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Xu H, Xiang X, Ding W, Dong W, Hu Y. The Research Progress on Immortalization of Human B Cells. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2936. [PMID: 38138080 PMCID: PMC10746006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human B cell immortalization that maintains the constant growth characteristics and antibody expression of B cells in vitro is very critical for the development of antibody drugs and products for the diagnosis and bio-therapeutics of human diseases. Human B cell immortalization methods include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation, Simian virus 40 (SV40) virus infection, in vitro genetic modification, and activating CD40, etc. Immortalized human B cells produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) very efficiently, and the antibodies produced in this way can overcome the immune rejection caused by heterologous antibodies. It is an effective way to prepare mAbs and an important method for developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Currently, the US FDA has approved more than 100 mAbs against a wide range of illnesses such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. This paper reviews the research progress of human B cell immortalization, its methods, and future directions as it is a powerful tool for the development of monoclonal antibody preparation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Xu
- Pediatric Department, Nanxiang Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Jiading District, Shanghai 201802, China;
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.X.); (W.D.)
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421200, China
| | - Weizhe Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.X.); (W.D.)
- Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS Joint Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Pediatric Department, Nanxiang Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Jiading District, Shanghai 201802, China;
| | - Yihong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.X.); (W.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Varshney N, Murmu S, Baral B, Kashyap D, Singh S, Kandpal M, Bhandari V, Chaurasia A, Kumar S, Jha HC. Unraveling the Aurora kinase A and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 axis in Epstein Barr virus associated gastric cancer. Virology 2023; 588:109901. [PMID: 37839162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is one of the crucial cell cycle regulators associated with gastric cancer. Here, we explored Epstein Barr Virus-induced gastric cancer progression through EBV protein EBNA1 with AURKA. We found that EBV infection enhanced cell proliferation and migration of AGS cells and upregulation of AURKA levels. AURKA knockdown markedly reduced the proliferation and migration of the AGS cells even with EBV infection. Moreover, MD-simulation data deciphered the probable connection between EBNA1 and AURKA. The in-vitro analysis through the transcript and protein expression showed that AURKA knockdown reduces the expression of EBNA1. Moreover, EBNA1 alone can enhance AURKA protein expression in AGS cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and NMR analysis between AURKA and EBNA1 depicts the interaction between two proteins. In addition, AURKA knockdown promotes apoptosis in EBV-infected AGS cells through cleavage of Caspase-3, -9, and PARP1. This study demonstrates that EBV oncogenic modulators EBNA1 possibly modulate AURKA in EBV-mediated gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Sneha Murmu
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics (DABin), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Dharmendra Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Meenakshi Kandpal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Vasundhra Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics (DABin), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), India.
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India.
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Cressot L, Galleri-Paris C, Tronchon M, Vonau S. [RCC1, a new partner stabilizing the Epstein-Barr virus genome]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:392-394. [PMID: 37094275 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Cressot
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Célia Galleri-Paris
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Tronchon
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Samantha Vonau
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
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Kim ET, Kim KD. Topological implications of DNA tumor viral episomes. BMB Rep 2022; 55:587-594. [PMID: 36379513 PMCID: PMC9813422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent DNA tumor virus infection transforms normal cells into cancer cells by either integrating its genome into host chromosomes or retaining it as an extrachromosomal entity called episome. Viruses have evolved mechanisms for attaching episomes to infected host cell chromatin to efficiently segregate the viral genome during mitosis. It has been reported that viral episome can affect the gene expression of the host chromosomes through interactions between viral episomes and epigenetic regulatory host factors. This mini review summarizes our current knowledge of the tethering sites of viral episomes, such as EBV, KSHV, and HBV, on host chromosomes analyzed by three-dimensional genomic tools. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(12): 587-594].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Tae Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Dong Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea,Corresponding author. Tel: +82-31-670-3359; Fax: +82-31-675-3108; E-mail:
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Deng Y, Yu L, Zhao Y, Peng J, Xu Y, Qin J, Xiao B, Liu S, Li M, Fang Y, Pan Z. RCC1 Expression as a Prognostic Marker in Colorectal Liver Oligometastases. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1610077. [PMID: 34924821 PMCID: PMC8674189 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1610077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Regulator of chromatin condensation 1 (RCC1) is a major guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Ran GTPase, and it plays key roles in various biological processes. Previous studies have found that RCC1 may play a role in the development of tumors, but little is known about the relationship between RCC1 and colorectal liver oligometastases (CLOs).Methods: One hundred and twenty-nine pairs of matched human CLO samples, including both primary tumor and its liver metastasis specimens, were subjected to immunohistochemistry to determine the location and expression levels of RCC1. Associations between RCC1 and survival as well as gene expression profiling were explored.Results: In this study, we first observed that RCC1 was mildly increased in CLO tumor tissues compared with normal tissues, and the localization was primarily nuclear. In addition, our study found that high RCC1 expression in liver oligometastases was an independent prognostic marker for unfavorable recurrence-free survival and overall survival (p = 0.036 and p = 0.016). Gene expression profiles generated from microarray analysis showed that RCC1 was involved in pathways including “Myc targets,” “E2F targets” and “DNA repair” pathways.Conclusion: Our data indicated that RCC1 was expressed mainly in the nucleus, and strong and significant associations were found between RCC1 expression levels and the survival of CLO patients. These findings indicated that RCC1 may play a role in CLO development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Deng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - JiaYi Qin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyi Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songran Liu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujing Fang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhizhong Pan, ; Yujing Fang,
| | - Zhizhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhizhong Pan, ; Yujing Fang,
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STUB1 is targeted by the SUMO-interacting motif of EBNA1 to maintain Epstein-Barr Virus latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008447. [PMID: 32176739 PMCID: PMC7105294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is strongly associated with several malignancies, including B-cell lymphomas and epithelial tumors. EBNA1 is a key antigen expressed in all EBV-associated tumors during latency that is required for maintenance of the EBV episome DNA and the regulation of viral gene transcription. However, the mechanism utilized by EBV to maintain latent infection at the levels of posttranslational regulation remains largely unclear. Here, we report that EBNA1 contains two SUMO-interacting motifs (SIM2 and SIM3), and mutation of SIM2, but not SIM3, dramatically disrupts the EBNA1 dimerization, while SIM3 contributes to the polySUMO2 modification of EBNA1 at lysine 477 in vitro. Proteomic and immunoprecipitation analyses further reveal that the SIM3 motif is required for the EBNA1-mediated inhibitory effects on SUMO2-modified STUB1, SUMO2-mediated degradation of USP7, and SUMO1-modified KAP1. Deletion of the EBNASIM motif leads to functional loss of both EBNA1-mediated viral episome maintenance and lytic gene silencing. Importantly, hypoxic stress induces the SUMO2 modification of EBNA1, and in turn the dissociation of EBNA1 with STUB1, KAP1 and USP7 to increase the SUMO1 modification of both STUB1 and KAP1 for reactivation of lytic replication. Therefore, the EBNA1SIM motif plays an essential role in EBV latency and is a potential therapeutic target against EBV-associated cancers. The Small Ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification of proteins is a reversible post-translational regulation involved in control of gene transcription, among other functions. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people worldwide and contributes to the development of several types of cancers due to its ability to induce cell proliferation and survival. EBNA1 is expressed in all forms of EBV-associated tumors. In this study, we found that EBNA1 contains a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) named EBNA1SIM, which is required for EBNA1 to exert inhibitory effects on a SUMO2-modified complex (SC2) including STUB1, KAP1 and USP7. Disruption of EBNA1SIM leads to loss of both EBNA1-mediated viral episome maintenance and lytic gene silencing. Importantly, hypoxia-mediated reactivation of viral lytic replication induces the EBNA1 dissociation from STUB1 in the SC2 complex. This discovery not only opens a new insight on the interplay between host and virus, but it also provides a therapeutic target specific against EBV-associated cancers.
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Kim KD, Tanizawa H, De Leo A, Vladimirova O, Kossenkov A, Lu F, Showe LC, Noma KI, Lieberman PM. Epigenetic specifications of host chromosome docking sites for latent Epstein-Barr virus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:877. [PMID: 32054837 PMCID: PMC7018943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes persist in latently infected cells as extrachromosomal episomes that attach to host chromosomes through the tethering functions of EBNA1, a viral encoded sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Here we employ circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) analysis to identify genome-wide associations between EBV episomes and host chromosomes. We find that EBV episomes in Burkitt's lymphoma cells preferentially associate with cellular genomic sites containing EBNA1 binding sites enriched with B-cell factors EBF1 and RBP-jK, the repressive histone mark H3K9me3, and AT-rich flanking sequence. These attachment sites correspond to transcriptionally silenced genes with GO enrichment for neuronal function and protein kinase A pathways. Depletion of EBNA1 leads to a transcriptional de-repression of silenced genes and reduction in H3K9me3. EBV attachment sites in lymphoblastoid cells with different latency type show different correlations, suggesting that host chromosome attachment sites are functionally linked to latency type gene expression programs.
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MESH Headings
- Attachment Sites, Microbiological/genetics
- Attachment Sites, Microbiological/physiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/virology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/physiology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Host Microbial Interactions/genetics
- Host Microbial Interactions/physiology
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Plasmids/genetics
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Latency/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Dong Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Hideki Tanizawa
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Alessandra De Leo
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Olga Vladimirova
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Fang Lu
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Louise C Showe
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Noma
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
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De Leo A, Calderon A, Lieberman PM. Control of Viral Latency by Episome Maintenance Proteins. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:150-162. [PMID: 31624007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human DNA tumor viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) share the common property of persisting as multicopy episomes in the nuclei of rapidly dividing host cells. These episomes form the molecular basis for viral latency and are etiologically linked to virus-associated cancers. Episome maintenance requires epigenetic programming to ensure the proper control of viral gene expression, DNA replication, and genome copy number. For these viruses, episome maintenance requires a dedicated virus-encoded episome maintenance protein (EMP), namely LANA (KSHV), EBNA1 (EBV), and E2 (HPV). Here, we review common features of these viral EMPs and discuss recent advances in understanding how they contribute to the epigenetic control of viral episome maintenance during latency.
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Abstract
Persistent viral infections require a host cell reservoir that maintains functional copies of the viral genome. To this end, several DNA viruses maintain their genomes as extrachromosomal DNA minichromosomes in actively dividing cells. These viruses typically encode a viral protein that binds specifically to viral DNA genomes and tethers them to host mitotic chromosomes, thus enabling the viral genomes to hitchhike or piggyback into daughter cells. Viruses that use this tethering mechanism include papillomaviruses and the gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. This review describes the advantages and consequences of persistent extrachromosomal viral genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami L Coursey
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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Integration analysis of a miRNA-mRNA expression in A549 cells infected with a novel H3N2 swine influenza virus and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103922. [PMID: 31207403 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Swine are reservoirs for anthropogenic/zoonotic influenza viruses, and the prevalence and repeated introduction of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (pdm/09) into pigs raises the possibility of generating novel swine influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. However, studies aiming to identify miRNAs involved in the transfer of novel swine influenza virus infection to human cells are rare. In this investigation, from the view of small RNA, microarrays and high-throughput sequencing were used to detect differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs after human lung epithelial cells were infected with the following three stains of influenza viruses: a novel H3N2 swine influenza virus reassorted with pdm/09 fragments, pdm/09 and classical swine influenza virus. A miRNA-mRNA interaction map was generated to show the correlation between miRNAs related to infection by the viruses with human infective potential/capability. The expression of 4 miRNAs (hsa-miR-96-5p, hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-30a-3p and hsa-miR-582-5p) and 5 relevant mRNAs (RCC1, ERVFRD-1, RANBP1, SCARB2 and RPS29) was determined. The integration analysis indicated that these candidates have rarely been reported to be associated with influenza virus. Focusing on miRNA expression changes could reveal novel reassortant viruses with human infective potential that may provide insight into future pandemics.
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Wang R, Wang J, Zhang N, Wan Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Pan S, Zhang C, Zhang H, Cao Y. The interaction between Vav1 and EBNA1 promotes survival of Burkitt's lymphoma cells by down-regulating the expression of Bim. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:787-793. [PMID: 30833082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vav1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells, and functions in the development and antigen-stimulated response of lymphocytes. Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is characterized as transformed B cell lymphoma, and is highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the only viral protein expressed across all three types of latency and essential for the persistence of EBV genome. It is not clear yet how EBNA1 contributes to the growth advantage of latently infected cells such as in EBV+ lymphoma B cells. Here, we reported that Vav1 interacts with EBNA1 via its C-terminal SH3 domain. This interaction suppresses the expression of a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bim, resulting in the resistance of the BL cells to apoptotic inductions. Our data uncovered Vav1 as a novel target for EBNA1, and suggested a pro-survival role of Vav1 in the pathogenesis of EBV associated BLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nianchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajuan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuizhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Youjia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Lymphomas driven by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) are dependant upon Mdm2. Oncogene 2018; 37:3998-4012. [PMID: 29691476 PMCID: PMC6054874 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated Burkitt’s lymphoma is characterised by the deregulation of c-Myc expression and a restricted viral gene expression pattern in which the EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) is the only viral protein to be consistently expressed. EBNA1 is required for viral genome propagation and segregation during latency. However, it has been much debated whether the protein plays a role in viral-associated tumourigenesis. We show that the lymphomas which arise in EµEBNA1 transgenic mice are unequivocally linked to EBNA1 expression and that both C-Myc and Mdm2 deregulation are central to this process. Tumour cell survival is supported by IL-2 and there is a skew towards CD8 positive T-cells in the tumour environment, while the immune check-point protein PD-L1 is upregulated in the tumours. Additionally, several isoforms of Mdm2 are upregulated in the EµEBNA1 tumours, with increased phosphorylation at ser166, an expression pattern not seen in Eµc-Myc transgenic tumours. Concomitantly, E2F1, Xiap, Mta1, C-Fos and Stat1 are upregulated in the tumours. Using four independent inhibitors of Mdm2 we demonstrate that the EµEBNA1 tumour cells are dependant upon Mdm2 for survival (as they are upon c-Myc) and that Mdm2 inhibition is not accompanied by upregulation of p53, instead cell death is linked to loss of E2F1 expression, providing new insight into the underlying tumourigenic mechanism. This opens a new path to combat EBV-associated disease.
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EBNA1: Oncogenic Activity, Immune Evasion and Biochemical Functions Provide Targets for Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Epstein-Barr Virus- Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040109. [PMID: 29642420 PMCID: PMC5923364 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) protein in all EBV-carrying tumours constitutes a marker that distinguishes the virus-associated cancer cells from normal cells and thereby offers opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention. EBNA1 is essential for viral genome maintenance and also for controlling viral gene expression and without EBNA1, the virus cannot persist. EBNA1 itself has been linked to cell transformation but the underlying mechanism of its oncogenic activity has been unclear. However, recent data are starting to shed light on its growth-promoting pathways, suggesting that targeting EBNA1 can have a direct growth suppressing effect. In order to carry out its tasks, EBNA1 interacts with cellular factors and these interactions are potential therapeutic targets, where the aim would be to cripple the virus and thereby rid the tumour cells of any oncogenic activity related to the virus. Another strategy to target EBNA1 is to interfere with its expression. Controlling the rate of EBNA1 synthesis is critical for the virus to maintain a sufficient level to support viral functions, while at the same time, restricting expression is equally important to prevent the immune system from detecting and destroying EBNA1-positive cells. To achieve this balance EBNA1 has evolved a unique repeat sequence of glycines and alanines that controls its own rate of mRNA translation. As the underlying molecular mechanisms for how this repeat suppresses its own rate of synthesis in cis are starting to be better understood, new therapeutic strategies are emerging that aim to modulate the translation of the EBNA1 mRNA. If translation is induced, it could increase the amount of EBNA1-derived antigenic peptides that are presented to the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I pathway and thus, make EBV-carrying cancers better targets for the immune system. If translation is further suppressed, this would provide another means to cripple the virus.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey C. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Lomonte P. Herpesvirus Latency: On the Importance of Positioning Oneself. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 223:95-117. [PMID: 28528441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus is composed of multiple compartments and domains, which directly or indirectly influence many cellular processes including gene expression, RNA splicing and maturation, protein post-translational modifications, and chromosome segregation. Nuclear-replicating viruses, especially herpesviruses, have co-evolved with the cell, adopting strategies to counteract and eventually hijack this hostile environment for their own benefit. This allows them to persist in the host for the entire life of an individual and to ensure their maintenance in the target species. Herpesviruses establish latency in dividing or postmitotic cells from which they can efficiently reactivate after sometimes years of a seemingly dormant state. Therefore, herpesviruses circumvent the threat of permanent silencing by reactivating their dormant genomes just enough to escape extinction, but not too much to avoid life-threatening damage to the host. In addition, herpesviruses that establish latency in dividing cells must adopt strategies to maintain their genomes in the daughter cells to avoid extinction by dilution of their genomes following multiple cell divisions. From a biochemical point of view, reactivation and maintenance of viral genomes in dividing cells occur successfully because the viral genomes interact with the nuclear architecture in a way that allows the genomes to be transmitted faithfully and to benefit from the nuclear micro-environments that allow reactivation following specific stimuli. Therefore, spatial positioning of the viral genomes within the nucleus is likely to be essential for the success of the latent infection and, beyond that, for the maintenance of herpesviruses in their respective hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lomonte
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, 69008, Lyon, France.
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