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Kwak ML, Hitch AT, Borthwick SA, Low DHW, Markowsky G, McInnes D, Smith GJD, Nakao R, Mendenhall IH. Host, season, habitat and climatic factors as drivers of Asian rodent tick (Ixodes granulatus) (Acari: Ixodidae) occurrence and abundance in Southeast Asia. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106992. [PMID: 37543183 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The Asian rodent tick (Ixodes granulatus) occurs throughout much of Asia, it frequently bites humans, and zoonotic pathogens, such as Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) and Rickettsia honei, have been detected within it. Unfortunately, the ecology of I. granulatus remains poorly known, including drivers of its abundance and the interaction ecology with its sylvatic hosts. To elucidate the ecology of this medically important species, the habitat preferences of I. granulatus were assessed in Singapore and Malaysia. Ixodes granulatus showed strong associations with old forest habitats, though across different age classes of old forest there was limited variation in abundance. Ixodes granulatus was absent from other habitats including young forest, scrubland, and parks/gardens. Within its sylvatic rodent hosts, a range of factors were found to be statistically significant predictors of I. granulatus load and/or infestation risk, including sex and body condition index. Male rodents were significantly more likely to be infested and to have higher loads than females, similarly, animals with a lower body condition index were significantly more likely to be infested. Proactive public health efforts targeted at preventing bites by this tick should carefully consider its ecology to minimise ecological overlap between humans and I. granulatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Kwak
- Department of Disease Control, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Alan T Hitch
- Department of Wildlife, Museum of Wildlife and Fish Biology, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Sophie A Borthwick
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Greg Markowsky
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, 9 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel McInnes
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, 9 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Centre for Outbreak Preparedness, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Academia Medical Centre, Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Department of Disease Control, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Academia Medical Centre, Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore
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Trevisan G, Cinco M, Trevisini S, di Meo N, Chersi K, Ruscio M, Forgione P, Bonin S. Borreliae Part 1: Borrelia Lyme Group and Echidna-Reptile Group. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101036. [PMID: 34681134 PMCID: PMC8533607 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Borreliae are spirochaetes, which represent a heterogeneous phylum within bacteria. Spirochaetes are indeed distinguished from other bacteria for their spiral shape, which also characterizes Borreliae. This review describes briefly the organization of the phylum Spirocheteales with a digression about its pathogenicity and historical information about bacteria isolation and characterization. Among spirochaetes, Borrelia genus is here divided into three groups, namely the Lyme group (LG), the Echidna-Reptile group (REPG) and the Relapsing Fever group (RFG). Borreliae Part 1 deals with Lyme group and Echidna-Reptile group Borreliae, while the subject of Borreliae Part 2 is Relapsing Fever group and unclassified Borreliae. Lyme group Borreliae is organized here in sections describing ecology, namely tick vectors and animal hosts, epidemiology, microbiology, and Borrelia genome organization and antigen characterization. Furthermore, the main clinical manifestations in Lyme borreliosis are also described. Although included in the Lyme group due to their particular clinical features, Borrelia causing Baggio Yoshinari syndrome and Borrelia mayonii are described in dedicated paragraphs. The Borrelia Echidna-Reptile group has been recently characterized including spirochaetes that apparently are not pathogenic to humans, but infect reptiles and amphibians. The paragraph dedicated to this group of Borreliae describes their vectors, hosts, geographical distribution and their characteristics. Abstract Borreliae are divided into three groups, namely the Lyme group (LG), the Echidna-Reptile group (REPG) and the Relapsing Fever group (RFG). Currently, only Borrelia of the Lyme and RF groups (not all) cause infection in humans. Borreliae of the Echidna-Reptile group represent a new monophyletic group of spirochaetes, which infect amphibians and reptiles. In addition to a general description of the phylum Spirochaetales, including a brief historical digression on spirochaetosis, in the present review Borreliae of Lyme and Echidna-Reptile groups are described, discussing the ecology with vectors and hosts as well as microbiological features and molecular characterization. Furthermore, differences between LG and RFG are discussed with respect to the clinical manifestations. In humans, LG Borreliae are organotropic and cause erythema migrans in the early phase of the disease, while RFG Borreliae give high spirochaetemia with fever, without the development of erythema migrans. With respect of LG Borreliae, recently Borrelia mayonii, with intermediate characteristics between LG and RFG, has been identified. As part of the LG, it gives erythema migrans but also high spirochaetemia with fever. Hard ticks are vectors for both LG and REPG groups, but in LG they are mostly Ixodes sp. ticks, while in REPG vectors do not belong to that genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusto Trevisan
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.T.); (N.d.M.)
| | - Marina Cinco
- DSV—Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Sara Trevisini
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Nicola di Meo
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.T.); (N.d.M.)
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Karin Chersi
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Maurizio Ruscio
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Patrizia Forgione
- UOSD Dermatologia, Centro Rif. Regionale Malattia di Hansen e Lyme, P.O. dei Pellegrini, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Serena Bonin
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.T.); (N.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-3993266
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Lau ACC, Qiu Y, Moustafa MAM, Nakao R, Shimozuru M, Onuma M, Mohd-Azlan J, Tsubota T. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato and Relapsing Fever Borrelia in Feeding Ixodes Ticks and Rodents in Sarawak, Malaysia: New Geographical Records of Borrelia yangtzensis and Borrelia miyamotoi. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100846. [PMID: 33076567 PMCID: PMC7650685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) complex are etiological agents of Lyme disease (LD), and Borrelia miyamotoi is one of the relapsing fever Borrelia (RFB). Despite the serological evidence of LD in Malaysia, there has been no report from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Thus, this study aimed to detect and characterize Borrelia in rodents and Ixodes ticks from primary forests and an oil palm (OP) plantation in Sarawak. Borrelia yangtzensis (a member of the Bbsl complex) was detected in 43.8% (14/32) of Ixodes granulatus; most of the positive ticks were from the OP plantation (13/14). Out of 56 rodents, B. yangtzensis was detected in four Rattus spp. from the OP plantation and B. miyamotoi was detected in one rodent, Sundamys muelleri, from the primary forest. Further, the positive samples of B. yangtzensis were randomly selected for multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). The MLSA results of successfully amplified tick samples revealed a clustering with the sequences isolated from Japan and China. This study is the first evidence of B. miyamotoi, a known human pathogen in Malaysia, and B. yangtzensis, which is circulating in ticks and rodents in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, and presenting a new geographical record of the Borrelia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C. C. Lau
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (A.C.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (T.T.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9517 (Y.Q.); +81-11-706-5101 (T.T.)
| | - Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Moustafa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.A.M.M.); (R.N.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.A.M.M.); (R.N.)
| | - Michito Shimozuru
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (A.C.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Manabu Onuma
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-806, Japan;
| | - Jayasilan Mohd-Azlan
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia;
| | - Toshio Tsubota
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (A.C.C.L.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (T.T.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9517 (Y.Q.); +81-11-706-5101 (T.T.)
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Sakakibara K, Şen E, Sato K, Kawabata H, Ohashi N, Masuzawa T. Detection and Characterization of the Emerging Relapsing Fever Pathogen, Borrelia miyamotoi, from the Ixodes ricinus Tick in the Rural Trakya (Thrace) Region of Northwestern Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:797-799. [PMID: 27788060 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The hard tick-borne relapsing fever agent, Borrelia miyamotoi infection in Ixodes ricinus ticks sampled from Istanbul and the countryside of Kirklareli in northwestern Turkey, was examined by TaqMan-PCR targeting 16S rDNA, nested PCR targeting 16S rDNA, the flagellin gene (flaB), and the 16S and 23S rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS), and sequencing analyses of these amplicons. B. miyamotoi was detected in 1 out of 248 I. ricinus ticks (infection rate 0.4%). The tick infected with B. miyamotoi was collected in Longos, Kirklareli province on the European side of Turkey near the Bulgarian border. The 16S rDNA, flaB, and IGS sequences from the infected tick showed high similarities to those of B. miyamotoi detected in I. ricinus in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sakakibara
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science (CIS) , Choshi, Japan
| | - Ece Şen
- 2 Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Trakya University , Balkan Campus, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Kozue Sato
- 3 Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- 3 Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan .,4 United Graduate School of Agricultural Science & Veterinary Science, Gifu University , Gifu, Japan
| | - Norio Ohashi
- 5 School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Masuzawa
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science (CIS) , Choshi, Japan
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Becker NS, Margos G, Blum H, Krebs S, Graf A, Lane RS, Castillo-Ramírez S, Sing A, Fingerle V. Recurrent evolution of host and vector association in bacteria of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:734. [PMID: 27632983 PMCID: PMC5025617 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex consists of tick-transmitted bacteria and currently comprises approximately 20 named and proposed genospecies some of which are known to cause Lyme Borreliosis. Species have been defined via genetic distances and ecological niches they occupy. Understanding the evolutionary relationship of species of the complex is fundamental to explaining patterns of speciation. This in turn forms a crucial basis to frame testable hypotheses concerning the underlying processes including host and vector adaptations. Results Illumina Technology was used to obtain genome-wide sequence data for 93 strains of 14 named genospecies of the B. burgdorferi species complex and genomic data already published for 18 additional strain (including one new species) was added. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 114 orthologous single copy genes shows that the genospecies represent clearly distinguishable taxa with recent and still ongoing speciation events apparent in Europe and Asia. The position of Borrelia species in the phylogeny is consistent with host associations constituting a major driver for speciation. Interestingly, the data also demonstrate that vector associations are an additional driver for diversification in this tick-borne species complex. This is particularly obvious in B. bavariensis, a rodent adapted species that has diverged from the bird-associated B. garinii most likely in Asia. It now consists of two populations one of which most probably invaded Europe following adaptation to a new vector (Ixodes ricinus) and currently expands its distribution range. Conclusions The results imply that genotypes/species with novel properties regarding host or vector associations have evolved recurrently during the history of the species complex and may emerge at any time. We suggest that the finding of vector associations as a driver for diversification may be a general pattern for tick-borne pathogens. The core genome analysis presented here provides an important source for investigations of the underlying mechanisms of speciation in tick-borne pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3016-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie S Becker
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Margos
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert S Lane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Santiago Castillo-Ramírez
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 565-A, CP 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Andreas Sing
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Margos G, Chu CY, Takano A, Jiang BG, Liu W, Kurtenbach K, Masuzawa T, Fingerle V, Cao WC, Kawabata H. Borrelia yangtzensis sp. nov., a rodent-associated species in Asia, is related to Borrelia valaisiana. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:3836-3840. [PMID: 28875924 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine isolates of Lyme borreliosis (LB) group spirochaetes collected from ticks and rodents in China and Japan were included in a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). Using a different typing system, three of these strains had previously been identified as being divergent from other LB spirochaete species and the name 'Borrelia yangtze' sp. nov. was proposed. The data presented here confirm that the genetic distance, calculated using sequences of MLSA housekeeping genes, to other known LB group spirochaete species was < 95 % and to Borrelia valaisiana was 96.67 % (which represents the most closely related species within the group of LB spirochaetes). This and the fact that these strains are ecologically distinct from B. valaisiana (rodent-transmitted vs bird-transmitted) provide strong support for the validation of the proposed species status. We suggest the name Borrelia yangtzensis sp. nov. The type strain is Okinawa-CW62T ( = DSM 24625T = JCM 17189T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Margos
- German National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Chen-Yi Chu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Ai Takano
- Yamaguchi University, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | | | - Toshiyuki Masuzawa
- Chiba Institute of Science, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Shiomi-cho 3, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Volker Fingerle
- German National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Hornok S, Földvári G, Rigó K, Meli ML, Gönczi E, Répási A, Farkas R, Papp I, Kontschán J, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Synanthropic rodents and their ectoparasites as carriers of a novel haemoplasma and vector-borne, zoonotic pathogens indoors. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:27. [PMID: 25589174 PMCID: PMC4299477 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their close association with human dwellings, the role of synanthropic rodents in the epidemiology of vector-borne infections is seldom studied. The aim of the present study was to compensate for this lack of information, by the molecular investigation of vector-borne bacteria in peridomestic rodents and their ectoparasites. Findings Fifty-two rodents (mainly house mice and brown rats) were caught alive in buildings and checked for blood-sucking ectoparasites; followed by molecular analysis of these, together with spleen samples, for the presence of vector-borne agents. Haemoplasma infection was significantly more prevalent among brown rats, than among house mice. A novel haemoplasma genotype (with only 92-93% similarity to Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis and M. coccoides in its 16S rRNA gene) was detected in a harvest mouse and a brown rat. Sporadic occurrence of Rickettsia helvetica, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Bartonella sp. was also noted in rodents and/or their ectoparasites. Conclusions These results indicate that synanthropic rodents, although with low prevalence, may carry zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Ni XB, Jia N, Jiang BG, Sun T, Zheng YC, Huo QB, Liu K, Ma L, Zhao QM, Yang H, Wang X, Jiang JF, Cao WC. Lyme borreliosis caused by diverse genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in northeastern China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:808-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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KAWABATA H, TAKANO A, KADOSAKA T, FUJITA H, NITTA Y, GOKUDEN M, HONDA T, TOMIDA J, KAWAMURA Y, MASUZAWA T, ISHIGURO F, TAKADA N, YANO Y, ANDOH M, ANDO S, SATO K, TAKAHASHI H, OHNISHI M. Multilocus Sequence Typing and DNA Similarity Analysis Implicates that a Borrelia valaisiana–related sp. Isolated in Japan is Distinguishable from European B. valaisiana. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1201-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki KAWABATA
- Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
| | - Ai TAKANO
- Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Teruki KADOSAKA
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480–1195, Japan
| | - Hiromi FUJITA
- Mahara Institute of Medical Acarology, Tokushima 779–1510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki NITTA
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Okinawa 900–0024, Japan
| | - Mutsuyo GOKUDEN
- Kagoshima Prefectural Institute of Environmental Research and Public Health, Kagoshima 892–0853, Japan
| | - Toshiro HONDA
- Kagoshima Prefectural Institute of Environmental Research and Public Health, Kagoshima 892–0853, Japan
- Kaseda Public Health Center, Kagoshima 897–0001, Japan
| | - Junko TOMIDA
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuen University, Aichi 464–8650, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki MASUZAWA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba 288–0025, Japan
| | - Fubito ISHIGURO
- Fukui Prefectural Institute of Health and Environmental Science, Fukui 910–8551, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro TAKADA
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910–1193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro YANO
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910–1193, Japan
| | - Masako ANDOH
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
| | - Shuji ANDO
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
| | - Kozue SATO
- Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
| | - Hideyuki TAKAHASHI
- Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
| | - Makoto OHNISHI
- Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
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Exploring gaps in our knowledge on Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes--updates on complex heterogeneity, ecology, and pathogenicity. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 4:11-25. [PMID: 23246041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Lyme borreliosis complex is a heterogeneous group of tick-borne spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) that are distributed all over the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Due to the usage of new methods for phylogenetic analysis, this group has expanded rapidly during the past 5 years. Along with this development, the number of Borrelia spp. regarded as pathogenic to humans also increased. Distribution areas as well as host and vector ranges of Lyme borreliosis agents turned out to be much wider than previously thought. Furthermore, there is evidence that ticks, reservoir hosts, and patients can be coinfected with multiple Borrelia spp. or other tick-borne pathogens, which indicates a need to establish new and well-defined diagnostic and therapeutic standards for Lyme borreliosis. This review gives a broad overview on the occurrence of Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes worldwide with particular emphasis on their vectors and vertebrate hosts as well as their pathogenic potential and resultant problems in diagnosis and treatment. Against the background that many issues regarding distribution, species identity, ecology, pathogenicity, and coinfections are still unsolved, the purpose of this article is to reveal directions for future research on the Lyme borreliosis complex.
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Chao LL, Liu LL, Shih CM. Prevalence and molecular identification of Borrelia spirochetes in Ixodes granulatus ticks collected from Rattus losea on Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:167. [PMID: 22882955 PMCID: PMC3425317 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ixodes granulatus is widely distributed in various countries of Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Although this tick species is presumed to be the vector for the enzoonotic transmission of Borrelia spirochetes in the Taiwan area, the prevalence of infection and genetic diversity of Borrelia spirochetes harbored by this tick species need to be further determined. METHODS DNA extraction was performed from individual tick specimens collected from Rattus losea on Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Borrelia infection in I. granulatus ticks was detected by performing a specific PCR assay based on the 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicon gene of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. The genetic identities of detected spirochetes were identified by gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Borrelia infection was detected in nymph, male, and female stages of Ixodes granulatus ticks with an infection rate of 42.9%, 36%, and 52.7%, respectively. Genospecies identification reveals that B. valaisiana is the main genotype (70.7%) as compared to the genotype of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (15.4%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these detected spirochetes were genetically affiliated to the genospecies B. valaisiana and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, with a high sequence homology within the genospecies of B. valaisiana (95.8 to 100%) and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (97.2 to 100%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the significance of high prevalence and genetic diversity of Borrelia spirochetes in I. granulatus ticks collected from Rattus losea on Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Intraspecific analysis also revealed that B. valaisiana species detected in Kinmen Island can be easily distinguished from the European group of B. valaisiana and other genospecies of Borrelia spirochetes. This may imply an enzoonotic cycle between I. granulatus ticks and rodent hosts that maintains Borrelia spirochetes in Kinmen Island as well as Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lian Chao
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Ling Liu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Ming Shih
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Biotechnology and Medicine Policy, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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12
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Chu CY, Jiang BG, He J, Gao Y, Zhang PH, Wu XM, Zhang WY, Shi H, Gaowa HS, Wang JB, Foley JE, Liu W, Cao WC. Genetic Diversity ofBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato Isolates from Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
- PLA Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hua Shi
- PLA Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ha-Sen Gaowa
- The Forest Central Anti-Epidemic Station of Da Xing-An Mountains, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Yakeshi, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- The Forest Central Anti-Epidemic Station of Da Xing-An Mountains, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Yakeshi, P.R. China
| | - Janet E. Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Huang CM, Wang HC, Lin YC, Chiu SH, Kao YS, Lee PL, Wang HI, Hung RC, Chan HI, Wu HS, Chiang CS, Mu JJ. The presence of Borrelia valaisiana-related genospecies in ticks and a rodent in Taiwan. J Microbiol 2011; 48:877-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Chao LL, Wu WJ, Shih CM. Molecular detection of Borrelia valaisiana-related spirochetes from Ixodes granulatus ticks in Taiwan. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2010; 52:393-407. [PMID: 20585840 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-010-9372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia valaisiana-related spirochetes were detected for the first time in Ixodes granulatus ticks collected in Taiwan. The genetic identities of these detected spirochetes were determined by analyzing the gene sequences amplified by a genospecies-specific polymerase chain reaction assay based on the outer surface protein A (OspA) gene of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by comparing the sequences of OspA gene obtained from 35 strains of Borrelia spirochetes representing six genospecies of Borrelia. Eight major clades can be easily distinguished by neighbour-joining analysis and were congruent by maximum-parsimony method. Except one strain (KH-74), all these Borrelia spirochetes of Taiwan were genetically affiliated to the same clade with highly homogeneous sequences (97.8-100% similarity), and can be discriminated from other groups of B. valaisiana and other genospecies of Borrelia spirochetes with a sequence divergence ranging from 3 to 19.6%. Moreover, intraspecific analysis also revealed that three distinct groups are evident between the same species of B. valaisiana spirochetes detected in Taiwan. Our results provide the first evidence of B. valaisiana spirochetes detected in I. granulatus ticks collected in Taiwan and demonstrate that all these B. valaisiana spirochetes of Taiwan represent three major groups distinct from the European group of B. valaisiana spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lian Chao
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Takano A, Ando S, Kishimoto T, Fujita H, Kadosaka T, Nitta Y, Kawabata H, Watanabe H. Presence of a novel Ehrlichia sp. in Ixodes granulatus found in Okinawa, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:101-6. [PMID: 19291093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia-specific DNA fragments of Ehrlichia omp-1 and groEL genes were found in two I. granulatus ticks which had been collected from wild small mammals in a subtropical zone in Japan. The DNA sequences of groEL and 16SrDNA of the suspected Ehrlichia were clustered into a group of E. chaffeensis, E. muris, and Ehrlichia sp. HF565 found in I. ovatus, but were distinctly different. Therefore the Ehrlichia strain was designated as a novel Ehrlichia sp. 360. The Ehrlichia sp. 360 was detected in I. granulatus but not in any other ticks. This suggests that I. granulatus is a probable vector of Ehrlichia sp. 360 in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Takano
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Chu CY, Jiang BG, Liu W, Zhao QM, Wu XM, Zhang PH, Zhan L, Yang H, Cao WC. Presence of pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents in Zhejiang, south-east China. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:980-985. [PMID: 18628499 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the presence of pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species in the forest areas of Zhejiang province, south-east China. A total of 182 ticks of 6 species and 200 rodents of 8 species were collected and individually examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA by nested PCR targeting the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer. Forty-one ticks of four species, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis warburconi, were infected with B. burgdorferi s.l., with an overall infection rate of 23 %. Sixteen rodents of four species, Nivivener confucianus, Nivivener coxingi, Apodemus sylvaticus and Rattus losea, were positive for B. burgdorferi s.l., with an overall prevalence of 8 %. MseI RFLP analysis and sequence analysis of the positive PCR products showed that Borrelia spirochaetes in specimens consisted of Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia valaisiana-related group. Forty (98 %) of the B. burgdorferi s.l.-positive ticks were infected with B. garinii and one (2 %) was infected with B. afzelii. Twelve (75 %) of the positive rodents were infected with B. garinii and four (25 %) were infected with the Borrelia spirochaete belonging to B. valaisiana-related group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Chu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qiu-Min Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Lin Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
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Novel genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from rodents and ticks in southwestern China. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3130-3. [PMID: 18614645 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01195-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By using multilocus sequence analysis, five Borrelia valaisiana-related strains isolated from rodents and ticks in southwestern China were eventually classified as a new genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato rather than B. valaisiana. The finding explained the differences in transmission cycle and phenotype between B. valaisiana strains from Europe and B. valaisiana-related strains from eastern Asia.
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Hiraoka H, Shimada Y, Sakata Y, Watanabe M, Itamoto K, Okuda M, Masuzawa T, Inokuma H. Detection of Borrelia garinii, Borrelia tanukii and Borrelia sp. closely related to Borrelia valaisiana in Ixodes ticks removed from dogs and cats in Japan. Vet Parasitol 2007; 144:188-92. [PMID: 17049744 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ticks removed from 1136 dogs and 134 cats all over Japan were examined for Borrelia infection by PCR and sequencing. The 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer of Borrelia was detected from two Ixodes persulcatus ticks from two dogs and two unidentified Ixodes spp. from another two dogs in Hokkaido, and two Ixodes granulatus ticks from two cats in Okinawa. Additional 2 I. granulatus from the same cats also showed positive. Sequence analysis of the PCR products revealed that the one from Hokkaido was similar to B. garinii, the three from Hokkaido to B. tanukii, and the four from Okinawa to a novel Borrelia sp. closely related to B. valaisiana. The data was confirmed by analysis of the flagellin gene sequence. Infected ticks carried by companion animals can be introduced into the human environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hiraoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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