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Li L, Zhao J, Shao Y, Ma J, Lu T, Xu L. MK-0608 inhibits in vitro and in vivo RNA replication of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109732. [PMID: 38944252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is an important pathogen that is threatening the worldwide salmon and trout industry. But there is no therapeutic drug available for now. In this study, we demonstrate that MK-0608 is highly efficient against IPNV and low cytotoxic, with a 50 % effective concentration (EC50) of 0.20 μM and selectivity index (SI) of about 268. Time of addition assay illustrated that MK-0608 targeted the early stage of IPNV life cycle. Furthermore, we found that MK-0608 blocked IPNV attachment on the premise of sufficient pre-incubation time but MK-0608 did not influence viral internalization and release. MK-0608 could inhibit IPNV genome synthesis, and combination with ribavirin enhanced the inhibition effect, which might be functional via binding to IPNV RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which was predicted by using molecular docking methods. In vivo test showed that IPNV was extremely suppressed in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with one single dose of MK-0608, and the higher dosage of 50 mg/kg could cause 3 log decrease of IPNV loads in fish tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Li
- University of Shanghai Ocean University, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, USA
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.
| | - Liming Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.
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Manríquez RA, Sandoval M, Loncoman C, Tafalla C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Cárcamo JG. Epigenetic reprogramming around IFN1 and IFNy2 promoters in rainbow trout cells inoculated with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108947. [PMID: 37454879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) has proven to effectively evade the host antiviral responses. This study clarifies whether the modulation of the antiviral immune response exerted by IPNV involves epigenetic mechanisms. An in-silico characterization of the rainbow trout IFN1 and IFNγ2 promoters was performed, identifying the islands or sequences rich in CpG dinucleotides and the putative transcription factor binding sites (TBS) for both gene promoters. RTS11 cells (rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage) were infected with IPNV, and the course of viral infection was followed up to 48 h post infection (hpi). Infected cells showed increased IFN1 and IFNγ2 transcriptional expression at 6 and 24 hpi, respectively. IPNV infection caused increases and decreases in global IFNγ2 promoter methylation at 6 and 24 hpi, respectively. The CpG dinucleotides at positions -392 and + 38 of this promoter were the most sensitive to methylation changes. The IFN1 promoter remained fully unmethylated during the course of the infection, similar to the control. The changes in the methylation pattern observed for the IFNγ2 promoter were coincident with the changes in DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression levels, increasing at 6 hpi and decreasing below basal level at 24 hpi. Similarly, the H4 histones associated with the IFN1 and IFNγ2 promoters were hyperacetylated at 6 hpi, subsequently decreasing their acetylation below basal levels at 24 hpi, in both promoters. Coincidentally with the above, overexpression of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) was observed at 6 hpi and of histone deacetylase (HDAC) at 24 hpi, with return to baseline of HAT. These results suggest that IPNV would epigenetically modulate the expression of IFN1 by changing acetylation levels of the histones H4 associated with its promoter. Also, the modulation of the expression of IFNy2 would be by switching methylation/demethylation levels of its promoter, in addition to changes in acetylation levels of histones H4 associated with this promoter. This study is the first to demonstrate the effect of epigenetic reprogramming after IPNV infection in salmonid cells, demonstrating that promoter methylation/demethylation level and changes in the histone code associated with promoters may play a role in the modulation of the immune response induced by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- René A Manríquez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Moisés Sandoval
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Loncoman
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile.
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Wong-Benito V, Barraza F, Trujillo-Imarai A, Ruiz-Higgs D, Montero R, Sandino AM, Wang T, Maisey K, Secombes CJ, Imarai M. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) recombinant viral protein 1 (VP1) and VP2-Flagellin fusion protein elicit distinct expression profiles of cytokines involved in type 1, type 2, and regulatory T cell response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:785-795. [PMID: 36323384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the cytokine immune response against two proteins of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the virion-associated RNA polymerase VP1 and VP2-Flagellin (VP2-Flg) fusion protein. Since VP1 is not a structural protein, we hypothesize it can induce cellular immunity, an essential mechanism of the antiviral response. At the same time, the fusion construction VP2-Flg could be highly immunogenic due to the presence of the flagellin used as an adjuvant. Fish were immunized with the corresponding antigen in Montanide™, and the gene expression of a set of marker genes of Th1, Th2, and the immune regulatory response was quantified in the head kidney of immunized and control fish. Results indicate that VP1 induced upregulation of ifn-γ, il-12p40c, il-4/13a, il-4/13b2, il-10a, and tgf-β1 in immunized fish. Expression of il-2a did not change in treated fish at the times tested. The antigen-dependent response was analysed by in vitro restimulation of head kidney leukocytes. In this assay, the group of cytokines upregulated after VP1-restimulation was consistent with those upregulated in the head kidney in vivo. Interestingly, VP1 induced il-2a expression after in vitro restimulation. The analysis of sorted lymphocytes showed that the increase of cytokines occurred in CD4-1+ T cells suggesting that Th differentiation happens in response to VP1. This is also consistent with the expression of t-bet and gata3, the master regulators for Th1/Th2 differentiation in the kidneys of immunized animals. A different cytokine expression profile was found after VP2-Flg administration, i.e., upregulation occurs for ifn-γ, il-4/13a, il-10a, and tgf-β1, while down-regulation was observed in il-4/13b2 and il-2a. The cytokine response was due to flagellin; only the il-2a effect was dependent upon VP2 in the fusion protein. To the best of our knowledge this study reports for the first-time characteristics of the adaptive immune response induced in response to IPNV VP1 and the fusion protein VP2-Flg in fish. VP1 induces cytokines able to trigger the humoral and cell-mediated immune response in rainbow trout. The analysis of the fish response against VP2-Flg revealed the immunogenic properties of Aeromonas salmonicida flagellin, which can be further tested for adjuvanticity. The novel immunogenic effects of VP1 in rainbow trout open new opportunities for further IPNV vaccine development using this viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Wong-Benito
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Felipe Barraza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Agustín Trujillo-Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniela Ruiz-Higgs
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ruth Montero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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