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Didouh N, Khadidja M, Campos C, Sampaio-Maia B, Boumediene MB, Araujo R. Assessment of biofilm, enzyme production and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria from milk pre- and post-pasteurization pipelines in Algeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110389. [PMID: 37708608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is a major concern of dairy industry due to its association with milk contamination and its derived products. Algerian pasteurized milk shelf-life does not exceed one day, which may reflect the high level of contamination of this product and presence of extracellular enzymes such as lipases and proteases. This work aimed to investigate the microbial biodiversity in milk-processing surfaces of a dairy plant in Algeria. Therefore, stainless steel cylinders were placed in piping system of the dairy system before and after pasteurization of the milk, being removed after 7 days, for biofilm maturation and microorganism isolation and identification by mass spectrometry. Fifty-nine Gram-positive isolates were identified, namely Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus weithenstephanensis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In addition, twenty-four Gram-negative isolates were identified, namely Acinetobacter schindleri Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Raoultella ornithinolytica. Bacterial isolates showed ability for production of extracellular enzymes, being 49 % capable of both proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Milk isolates were tested for the ability to form biofilms on stainless steel. The cell numbers recovered on plate count agar plates from stainless steel biofilms ranged from 3.52 to 6.92 log10 CFU/cm2, being the maximum number detected for Enterococcus casseliflavus. Bacterial isolates showed intermediate and/or resistant profiles to multiple antibiotics. Resistance to amoxicillin, cefoxitin and/or erythromycin was commonly found among the bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Didouh
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Medjahdi Khadidja
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria; Université Hassiba Benbouali Chlef, Algeria
| | - Carla Campos
- Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO) do Porto Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R&D Group, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Moussa Boudjemaa Boumediene
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R&D Group, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Zeng Y, Li W, Zhao M, Li J, Liu X, Shi L, Yang X, Xia H, Yang S, Yang L. The association between ambient temperature and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in China: a difference-in-differences analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1158762. [PMID: 37361142 PMCID: PMC10285064 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1158762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) poses a significant global public health threat and is responsible for a high prevalence of infections and mortality. However, knowledge about how ambient temperature influences the AMR of K. pneumoniae is limited in the context of global warming. Methods AMR data of 31 Chinese provinces was collected from the China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS) between 2014 and 2020. Socioeconomic and meteorological data were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook during the same period. A modified difference-in-differences (DID) approach was applied to estimate the association between ambient temperature and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae (3GCRKP) and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP). Furthermore, moderating effects of socioeconomic factors were also evaluated. Results Every 1°C increase in annual average temperature was associated with a 4.7% (relative risk (RR):1.047, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.031-1.082) increase in the detection rate of 3GCRKP, and a 10.7% (RR:1.107, 95% CI: 1.011-1.211) increase in the detection rate of CRKP. The relationships between ambient temperature and 3GCRKP and CRKP were found to be moderated by socioeconomic status (GDP per capita, income per capita, and consumption per capita; the interaction p-values <0.05), where higher economic status was found to strengthen the effects of temperature on the detection rate of 3GCRKP and weaken the effects on the detection rate of CRKP. Discussion Ambient temperature was found to be positively associated with AMR of K. pneumoniae, and this association was moderated by socioeconomic status. Policymakers should consider the impact of global warming and high temperatures on the spread of 3GCRKP and CRKP when developing strategies for the containment of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Zeng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manzhi Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haohai Xia
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shifang Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianping Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kamal SM, Simpson DJ, Wang Z, Gänzle M, Römling U. Horizontal Transmission of Stress Resistance Genes Shape the Ecology of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:696522. [PMID: 34295324 PMCID: PMC8290217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) is found mainly in beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria and confers tolerance to elevated temperature, pressure, and chlorine. This genomic island, previously referred to as transmissible locus of protein quality control or locus of heat resistance likely originates from an environmental bacterium thriving in extreme habitats, but has been widely transmitted by lateral gene transfer. Although highly conserved, the gene content on the island is subject to evolution and gene products such as small heat shock proteins are present in several functionally distinct sequence variants. A number of these genes are xenologs of core genome genes with the gene products to widen the substrate spectrum and to be highly (complementary) expressed thus their functionality to become dominant over core genome genes. In this review, we will present current knowledge of the function of core tLST genes and discuss current knowledge on selection and counter-selection processes that favor maintenance of the tLST island, with frequent acquisition of gene products involved in cyclic di-GMP signaling, in different habitats from the environment to animals and plants, processed animal and plant products, man-made environments, and subsequently humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Mansour Kamal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - David J Simpson
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Katikaridis P, Bohl V, Mogk A. Resisting the Heat: Bacterial Disaggregases Rescue Cells From Devastating Protein Aggregation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681439. [PMID: 34017857 PMCID: PMC8129007 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria as unicellular organisms are most directly exposed to changes in environmental growth conditions like temperature increase. Severe heat stress causes massive protein misfolding and aggregation resulting in loss of essential proteins. To ensure survival and rapid growth resume during recovery periods bacteria are equipped with cellular disaggregases, which solubilize and reactivate aggregated proteins. These disaggregases are members of the Hsp100/AAA+ protein family, utilizing the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to extract misfolded proteins from aggregates via a threading activity. Here, we describe the two best characterized bacterial Hsp100/AAA+ disaggregases, ClpB and ClpG, and compare their mechanisms and regulatory modes. The widespread ClpB disaggregase requires cooperation with an Hsp70 partner chaperone, which targets ClpB to protein aggregates. Furthermore, Hsp70 activates ClpB by shifting positions of regulatory ClpB M-domains from a repressed to a derepressed state. ClpB activity remains tightly controlled during the disaggregation process and high ClpB activity states are likely restricted to initial substrate engagement. The recently identified ClpG (ClpK) disaggregase functions autonomously and its activity is primarily controlled by substrate interaction. ClpG provides enhanced heat resistance to selected bacteria including pathogens by acting as a more powerful disaggregase. This disaggregase expansion reflects an adaption of bacteria to extreme temperatures experienced during thermal based sterilization procedures applied in food industry and medicine. Genes encoding for ClpG are transmissible by horizontal transfer, allowing for rapid spreading of extreme bacterial heat resistance and posing a threat to modern food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Katikaridis
- Center for Molecular Biology of the Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valentin Bohl
- Center for Molecular Biology of the Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Mogk
- Center for Molecular Biology of the Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kamal SM, Cimdins-Ahne A, Lee C, Li F, Martín-Rodríguez AJ, Seferbekova Z, Afasizhev R, Wami HT, Katikaridis P, Meins L, Lünsdorf H, Dobrindt U, Mogk A, Römling U. A recently isolated human commensal Escherichia coli ST10 clone member mediates enhanced thermotolerance and tetrathionate respiration on a P1 phage-derived IncY plasmid. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:255-271. [PMID: 32985020 PMCID: PMC7984374 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous human commensal Escherichia coli has been well investigated through its model representative E. coli K‐12. In this work, we initially characterized E. coli Fec10, a recently isolated human commensal strain of phylogroup A/sequence type ST10. Compared to E. coli K‐12, the 4.88 Mbp Fec10 genome is characterized by distinct single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and acquisition of genomic islands. In addition, E. coli Fec10 possesses a 155.86 kbp IncY plasmid, a composite element based on phage P1. pFec10 harbours multiple cargo genes such as coding for a tetrathionate reductase and its corresponding regulatory two‐component system. Among the cargo genes is also the Transmissible Locus of Protein Quality Control (TLPQC), which mediates tolerance to lethal temperatures in bacteria. The disaggregase ClpGGI of TLPQC constitutes a major determinant of the thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10. We confirmed stand‐alone disaggregation activity, but observed distinct biochemical characteristics of ClpGGI‐Fec10 compared to the nearly identical Pseudomonas aeruginosa ClpGGI‐SG17M. Furthermore, we noted a unique contribution of ClpGGI‐Fec10 to the exquisite thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10, suggesting functional differences between both disaggregases in vivo. Detection of thermotolerance in 10% of human commensal E. coli isolates hints to the successful establishment of food‐borne heat‐resistant strains in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Mansour Kamal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Changhan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Zaira Seferbekova
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert Afasizhev
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Panagiotis Katikaridis
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Meins
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Axel Mogk
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Waso M, Khan S, Singh A, McMichael S, Ahmed W, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Byrne JA, Khan W. Predatory bacteria in combination with solar disinfection and solar photocatalysis for the treatment of rainwater. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115281. [PMID: 31733621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, was applied as a biological pre-treatment to solar disinfection and solar photocatalytic disinfection for rainwater treatment. The photocatalyst used was immobilised titanium-dioxide reduced graphene oxide. The pre-treatment followed by solar photocatalysis for 120 min under natural sunlight reduced the viable counts of Klebsiella pneumoniae from 2.00 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/mL to below the detection limit (BDL) (<1 CFU/100 μL). Correspondingly, ethidium monoazide bromide quantitative PCR analysis indicated a high total log reduction in K. pneumoniae gene copies (GC)/mL (5.85 logs after solar photocatalysis for 240 min). In contrast, solar disinfection and solar photocatalysis without the biological pre-treatment were more effective for Enterococcus faecium disinfection as the viable counts of E. faecium were reduced by 8.00 logs (from 1.00 × 108 CFU/mL to BDL) and the gene copies were reduced by ∼3.39 logs (from 2.09 × 106 GC/mL to ∼9.00 × 102 GC/mL) after 240 min of treatment. Predatory bacteria can be applied as a pre-treatment to solar disinfection and solar photocatalytic treatment to enhance the removal efficiency of Gram-negative bacteria, which is crucial for the development of a targeted water treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waso
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - S Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - A Singh
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - S McMichael
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - W Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - P Fernández-Ibáñez
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - J A Byrne
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - W Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Biofilm Formation Potential of Heat-Resistant Escherichia coli Dairy Isolates and the Complete Genome of Multidrug-Resistant, Heat-Resistant Strain FAM21845. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00628-17. [PMID: 28550056 PMCID: PMC5514686 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00628-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the biofilm formation potential of 30 heat-resistant and 6 heat-sensitive Escherichia coli dairy isolates. Production of curli and cellulose, static biofilm formation on polystyrene (PS) and stainless steel surfaces, biofilm formation under dynamic conditions (Bioflux), and initial adhesion rates (IAR) were evaluated. Biofilm formation varied greatly between strains, media, and assays. Our results highlight the importance of the experimental setup in determining biofilm formation under conditions of interest, as correlation between different assays was often not a given. The heat-resistant, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain FAM21845 showed the strongest biofilm formation on PS and the highest IAR and was the only strain that formed significant biofilms on stainless steel under conditions relevant to the dairy industry, and it was therefore fully sequenced. Its chromosome is 4.9 Mb long, and it harbors a total of five plasmids (147.2, 54.2, 5.8, 2.5, and 1.9 kb). The strain carries a broad range of genes relevant to antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation, including some on its two large conjugative plasmids, as demonstrated in plate mating assays.IMPORTANCE In biofilms, cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix that protects them from stresses, such as UV radiation, osmotic shock, desiccation, antibiotics, and predation. Biofilm formation is a major bacterial persistence factor of great concern in the clinic and the food industry. Many tested strains formed strong biofilms, and especially strains such as the heat-resistant, MDR strain FAM21845 may pose a serious issue for food production. Strong biofilm formation combined with diverse resistances (some encoded on conjugative plasmids) may allow for increased persistence, coselection, and possible transfer of these resistance factors. Horizontal gene transfer may conceivably occur in the food production setting or the gastrointestinal tract after consumption.
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Boll EJ, Marti R, Hasman H, Overballe-Petersen S, Stegger M, Ng K, Knøchel S, Krogfelt KA, Hummerjohann J, Struve C. Turn Up the Heat-Food and Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates Feature Two Transferrable Loci of Heat Resistance. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:579. [PMID: 28439262 PMCID: PMC5383660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat treatment is a widely used process to reduce bacterial loads in the food industry or to decontaminate surfaces, e.g., in hospital settings. However, there are situations where lower temperatures must be employed, for instance in case of food production such as raw milk cheese or for decontamination of medical devices such as thermo-labile flexible endoscopes. A recently identified locus of heat resistance (LHR) has been shown to be present in and confer heat resistance to a variety of Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli isolates from food production settings and clinical ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Here, we describe the presence of two distinct LHR variants within a particularly heat resistant E. coli raw milk cheese isolate. We demonstrate for the first time in this species the presence of one of these LHRs on a plasmid, designated pFAM21805, also encoding type 3 fimbriae and three bacteriocins and corresponding self-immunity proteins. The plasmid was highly transferable to other E. coli strains, including Shiga-toxin-producing strains, and conferred LHR-dependent heat resistance as well as type 3 fimbriae-dependent biofilm formation capabilities. Selection for and acquisition of this “survival” plasmid by pathogenic organisms, e.g., in food production environments, may pose great concern and emphasizes the need to screen for the presence of LHR genes in isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Boll
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InstitutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger Marti
- Agroscope, Division of Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin GroupBern, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Hasman
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InstitutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InstitutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InstitutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Department of Food Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InstitutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joerg Hummerjohann
- Agroscope, Division of Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin GroupBern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Struve
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InstitutCopenhagen, Denmark
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Evidence of Naturalized Stress-Tolerant Strains of Escherichia coli in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5505-18. [PMID: 27371583 PMCID: PMC5007776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00143-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been proposed to have two habitats—the intestines of mammals/birds and the nonhost environment. Our goal was to assess whether certain strains of E. coli have evolved toward adaptation and survival in wastewater. Raw sewage samples from different treatment plants were subjected to chlorine stress, and ∼59% of the surviving E. coli strains were found to contain a genetic insertion element (IS30) located within the uspC-flhDC intergenic region. The positional location of the IS30 element was not observed across a library of 845 E. coli isolates collected from various animal hosts or within GenBank or whole-genome reference databases for human and animal E. coli isolates (n = 1,177). Phylogenetics clustered the IS30 element-containing wastewater E. coli isolates into a distinct clade, and biomarker analysis revealed that these wastewater isolates contained a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) biomarker pattern that was specific for wastewater. These isolates belonged to phylogroup A, possessed generalized stress response (RpoS) activity, and carried the locus of heat resistance, features likely relevant to nonhost environmental survival. Isolates were screened for 28 virulence genes but carried only the fimH marker. Our data suggest that wastewater contains a naturalized resident population of E. coli. We developed an endpoint PCR targeting the IS30 element within the uspC-flhDC intergenic region, and all raw sewage samples (n = 21) were positive for this marker. Conversely, the prevalence of this marker in E. coli-positive surface and groundwater samples was low (≤5%). This simple PCR assay may represent a convenient microbial source-tracking tool for identification of water samples affected by municipal wastewater. IMPORTANCE The results of this study demonstrate that some strains of E. coli appear to have evolved to become naturalized populations in the wastewater environment and possess a number of stress-related genetic elements likely important for survival in this nonhost environment. The presence of non-host-adapted strains in wastewater challenges our understanding of using E. coli as a microbial indicator of wastewater treatment performance, suggesting that the E. coli strains present in human and animal feces may be very different from those found in treated wastewater.
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10
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Jørgensen S, Bojer M, Boll E, Martin Y, Helmersen K, Skogstad M, Struve C. Heat-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in endoscope-mediated outbreak. J Hosp Infect 2016; 93:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Gastmeier P, Vonberg RP. Klebsiella spp. in endoscopy-associated infections: we may only be seeing the tip of the iceberg. Infection 2013; 42:15-21. [PMID: 24166131 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two endoscopy-associated nosocomial outbreaks caused by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) were recently observed in two German hospitals. In this study, we performed a systematic search of the medical literature in order to elucidate the epidemiology of Klebsiella spp. in endoscopy-associated outbreaks. METHODS Medline, the Outbreak Database ( http://www.outbreak-database.com ) and reference lists of articles extracted from these databases were screened for descriptions of endoscopy-associated nosocomial outbreaks. The data extracted and analysed were: (1) the type of medical department affected; (2) characterisation of pathogen to species and conspicuous resistance patterns (if applicable); (3) type of endoscope and the grade of its contamination; (4) number and the types of infections; (5) actual cause of the outbreak. RESULTS A total of seven nosocomial outbreaks were identified, of which six were outbreaks of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related infections and caused by contaminated duodenoscopes. Including our own outbreaks in the analysis, we identified one extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae strain and six CPKP strains. Insufficient reprocessing after the use of the endoscope was the main reason for subsequent pathogen transmission. CONCLUSIONS There were only two reports of nosocomial outbreaks due to Klebsiella spp. in the first three decades of endoscopic procedures, but seven additional outbreaks of this kind have been reported within the last 4 years. It is very likely that many of such outbreaks have been missed in the past because this pathogen belongs to the physiological gut flora. However, with the emergence of highly resistant (carbapenemase-producing) strains, strict adherence to infection control guidelines is more important than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gastmeier
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Bojer MS, Struve C, Ingmer H, Krogfelt KA. ClpP-dependent and -independent activities encoded by the polycistronic clpK-encoding locus contribute to heat shock survival in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Res Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bojer MS, Hammerum AM, Jørgensen SL, Hansen F, Olsen SS, Krogfelt KA, Struve C. Concurrent emergence of multidrug resistance and heat resistance by CTX-M-15-encoding conjugative plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. APMIS 2012; 120:699-705. [PMID: 22882258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A plasmid-encoded ClpK protein was recently identified as a predictor of a heat-resistant phenotype in the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study was undertaken to evaluate the presence of the clpK gene in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae and to assess the probable co-transfer of multi-resistance with the heat resistance phenotype. A Danish collection of 80 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection isolates was screened for clpK by colony hybridization. Nineteen isolates (24%) were positive for clpK; some of them representing major clones identified in Denmark. Among these, nine isolates belonged to a single K. pneumoniae CTX-M-15 clone with sequence type (ST)16 exhibiting a heat-resistant phenotype. This clone has a multi-hospital occurrence and has also been detected outside Denmark. Horizontal co-transfer of multiple antibiotic resistances, including the CTX-M-15 resistance determinant, and the heat resistance phenotype was observed. Thus, the clpK gene is harbored by different ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates including a clone of ST16 internationally spread. The co-localization of clpK on transferable ESBL-encoding plasmids allowing co-dissemination of multiple drug resistance with bacterial heat resistance is a highly interesting phenomenon that may further complicate the prevention of spreading of certain successful clones of multi-resistant K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Bojer
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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