Alteromonas gilva sp. nov. and Erythrobacter fulvus sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat

Strains chi3T and sf7T were collected from a tidal mudflat around Dongmak beach in Ganghwa, Republic of Korea. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, and rod-shaped. Results of phylogenetic tree analysis based on 16S rRNA and whole-genome sequences suggested that strains chi3T and sf7T belong to the genera Alteromonas and Erythrobacter, respectively. The cells of strain chi3T were non-motile and grew at 15-45 °C (optimum, 38 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). The cells of strain sf7T were motile as they had flagella and grew at 20-48 °C (optimum, 38 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 9.0) and in the presence of 0-5.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0 %). Strains chi3T and sf7T have average nucleotide identity values (70.0-70.4% and 78.9-81.7 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (21.8-22.3% and 21.0-25.6 %) with reference strains in the genera Alteromonas and Erythrobacter, respectively. Data from digital DNA-DNA hybridization, as well as phylogenetic, biochemical and physiological analyses, indicated the distinction of the two strains from the genera Alteromonas and Erythrobacter, respectively, and we thus propose the names Alteromonas gilva sp. nov. (type strain chi3T=KACC 22866T=TBRC 16612T) and Erythrobacter fulvus sp. nov. (type strain sf7T=KACC 22865T=TBRC 16611T).

Erythrobacter aurantius sp. nov., isolated from intertidal seawater in Taizhou

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic and rod-shaped strain, designated as C5^T, was isolated from intertidal surface seawater in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain C5^T could produce carotenoids and bacteriochlorophyll a. Growth was observed at 20-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and with 0-8.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence identity analysis revealed that strain C5^T was the most closely related to Qipengyuania nanhaisediminis CGMCC 1.7715^T (98.8%) and Erythrobacter litoralis DSM 8509^T (98.7%). The phylogenetic reconstruction based on core genes demonstrated that strain C5^T was clustered into the members of the genus Erythrobacter. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain C5^T and Erythrobacter type strains were lower than 76 and 25 %, respectively. The predominant and minor respiratory quinones were identified as ubiquinone-10 and ubiquinone-9. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1  ω6c) and iso-C_18 : 0. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, a glycosphingolipid and an unidentified aminolipid. Based on the genetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain C5^T is concluded to represent a novel species in the genus Erythrobacter, for which the name Erythrobacter aurantius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C5^T (=MCCC 1K05108^T=KCTC 92307^T).

Winogradskyella luteola sp.nov., Erythrobacter ani sp. nov., and Erythrobacter crassostrea sp.nov., isolated from the hemolymph of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas

Three new bacterial strains, WHY3^T, WH131^T, and WH158^T, were isolated and described from the hemolymph of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas utilizing polyphasic taxonomic techniques. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain WHY3^T was a member of the genus Winogradskyella, whereas strains WHI31^T and WH158^T were members of the genus Erythrobacter. According to the polygenomic study the three strains formed individual lineages with strong bootstrap support. The comparison of dDDH-and ANI values, percentage of conserved proteins (POCP), and average amino acid identity (AAl) between the three strains and their relatives established that the three strains represented two separate genera. Menaquinone-6 was reported as the major respiratory quinone in strain WHY3^T and Ubiquinone-10 for strains WH131^T and WH158^T, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids for strain WHY3^T were C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:1 ω7c, iso-C_15:0, C_16:1ω7c. The major cellular fatty acids for strains WH131^T and WH158^T were C_14:02-OH and t_18:1ω12 for WH131^T and C_17:0, and C_18:1ω7c for strain WH158^T. Positive Sudan Black B staining Indicated the presence of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules for strains WH131^T and WH158^T but not for strain WHY3^T. The DNA G + C contents of strains WHY3^T, WH131^T and WH158^T were 34.4, 59.7 and 56.6%, respectively. Gene clusters predicted some important genes involved in the bioremediation process. Due to the accomplishment of polyphasic taxonomy, we propose three novel species Winogradskyella luteola sp.nov. (type strain WHY3^T = DSM 111804^T = NCCB 100833^T), Erythrobacter ani sp.nov. (WH131^T = DSM 112099^T = NCCB 100824^T) and Erythrobacter crassostrea sp.nov. (WH158^T = DSM 112102^T = NCCB 100877^T).

Erythrobacter rubeus sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing alphaproteobacterium isolated from coastal seawater

A study based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach was carried out to identify and classify a novel marine alphaproteobacterium, designated as KMU-140^T, isolated from coastal seawater collected at Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain KMU-140^T were spherical, Gram-stain-negative, reddish-orange colored, strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, and chemoorganoheterotrophic. The novel isolate was able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0-5%, pH 6.0-9.5, and 10-45 °C. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain KMU-140^T belongs to the family Erythrobacteraceae and was most closely related to Erythrobacter longus OCh101^T (98.7%). Strain KMU-140^T contained ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the only respiratory quinone and C18:1 ω7c, iso-C18:0, and C16:0 as the main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. Strain KMU-140^T produced carotenoid compounds that rendered the cell biomass a reddish-orange color. The assembled draft genome size of strain KMU-140^T was 3.04 Mbp with G + C content of 60.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) values of KMU-140^T and the species of the genus Erythrobacter were found to be 76.6-78.4%, 14.0-18.7%, and 69.6-77.8%, respectively. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, and two unidentified lipids were identified as major polar lipids. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic features presented, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Erythrobacter for which the name Erythrobacter rubeus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of E. rubeus sp. nov. is KMU-140^T (= KCCM 90479^T = NBRC 115159^T).

Description of Erythrobacter mangrovi sp. nov., an aerobic bacterium from rhizosphere soil of mangrove plant (Kandelia candel)

A novel Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain EB310^T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of mangrove plant Kandelia candel in Fugong village, Zhangzhou, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain EB310^T belonged to the genus Erythrobacter, clustering with Erythrobacter pelagi JCM 17468^T, Erythrobacter lutimaris KCTC 42109^T and Erythrobacter marisflavi KCTC 62896^T, and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.5% to Erythrobacter pelagi JCM 17468^T. The genomic average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain EB310^T and the reference strains were 71.0-75.5% and 19.8-20.0%, respectively. Growth ranges of the isolate occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum 28-30 °C), pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 7.5) and 0-9.0% NaCl concentrations (optimum 2.0%, w/v). The strain did not produce bacteriochlorophyll a and flexirubin, but produced carotenoids. The strain contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/C_18:1 ω7c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Differential phenotypic characteristics, together with chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic distinctiveness, indicated that strain EB310^T is distinguishable from other members of the genus Erythrobacter. On the basis of the data exhibited, strain EB310^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Erythrobacter, for which the name Erythrobacter mangrovi sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is EB310^T (= KCTC 72109^T = MCCC 1K03690^T). The genomic DNA G + C content is 62.9 mol%.