported by the heterotrophic metabolism of lactate oxidation coupled to sulfate reduction, and up to 40 MPa for autotrophic CO2 fixation coupled to thiosulfate reduction via H2. Maximum growth rates for this heterotrophic metabolism were observed at 20 MPa, suggesting that A. fulgidus is a moderate piezophile under these conditions. However, only piezotolerance was observed for autotrophy, as growth rates remained nearly constant from 0.3 to 40 MPa. Experiments described below show that A. fulgidus continues both heterotrophic sulfate reduction and autotrophic thiosulfate reduction nearly unaffected by increasing pressure up to 30 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively. As these pressures encompass a variety of subsurface marine environments, A. fulgidus serves as a model extremophile for exploring the effects of elevated pressure on microbial metabolisms in the deep subsurface. Further, these results exemplify the need for high-pressure cultivation of deep-sea and subsurface microorganisms to better reflect in situ physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina C. Oliver
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Anaïs Cario
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Karyn L. Rogers
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Rensselaer Astrobiology Research and Education Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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