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Min TT, Choowongkomon K, Htoo HH, Nonejuie P, Haltrich D, Yamabhai M. Anti-CAMP1 IgG promotes macrophage phagocytosis of Cutibacterium acnes type II. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127749. [PMID: 38761490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Among 5 types of the Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen factor (CAMP) of Cutibacterium acnes, CAMP1 is highly expressed in phylotype II as well as IB, and thought to be a virulence factor of opportunistic but fatal blood, soft tissue, and implant-related infections. The target of a human single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv), recently isolated from a phage display library, has been identified as CAMP1 of phylotype II, using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, phage display peptide biopanning, 3D-modelling, and ELISA. The IgG1 format of the antibody could enhance phagocytosis of C. acnes DMST 14916 by THP-1 human monocytes. Our results suggest that the antibody-dependent phagocytosis process is mediated by the caveolae membrane system and involves the induction of IL-1β. This is the first report on the study of a human antibody against CAMP1 of C. acnes phylotype II, of which a potential use as therapeutic antibody against virulence C. acnes infection is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thae Thae Min
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Htut Htut Htoo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Poochit Nonejuie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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Bücher C, Burtscher J, Domig KJ. Propionic acid bacteria in the food industry: An update on essential traits and detection methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4299-4323. [PMID: 34355493 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid bacteria (PAB) is an umbrella term for a group of bacteria with the ability to produce propionic acid. In the past, due to this common feature and other phenotypic similarities, genetically heterogeneous bacteria were considered as a single genus, Propionibacterium. Members of this genus ranged from "dairy propionibacteria," which are widely known for their role in eye and flavor formation in cheese production, to "cutaneous propionibacteria," which are primarily associated with human skin. In 2016, the introduction of two new genera based on genotypic data facilitated a clear separation of cutaneous (Cutibacterium spp.) from dairy PAB (Propionibacterium spp., Acidipropionibacterium spp.). In light of these taxonomic changes, but with particular emphasis on dairy PAB, this review describes the current state of knowledge about metabolic pathways and other characteristics such as antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. In addition, the relevance of dairy PAB for the food industry and cheese production in particular is highlighted. Furthermore, methods for cultivation, detection, and enumeration are reviewed, incorporating the current taxonomy as well as the potential for routine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Bücher
- Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI), Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Burtscher
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad J Domig
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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3
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Liew-Littorin C, Brüggemann H, Davidsson S, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Hellmark B, Söderquist B. Clonal diversity of Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) in prosthetic joint infections. Anaerobe 2019; 59:54-60. [PMID: 31075312 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are rare but feared complications following joint replacement surgery. Cutibacterium acnes is a skin commensal that is best known for its role in acne vulgaris but can also cause invasive infections such as PJIs. Some phylotypes might be associated with specific diseases, and recently, a plasmid was detected that might harbour important virulence genes. In this study, we characterized C. acnes isolates from 63 patients with PJIs (n = 140 isolates) and from the skin of 56 healthy individuals (n = 56 isolates), using molecular methods to determine the phylotype and investigate the presence of the plasmid. Single-locus sequence typing and a polymerase chain reaction designed to detect the plasmid were performed on all 196 isolates. No statistically significant differences in sequence types were seen between the two study groups indicating that the C. acnes that causes PJIs originates from the patients own normal skin microbiota. Of the 27 patients with multiple tissue samples, 19 displayed the same sequence types among all their samples. Single-locus sequence typing identified different genotypes among consecutive C. acnes isolates from four patients with recurrent infections. The plasmid was found among 17 isolates distributed in both groups, indicating that it might not be a marker for virulence regarding PJIs. Patients presenting multiple sequence types in tissue samples may represent contamination or a true polyclonal infection due to C. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liew-Littorin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden.
| | - H Brüggemann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Davidsson
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Å Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - B Hellmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden
| | - B Söderquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Sweden
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TERAMOTO K, OKUBO T, YAMADA Y, SEKIYA S, IWAMOTO S, TANAKA K. Classification of Cutibacterium acnes at phylotype level by MALDI-MS proteotyping. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:612-623. [PMID: 31827019 PMCID: PMC6920080 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes is a major commensal human skin bacteria. It is a producer of propionic acids that maintain skin acidic pH to inhibit the growth of pathogens. On the other hand, it is also associated with diseases such as acne vulgaris and sarcoidosis. C. acnes strains have been classified into six phylotypes using DNA-based approaches. Because several characteristic features of C. acnes vary according to the phylotype, the development of a practical method to identify these phylotypes is needed. For rapid identification of phylotypes for C. acnes strains, a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) fingerprinting technique has been applied; however, some phylotypes have not been discriminated. We developed a high-throughput protein purification method to detect biomarker proteins by ultrafiltration. MALDI-MS proteotyping using profiling of identified biomarker peaks was applied for the classification of 24 strains of C. acnes, and these were successfully classified into the correct phylotypes. This is a promising method that allows the discrimination of C. acnes phylotypes independent of a DNA-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae TERAMOTO
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: K. Teramoto, Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Tatsuki OKUBO
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro YAMADA
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadanori SEKIYA
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi IWAMOTO
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi TANAKA
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
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Dagnelie MA, Khammari A, Dréno B, Corvec S. Cutibacterium acnes molecular typing: time to standardize the method. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1149-1155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Kwon HH, Suh DH. Recent progress in the research aboutPropionibacterium acnesstrain diversity and acne: pathogen or bystander? Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:1196-1204. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Hoon Kwon
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine and Acne & Rosacea Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Dae Hun Suh
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine and Acne & Rosacea Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
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Dekio I, Culak R, Misra R, Gaulton T, Fang M, Sakamoto M, Ohkuma M, Oshima K, Hattori M, Klenk HP, Rajendram D, Gharbia SE, Shah HN. Dissecting the taxonomic heterogeneity within Propionibacterium acnes: proposal for Propionibacterium acnes subsp. acnes subsp. nov. and Propionibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:4776-4787. [PMID: 26432704 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes subsp. acnes subsp. nov. and Propionibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum subsp. nov. are described. These emanate from the three known phylotypes of P. acnes, designated types I, II and III. Electron microscopy confirmed the filamentous cell shape of type III, showing a striking difference from types I/II, which were short rods. Biochemical tests indicated that, in types I/II, either the pyruvate, l-pyrrolidonyl arylamidase or d-ribose 2 test was positive, whereas all of these were negative among type III strains. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) spectra, which profile mainly their ribosomal proteins, were different between these two groups. Surface-enhanced laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) spectra of all phylotypes revealed a specific protein biomarker that was overexpressed in type III strains compared with types I/II only when grown aerobically. Reference strains had high whole-genome similarity between types I (>91 %) and II (>75 %), but a considerably lower level of 72 % similarity with type III. recA and gyrB sequence dendrograms confirmed the distant relatedness of type III, indicating the presence of two distinct centres of variation within the species P. acnes. On the other hand, cellular fatty acid profiles and 16S rRNA gene sequence relatedness (>99.3 %) circumscribed the species. Thus, we propose two subspecies, Propionibacterium acnes subsp. acnes subsp. nov. for types I/II and Propionibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum subsp. nov. for type III. The type strain of Propionibacterium acnes subsp. acnes is NCTC 737T ( = ATCC 6919T = JCM 6425T = DSM 1897T = CCUG 1794T), while the type strain of Propionibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum is K124T ( = NCTC 13655T = JCM 18919T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Dekio
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan.,Proteomics Research Unit, Culture Collections, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Medical Centre East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Renata Culak
- Proteomics Research Unit, Culture Collections, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Raju Misra
- Genomic Research Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Tom Gaulton
- Proteomics Research Unit, Culture Collections, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Min Fang
- Proteomics Research Unit, Culture Collections, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Oshima
- Hattori Lab, The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Campus, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Hattori Lab, The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Campus, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Saheer E Gharbia
- Genomic Research Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Haroun N Shah
- Proteomics Research Unit, Culture Collections, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
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Hauck Y, Soler C, Gérôme P, Vong R, Macnab C, Appere G, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C. A novel multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) method for Propionibacterium acnes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:233-41. [PMID: 25965840 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acne and is responsible for severe opportunistic infections. Numerous typing schemes have been developed that allow the identification of phylotypes, but they are often insufficient to differentiate subtypes. To better understand the genetic diversity of this species and to perform epidemiological analyses, high throughput discriminant genotyping techniques are needed. Here we describe the development of a multiple locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) method. Thirteen VNTRs were identified in the genome of P. acnes and were used to genotype a collection of clinical isolates. In addition, publically available sequencing data for 102 genomes were analyzed in silico, providing an MLVA genotype. The clustering of MLVA data was in perfect congruence with whole genome based clustering. Analysis of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) element uncovered new spacers, a supplementary source of genotypic information. The present MLVA13 scheme and associated internet database represents a first line genotyping assay to investigate large number of isolates. Particular strains may then be submitted to full genome sequencing in order to better analyze their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Hauck
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Charles Soler
- Laboratoire de biologie clinique, HIA Percy, Clamart, France
| | - Patrick Gérôme
- Service de biologie médicale, HIA Desgenettes, 69275 Lyon cedex 03, France
| | - Rithy Vong
- Laboratoire de biologie clinique, HIA Percy, Clamart, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Vergnaud
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France; ENSTA ParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Christine Pourcel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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Giannopoulos L, Papaparaskevas J, Refene E, Daikos G, Stavrianeas N, Tsakris A. MLST typing of antimicrobial-resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolates from patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Anaerobe 2014; 31:50-4. [PMID: 25451716 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular typing data on antimicrobial-resistant Propionibacterium strains are limited in the literature. We examined antimicrobial resistance profiles and the underlying resistance mechanisms in Propionibacterium spp. isolates recovered from patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris in Greece. The clonallity of the resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolates was also investigated. Propionibacterium spp. isolates were detected using Tryptone-Yeast Extract-Glucose (TYG) agar plates supplemented with 4% furazolidone. Erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, penicillin, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, minocycline and ciprofloxacin MICs were determined using the gradient strip method. Erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline mechanisms of resistance were determined using PCR and sequencing of the domain V of 23S rRNA and 16S rRNA, as well as the presence of the ermX gene. Typing was performed using the multi locus sequence typing (MLST) methodology. Seventy nine isolates from 76 patients were collected. Twenty-three isolates (29.1%) exhibited resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, while two additional isolates (2.5%) were resistant only to erythromycin. Resistance to tetracycline was not detected. The underlying molecular mechanisms were point mutations A2059G and A2058G. MLST typing of the P. acnes resistant isolates revealed that lineage type IA1 (ST-1, 3 and 52) prevailed (12/18; 66.7%), whilst lineage type IA2 (ST-2 and 22) accounted for five more isolates (27.8%). Susceptible isolates were more evenly distributed between ST types. Propionibacterium spp. from moderate to severe acne vulgaris in Greece are frequently resistant to erythromycin/clindamycin but not to tetracyclines, mainly due to the point mutations A2059G and A2058G. P. acnes resistant isolates were more clonally related than susceptible ones and belonged to a limited number of MLST types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Giannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece; Department of Dermatology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Joseph Papaparaskevas
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Eirini Refene
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Daikos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, "Laikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Stavrianeas
- Department of Dermatology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Correlation between phylogroups and intracellular proteomes of Propionibacterium acnes and differences in the protein expression profiles between anaerobically and aerobically grown cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:151797. [PMID: 23878795 PMCID: PMC3708387 DOI: 10.1155/2013/151797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes is one of the dominant commensals on the human skin and also an opportunistic pathogen in relation to acne, sarcoidosis, prostate cancer, and various infections. Recent investigations using housekeeping and virulence genes have revealed that the species consists of three major evolutionary clades (types I, II, and III). In order to investigate protein expression differences between these phylogroups, proteomic profiles of 21 strains of P. acnes were investigated. The proteins extracted from cells cultured under anaerobic and aerobic conditions were analysed using a SELDI-TOF mass spectrometer, high-resolution capillary gel electrophoresis, and LC-MS/ MS. The SELDI spectral profiles were visualised as a heat map and a dendrogram, which resulted in four proteomic groups. Strains belonging to type I were represented in the proteome Group A, while Group B contained type III strains. Groups C and D contained mixtures of types I and II. Each of these groups was not influenced by differences in culture conditions. Under anoxic growth conditions, a type IB strain yielded high expressions of some proteins, such as methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase and the Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen (CAMP) factor. The present study revealed good congruence between genomic and proteomic data suggesting that the microenvironment of each subtype may influence protein expression.
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Nagy E, Urbán E, Becker S, Kostrzewa M, Vörös A, Hunyadkürti J, Nagy I. MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting facilitates rapid discrimination of phylotypes I, II and III of Propionibacterium acnes. Anaerobe 2013; 20:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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McDowell A, Barnard E, Nagy I, Gao A, Tomida S, Li H, Eady A, Cove J, Nord CE, Patrick S. An expanded multilocus sequence typing scheme for propionibacterium acnes: investigation of 'pathogenic', 'commensal' and antibiotic resistant strains. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41480. [PMID: 22859988 PMCID: PMC3408437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Propionibacterium acnes is a member of the normal human skin microbiota and is associated with various infections and clinical conditions. There is tentative evidence to suggest that certain lineages may be associated with disease and others with health. We recently described a multilocus sequence typing scheme (MLST) for P. acnes based on seven housekeeping genes (http://pubmlst.org/pacnes). We now describe an expanded eight gene version based on six housekeeping genes and two ‘putative virulence’ genes (eMLST) that provides improved high resolution typing (91eSTs from 285 isolates), and generates phylogenies congruent with those based on whole genome analysis. When compared with the nine gene MLST scheme developed at the University of Bath, UK, and utilised by researchers at Aarhus University, Denmark, the eMLST method offers greater resolution. Using the scheme, we examined 208 isolates from disparate clinical sources, and 77 isolates from healthy skin. Acne was predominately associated with type IA1 clonal complexes CC1, CC3 and CC4; with eST1 and eST3 lineages being highly represented. In contrast, type IA2 strains were recovered at a rate similar to type IB and II organisms. Ophthalmic infections were predominately associated with type IA1 and IA2 strains, while type IB and II were more frequently recovered from soft tissue and retrieved medical devices. Strains with rRNA mutations conferring resistance to antibiotics used in acne treatment were dominated by eST3, with some evidence for intercontinental spread. In contrast, despite its high association with acne, only a small number of resistant CC1 eSTs were identified. A number of eSTs were only recovered from healthy skin, particularly eSTs representing CC72 (type II) and CC77 (type III). Collectively our data lends support to the view that pathogenic versus truly commensal lineages of P. acnes may exist. This is likely to have important therapeutic and diagnostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McDowell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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