Genomic analysis reveals G3P[13] porcine rotavirus A interspecific transmission to human from pigs in a swine farm with diarrhoea outbreak

Isolation, characterization and whole-genome analysis of G9 group a rotaviruses in China: Evidence for possible Porcine-Human interspecies transmission

Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are major causes of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young animals. To enhance our understanding of the relationship between human and animals RVAs, complete genome data are necessary. We screened 92 intestinal and stool samples from diarrheic piglets by RT‒PCR targeting the VP6 gene, revealing a prevalence of 10.9%. RVA was confirmed in two out of 5 calf samples. We successfully isolated two porcine samples using MA104 cell line. The full-length genetic constellation of the two isolates were determined to be G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1, with close similarity to human Wa-like and porcine strains. Sequence analysis revealed the majority of genes were closely related to porcine and human RVAs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates might have their ancestral origin from pigs, although some of their gene segments were related to human strains. This study reveals evidence of reassortment and possible interspecies transmission between pigs and humans in China.

Molecular epidemiological investigation of group A porcine rotavirus in East China

Group A porcine rotavirus (RVA) is a serious threat to the breeding industry worldwide, which was associated with severe diarrhea in piglets. However, the prevalence and molecular characterizations of RVA circulating in farms of East China remains largely unknown. Five hundred and ninety-four samples were collected from 35 farms in East China from September 2017 to December 2019. The results showed that 16.8% was positive for RVA of all samples. Among different types of samples, the highest positive rate of RVA was intestinal samples (19.5%), and among pigs at different growth stages, the highest detection rate of RVA in piglets was 18.5%. Furthermore, the VP7 and VP4 genes of nine positive samples were sequenced for alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nine isolates belong to four kinds of genotype combinations correspondingly: G9P[7](5/9), G5P[13](2/9), G9P[13](1/9), and G5P[7](1/9).The data suggested that multiple genotypes combinations of RVA were circulating in pigs in East China. Thus, it's necessary to continuously survey the prevalence of RVA in pigs, aiding the rational application of vaccines or other measures for the prevention and control of RVA spread.

Metagenomic Analysis of RNA Fraction Reveals the Diversity of Swine Oral Virome on South African Backyard Swine Farms in the uMgungundlovu District of KwaZulu-Natal Province

Numerous RNA viruses have been reported in backyard swine populations in various countries. In the absence of active disease surveillance, a persistent knowledge gap exists on the diversity of RNA viruses in South African backyard swine populations. This is the first study investigating the diversity of oral RNA virome of the backyard swine in South Africa. We used three samples of backyard swine oral secretion (saliva) collected from three distantly located backyard swine farms (BSFs) in the uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Total viral RNA was extracted and used for the library preparation for deep sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq X instrument. The FASTQ files containing paired-end reads were analyzed using Genome Detective v 1.135. The assembled nucleotide sequences were analyzed using the PhyML phylogenetic tree. The genome sequence analysis identified a high diversity of swine enteric viruses in the saliva samples obtained from BSF2 and BSF3, while only a few viruses were identified in the saliva obtained from BSF1. The swine enteric viruses belonged to various animal virus families; however, two fungal viruses, four plant viruses, and five unclassified RNA viruses were also identified. Specifically, viruses of the family Astroviridae, according to the number of reads, were the most prevalent. Of note, the genome sequences of Rotavirus A (RVA) and Rotavirus C (RVC) at BSF2 and RVC and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) at BSF3 were also obtained. The occurrence of various swine enteric viruses in swine saliva suggests a high risk of diarrhoeic diseases in the backyard swine. Of note, zoonotic viruses in swine saliva, such as RVA, RVC, and HEV, indicate a risk of zoonotic spillover to the exposed human populations. We recommend the implementation of biosecurity to ensure sustainable backyard swine farming while safeguarding public health.

Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021

Swine enteric viruses are a major cause of piglet diarrhea, causing a devastating impact on the pork industry. To further understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary diversity of swine enteric viruses, we carried out a molecular epidemiological investigation of swine enteric viruses (PEDV, PDCoV, PoRVA, and TGEV) on 7107 samples collected from pig farms in south-central China. The results demonstrated that PEDV is the predominant pathogen causing piglet diarrhea, and its infection occurs mainly in relatively cold winter and spring in Hunan and Hubei provinces. The positive rate of PEDV showed an abnormal increase from 2020 to 2021, and that of PoRVA and PDCoV exhibited gradual increases from 2018 to 2021. PEDV-PoRVA and PEDV-PDCoV were the dominant co-infection modes. A genetic evolution analysis based on the PEDV S1 gene and ORF3 gene revealed that the PEDV GII-a is currently epidemic genotype, and the ORF3 gene of DY2020 belongs to a different clade relative to other GII-a strains isolated in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the variant PEDV GII-a is the main pathogen of piglet diarrhea with a trend of outbreak. G9 is the dominant PoRVA genotype and has the possibility of outbreak as well. It is therefore critical to strengthen the surveillance of PEDV and PoRVA, and to provide technical reserves for the prevention and control of piglet diarrhea.