1
|
Park BK, Jung SH, Kwon SH, Kim SH, Yeo EY, Yeom MS, Seo SJ, Joo KS, Heo MJ, Hong GP. Health risk associated with pesticide residues in vegetables from Incheon region of Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65860-65872. [PMID: 35488156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the pesticide residue concentrations and assess potential human health risks from vegetable consumption in Incheon. A total of 960 samples were collected from the Incheon areas of Korea in 2019. The pesticide residues were analyzed by the multi-residue method of the Korean Food Code for 373 different pesticides using GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, GC-ECD/NPD, and HPLC-UVD. Among the vegetable samples, 869 samples (90.5%) were free from detectable residues, while 91 samples (9.5%) contained residues, and 16 samples (1.7%) had residues exceeding the Korean maximum residue limit (MRLs). A total of 33 different pesticide residues were found, and 11 residues exceeded MRLs. The most frequently detected pesticide residues were chlorfenapyr, fludioxonil, pyridalyl, hexaconazole, and procymidone. Samples exceeding the MRLs were found in aster scaber, coastal hog fennel, lettuce (leaves), mustard green, mustard leaf, perilla leaves, Pimpinella brachycarpa, radish leaves, shepherd' purse, spinach, and winter-grown cabbage. The potential health risk assessment of pesticides was estimated by calculating the estimated daily intake (EDI) and the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The range of HQs was 0.002-90.621%, which was below 100%. Therefore, the results of this study show that the detected pesticide could not be considered a serious public health problem through the consumption of vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kyu Park
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hye Jung
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Kwon
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hoi Kim
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Yeo
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sook Yeom
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Jae Seo
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sig Joo
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Je Heo
- Samsan Agricultural Products Inspection Center, Incheon Institute of Public Health and Environment, 46, Yeongseongdong-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21320, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Pyo Hong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vahedi-Shahandashti R, Lass-Flörl C. Novel Antifungal Agents and Their Activity against Aspergillus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E213. [PMID: 33050302 PMCID: PMC7711508 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new antifungal agents, mainly due to increased incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFI), high frequency of associated morbidity and mortality and limitations of the current antifungal agents (e.g., toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and resistance). The clinically available antifungals for IFI are restricted to four main classes: polyenes, flucytosine, triazoles, and echinocandins. Several antifungals are hampered by multiple resistance mechanisms being present in fungi. Consequently, novel antifungal agents with new targets and modified chemical structures are required to combat fungal infections. This review will describe novel antifungals, with a focus on the Aspergillus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Regulation of Candida albicans Interaction with Macrophages through the Activation of HOG Pathway by Genistein. Molecules 2016; 21:162. [PMID: 26828477 PMCID: PMC6274511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of infections caused by Candida albicans, the most common opportunistic human fungal pathogen, needs rapid and effective antifungal treatments. One of the effective ways is to control the virulence factors of the pathogen. Therefore, the current study examined the effects of genistein, a natural isoflavone present in soybeans, on C. albicans. The genistein-treated C. albicans cells were then exposed to macrophages. Although no inhibition effect on the growth rates of C. albicans was noted an enhancement of the immune response to macrophages has been observed, indicated by phagocytosis and release of cytokines TNF-α and IL-10. The effect of genistein on the enhanced phagocytosis can be mimicked by the fungicides fludioxonil or iprodione, which inhibit the histidine kinase Cos1p and lead to activation of HOG pathway. The western blot results showed a clear phosphorylation of Hog1p in the wild type strain of C. albicans after incubation with genistein. In addition, effects of genistein on the phosphorylation of Hog1p in the histidine kinase mutants Δcos1 and Δsln1 were also observed. Our results thus indicate a new bio-activity of genistein on C. albicans by activation of the HOG pathway of the human pathogen C. albicans.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bakkiyaraj D, Nandhini JR, Malathy B, Pandian SK. The anti-biofilm potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract against human bacterial and fungal pathogens. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:929-937. [PMID: 23906229 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.820825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi are the major cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Multi-drug resistance in these pathogens augments the complexity and severity of the diseases. Various studies have shown the role of biofilms in multi-drug resistance, where the pathogen resides inside a protective coat made of extracellular polymeric substances. Since biofilms directly influence the virulence and pathogenicity of a pathogen, it is optimal to employ a strategy that effectively inhibits the formation of biofilm. Pomegranate is a common food and is also used traditionally to treat various ailments. This study assessed the anti-biofilm activity of a methanolic extract of pomegranate against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Methanolic extract of pomegranate was shown to inhibit the formation of biofilms by Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Apart from inhibiting the formation of biofilm, pomegranate extract disrupted pre-formed biofilms and inhibited germ tube formation, a virulence trait, in C. albicans. Characterization of the methanolic extract of pomegranate revealed the presence of ellagic acid (2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione) as the major component. Ellagic acid is a bioactive tannin known for its antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Further studies revealed the ability of ellagic acid to inhibit the growth of all species in suspension at higher concentrations (>75 μg ml(-1)) and biofilm formation at lower concentrations (<40 μg ml(-1)) which warrants further investigation of the potential of ellagic acid or peel powders of pomegranate for the treatment of human ailments.
Collapse
|