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Suzuki Y, Seto J, Shimotai Y, Itagaki T, Katsushima Y, Katsushima F, Ikeda T, Mizuta K, Hongo S, Matsuzaki Y. Polyclonal spread of multiple genotypes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in semi-closed settings in Yamagata, Japan. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:785-790. [PMID: 30932805 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in semi-closed settings such as schools and family homes using molecular typing methods. METHODOLOGY We retrospectively searched for school- and family-based clusters of M. pneumoniae infections based on information regarding patients from whom M. pneumoniae strains had been isolated between 2011 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan. The molecular typing profile, including the P1 type and the four-locus (Mpn13, 14, 15 and 16) multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) type, was obtained from our previous study. RESULTS We identified 11 school-based clusters involving 71 patients and 16 family-based clusters involving 38 patients, including 14 duplications between these types of clusters. A total of 95M. pneumoniae strains isolated from those patients were divided into 4 genotypes: 33 strains of type 4-5-7-2, 1; 31 of type 4-5-7-3, 1; 24 of type 3-5-6-2, 2c; and 7 of type 3-5-6-2, 2a. Of the 11 school-based clusters, 6 clusters (54.5%) consisted of multiple genotypes, and the remaining 5 clusters consisted of a single genotype. Moreover, the presence of multiple genotypes was identified in three classrooms of a school. On the other hand, in 14 (87.5%) of the 16 family-based clusters, the genotypes of the M. pneumoniae strains isolated from each family member were identical. CONCLUSION The spread of M. pneumoniae infection in schools is likely polyclonal, since M. pneumoniae strains are brought into schools from various sites, such as family homes, which are important sites of disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Junji Seto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Katsukawa C, Kenri T, Shibayama K, Takahashi K. Genetic characterization of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated in Osaka between 2011 and 2017: Decreased detection rate of macrolide-resistance and increase of p1 gene type 2 lineage strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209938. [PMID: 30682029 PMCID: PMC6347185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized 419 Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates collected between 2011 and 2017 in Osaka prefecture of Japan. This analysis revealed high prevalence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP) in Osaka during 2011 and 2014 with annual detection rates of MRMP strains between 71.4% and 81.8%. However, in 2015 and after, the detection rate of MRMP decreased significantly and did not exceed 50%. Genotyping of the p1 gene of these isolates showed that most of MRMP strains harbored type 1 p1 gene. In contrast, strains expressing p1 gene type 2 or its variant were largely macrolide-susceptible M. pneumoniae (MSMP) strains. There was a strong correlation between p1 gene genotype and the presence of mutations conferring macrolide resistance in M. pneumoniae isolated in Osaka. These results indicate that lower incidence of MRMP strains in Osaka from 2015 was associated with the relative increase of p1 gene type 2 lineage strains. During these experiments, we also isolated three M. pneumoniae strains that showed irregular typing pattern in the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the p1 gene. Two of these strains harbored new variants of type 2 p1 gene and were designated as type 2f and 2g. The remaining strain with an irregular typing pattern had a large deletion in the p1 operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Katsukawa
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- International University of Health and Welfare, Tochigi, Japan
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Qiu L, Wang L, Tan L, Li M, Wu C, Li L, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Sun Q, Zhang T. Molecular characterization of genomic DNA in mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated from serious mycoplasma pneumonia cases in 2016, Yunnan, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 58:125-134. [PMID: 29275190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is particularly prevalent in low-immunity school-age children. Few data have been reported on MP prevalence in Yunnan, China. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and characterize genomic DNA of MP in a small outbreak in 2016, Southwest China. RepMP4 and RepMP2/3 genes of MP positive samples were amplified for molecular typing through sequence alignment and PCR-RFLP assay. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA5.0. The results showed that two distinct P1 types (type I and type II) were prevalent in this MP outbreak. Type I was the most prevalent type, and clustered in the same evolutionary branch of C26 (China, 2012). Only 1 MP isolate belonged to type II, and clustered in the branch of KCH405 (Japan, 2016). Fifty-nine nucleotide mutations were observed in P1 genes of type I isolates (51 in RepMP4, 8 in RepMP2/3). Ninety-five nucleotide mutations were observed in P1 genes of the type II isolates (33 in RepMP4, 62 in RepMP2/3). It is noteworthy that 31 mutation sites were clustered in an 84-bp fragment in the RepMP4 gene of type II isolates. One new fragment that appeared in two of the type I strains was not found in NCBI. Nucleotide diversity analyze results showed that RepMP4 was more likely to be genetically diverse than RepMP2/3. Two-tailed Z-test result of RepMP4 suggested positive selection between 6 P1 type I isolates and M29 (China, 2005). According to secondary structure prediction, 36 new possible protein binding sites were found and another 9 sites were lost, 2 helices were missed and 1 new helix appeared in type I isolates. As for type II isolates, 16 protein binding regions were gained and 31 were lost. This study may help to understand the intrinsic geographical relatedness and contributes further to the research of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Qiu
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Li Tan
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Chengqing Wu
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Li Li
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Hongchao Jiang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China.
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, PR China.
| | - Tiesong Zhang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China.
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Suzuki Y, Seto J, Shimotai Y, Itagaki T, Katsushima Y, Katsushima F, Ikeda T, Mizuta K, Hongo S, Matsuzaki Y. Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Isolates between 2004 and 2014 in Yamagata, Japan: Change in Molecular Characteristics during an 11-year Period. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 70:642-646. [PMID: 29093323 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) typing was performed for Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated between 2004 and 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The results were examined by considering the combination of the P1 type and prevalence of macrolide resistance-associated mutations. Four-locus (Mpn13-16) MLVA classified 347 strains into 9 MLVA types, including 3 major types: 3-5-6-2, 4-5-7-2, and 4-5-7-3. All type 3-5-6-2 strains (77 strains) were P1 type 2 variants (2a or 2c), while types 4-5-7-2 (181 strains) and 4-5-7-3 (75 strains) were P1 type 1. MLVA type 4-5-7-2 strains circulated and were dominant until 2010, accounting for 88.4% of the 121 strains isolated between 2004 and 2010. The prevalence of types 4-5-7-3 and 3-5-6-2 strains increased rapidly in 2011 and 2012, respectively, resulting in cocirculation of 3 MLVA types, including type 4-5-7-2, between 2011 and 2013. The prevalence of macrolide resistance-associated mutations in MLVA types 4-5-7-2, 4-5-7-3, and 3-5-6-2 strains was 59.7% (108/181), 25.3% (19/75), and 0% (0/77), respectively. Because the prevalence of macrolide resistance-associated mutations differed by current MLVA types in Yamagata, continued surveillance combined with molecular typing and identification of macrolide resistance-associated mutations is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Junji Seto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
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Waites KB, Xiao L, Liu Y, Balish MF, Atkinson TP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the Respiratory Tract and Beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:747-809. [PMID: 28539503 PMCID: PMC5475226 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00114-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections in children as well as adults that can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Over the past several years there has been much new information published concerning infections caused by this organism. New molecular-based tests for M. pneumoniae detection are now commercially available in the United States, and advances in molecular typing systems have enhanced understanding of the epidemiology of infections. More strains have had their entire genome sequences published, providing additional insights into pathogenic mechanisms. Clinically significant acquired macrolide resistance has emerged worldwide and is now complicating treatment. In vitro susceptibility testing methods have been standardized, and several new drugs that may be effective against this organism are undergoing development. This review focuses on the many new developments that have occurred over the past several years that enhance our understanding of this microbe, which is among the smallest bacterial pathogens but one of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | | | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Complete Genome Sequences of the p1 Gene Type 2b and 2c Strains Mycoplasma pneumoniae KCH-402 and KCH-405. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/24/e00513-17. [PMID: 28619800 PMCID: PMC5473269 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00513-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the complete genome sequences of Mycoplasma pneumoniae KCH-402 and KCH-405, which are p1 gene type 2b and 2c strains, respectively. These strains harbor variations in the orf6 gene, which encodes the cytadherence-related proteins P40 and P90.
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Diaz MH, Desai HP, Morrison SS, Benitez AJ, Wolff BJ, Caravas J, Read TD, Dean D, Winchell JM. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae genomes to investigate underlying population structure and type-specific determinants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174701. [PMID: 28410368 PMCID: PMC5391922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant cause of respiratory illness worldwide. Despite a minimal and highly conserved genome, genetic diversity within the species may impact disease. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 107 M. pneumoniae isolates, including 67 newly sequenced using the Pacific BioSciences RS II and/or Illumina MiSeq sequencing platforms. Comparative genomic analysis of 107 genomes revealed >3,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in total, including 520 type-specific SNPs. Population structure analysis supported the existence of six distinct subgroups, three within each type. We developed a predictive model to classify an isolate based on whole genome SNPs called against the reference genome into the identified subtypes, obviating the need for genome assembly. This study is the most comprehensive WGS analysis for M. pneumoniae to date, underscoring the power of combining complementary sequencing technologies to overcome difficult-to-sequence regions and highlighting potential differential genomic signatures in M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen H. Diaz
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Heta P. Desai
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shatavia S. Morrison
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alvaro J. Benitez
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bernard J. Wolff
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason Caravas
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Read
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deborah Dean
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Research, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
- Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco and University of California Berkeley, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Jonas M. Winchell
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Yamazaki T, Kuroki H, Itagaki T, Iwata S, Tateda K. [Evaluation of a Rapid Antigen Detection Kit Targeting L7/L12 Ribosomal Protein for Mycoplasma pneumoniae]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:394-9. [PMID: 26552132 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.89.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the usefulness of a rapid antigen detection assay for L7/L12 ribosomal protein (Ribotest Mycoplasma; Asahi Kasei Pharma) for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) infection. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from patients with pneumonia and/or bronchitis; real-time PCR and the L 7/L12 antigen assays were performed with each sample. Serum was also taken from each patient, and the particle agglutination (PA) method was used to detect anti-M. pneumoniae antibody in these samples. Macrolide-resistance genes were detected and M. pneumoniae P1 protein subtyping was performed on PCR-positive samples. PCR assays were positive for 85 of 212 specimens (40.1%). Sensitivity and specificity of the L7/L12 antigen assays relative to the PCR standard were 74.1% (63/85) and 81.1% (103/127), respectively. For PCR-positive specimens with a large quantity of M. pneumoniae nucleic acid, sensitivity of the L7/L12 antigen assays seemed to be high. In PCR-positive specimens with fewer than 1.0 x 10(6) copies/mL of M. pneumoniae nucleic acid, sensitivity of the L7/L12 antigen assays seemed to be low. When the PA method was used as the standard, the relative sensitivity and specificity of the L7/L12 antigen assays were 41.7% (5/12) and 75.3% (58/77), respectively, for single serum and 60.9% (14/23) and 85.7% (18/21), respectively, for paired sera. The macrolide-resistance gene A2063G was detected in 20 of the 30 tested PCR-positive specimens (66.7%). Of these 20 A2063G-positive specimens, 13 (65.0%) were positive for the L7/L12 antigen assays. Tne numbers of M. pneumoniae P1 subtypes were as follows: types I (22), IIa(2), IIc(1), and untypable (5). The L7/L12 antigen assays gave positive results for 17 of 21 (81.0%) subtype I, 1 of 2 (50.0%) IIa, and 1 of 1(100%) IIc specimens.
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Xiao L, Ptacek T, Osborne JD, Crabb DM, Simmons WL, Lefkowitz EJ, Waites KB, Atkinson TP, Dybvig K. Comparative genome analysis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:610. [PMID: 26275904 PMCID: PMC4537597 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common pathogen that causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in people of all ages, responsible for up to 40 % of community-acquired pneumonias. It also causes a wide array of extrapulmonary infections and autoimmune phenomena. Phylogenetic studies of the organism have been generally restricted to specific genes or regions of the genome, because whole genome sequencing has been completed for only 4 strains. To better understand the physiology and pathogenicity of this important human pathogen, we performed comparative genomic analysis of 15 strains of M. pneumoniae that were isolated between the 1940s to 2009 from respiratory specimens and cerebrospinal fluid originating from the USA, China and England. Results Illumina MiSeq whole genome sequencing was performed on the 15 strains and all genome sequences were completed. Results from the comparative genomic analysis indicate that although about 1500 SNP and indel variants exist between type1 and type 2 strains, there is an overall high degree of sequence similarity among the strains (>99 % identical to each other). Within the two subtypes, conservation of most genes, including the CARDS toxin gene and arginine deiminase genes, was observed. The major variation occurs in the P1 and ORF6 genes associated with the adhesin complex. Multiple hsdS genes (encodes S subunit of type I restriction enzyme) with variable tandem repeat copy numbers were found in all 15 genomes. Conclusions These data indicate that despite conclusions drawn from 16S rRNA sequences suggesting rapid evolution, the M. pneumoniae genome is extraordinarily stable over time and geographic distance across the globe with a striking lack of evidence of horizontal gene transfer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1801-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Travis Ptacek
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - John D Osborne
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Donna M Crabb
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Warren L Simmons
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Elliot J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Kevin Dybvig
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Suzuki Y, Seto J, Itagaki T, Aoki T, Abiko C, Matsuzaki Y. [Gene Mutations Associated with Macrolide-resistance and p1 Gene Typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Isolated in Yamagata, Japan, between 2004 and 2013]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 89:16-22. [PMID: 26548292 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.89.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the epidemiologic features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, we examined 358 M. pneumoniae strains isolated between 2004 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan. Analysis of macrolide-resistance-associated 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) domain V mutations revealed 6 kinds of mutants (81 A2063G, 43 A2063T, 1 A2063C, 1 A2064C, 4 C2617G and 1 C2617 mutation). There were only two mutants before 2009, but mutants A2063T and A2063G increased in 2009 and from 2010, respectively. The annual ratio of mutants varied from 20.4% to 76.4% between 2009 and 2013. Typing of the p1 gene revealed 4 types; 278 type 1, and 3 kinds of type 2 variant strains (10 type 2a, 5 type 2b and 65 type 2c). Type 1 strains accounted for between 85.2% and 100% of isolates from 2004 to 2011, whereas type 2 variant strains increased by 26.5% and 66.1% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. These results indicate that type 1 strains may have been replaced by type 2 variant strains in 2013. Furthermore, the ratio of type 1 strains with a 23S rRNA mutation was 65.1% in 2012 and 95.2% in 2013, but none of the type 2 variant strains had this mutation. In conclusion, type 1 strains with macrolide-resistant mutations appeared in 2006 and increased from 2009. In contrast, type 2 variant strains, which increased in 2012 and became predominant in 2013, showed no mutations.
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