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Wunschel D, Engelmann H, Victry K, Clowers B, Sorensen C, Valentine N, Mahoney C, Wietsma T, Wahl K. Protein markers for identification of Yersinia pestis and their variation related to culture. Mol Cell Probes 2014; 28:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Physiological levels of glucose induce membrane vesicle secretion and affect the lipid and protein composition of Yersinia pestis cell surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4509-14. [PMID: 23686263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00675-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis grown with physiologic glucose increased cell autoaggregation and deposition of extracellular material, including membrane vesicles. Membranes were characterized, and glucose had significant effects on protein, lipid, and carbohydrate profiles. These effects were independent of temperature and the biofilm-related locus pgm and were not observed in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
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Deletion of the Braun lipoprotein-encoding gene and altering the function of lipopolysaccharide attenuate the plague bacterium. Infect Immun 2012; 81:815-28. [PMID: 23275092 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01067-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Braun (murein) lipoprotein (Lpp) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are major components of the outer membranes of Enterobacteriaceae family members that are capable of triggering inflammatory immune responses by activating Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, respectively. Expanding on earlier studies that demonstrated a role played by Lpp in Yersinia pestis virulence in mouse models of bubonic and pneumonic plague, we characterized an msbB in-frame deletion mutant incapable of producing an acyltransferase that is responsible for the addition of lauric acid to the lipid A moiety of LPS, as well as a Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant of the highly virulent Y. pestis CO92 strain. Although the ΔmsbB single mutant was minimally attenuated, the Δlpp single mutant and the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant were significantly more attenuated than the isogenic wild-type (WT) bacterium in bubonic and pneumonic animal models (mouse and rat) of plague. These data correlated with greatly reduced survivability of the aforementioned mutants in murine macrophages. Furthermore, the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant was grossly compromised in its ability to disseminate to distal organs in mice and in evoking cytokines/chemokines in infected animal tissues. Importantly, mice that survived challenge with the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant, but not the Δlpp or ΔmsbB single mutant, in a pneumonic plague model were significantly protected against a subsequent lethal WT CO92 rechallenge. These data were substantiated by the fact that the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant maintained an immunogenicity comparable to that of the WT strain and induced long-lasting T-cell responses against heat-killed WT CO92 antigens. Taken together, the data indicate that deletion of the msbB gene augmented the attenuation of the Δlpp mutant by crippling the spread of the double mutant to the peripheral organs of animals and by inducing cytokine/chemokine responses. Thus, the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant could provide a new live-attenuated background vaccine candidate strain, and this should be explored in the future.
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Abstract
The potential application of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism emphasizes the urgent need to develop more effective vaccines against airborne infection. The current status of plague vaccines has been reviewed. The present emphasis is on subunit vaccines based on the F1 and LcrV antigens. These provide good protection in animal models but may not protect against F1 strains with modifications to the type III secretion system. The duration of protection against pneumonic infection is also uncertain. Other strategies under investigation include defined live-attenuated vaccines, DNA vaccines, mucosal delivery systems and heterologous immunization. The live-attenuated strain Y. pestis EV NIIEG protects against aerosol challenge in animal models and, with further modification to reduce residual virulence and to optimize respiratory protection, it could provide a shortcut to improved vaccines. The regulatory problems inherent in licensing vaccines for which efficacy data are unavailable and their possible solutions are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Feodorova
- Scientific and Research Institute for Medical and Veterinary Biotechnologies, Russia-Switzerland, Branch in Saratov, 9 Proviantskaya Street, Box 1580, Saratov 410028, Russia.
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Feodorova VA, Pan'kina LN, Savostina EP, Kuznetsov OS, Konnov NP, Sayapina LV, Dentovskaya SV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ageev SA, Lindner B, Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Kocharova NA, Senchenkova SN, Holst O, Pier GB, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP, Motin VL. Pleiotropic effects of the lpxM mutation in Yersinia pestis resulting in modification of the biosynthesis of major immunoreactive antigens. Vaccine 2009; 27:2240-50. [PMID: 19428838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deletion mutants in the lpxM gene in two Yersinia pestis strains, the live Russian vaccine strain EV NIIEG and a fully virulent strain, 231, synthesise a less toxic penta-acylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Analysis of these mutants revealed they possessed marked reductions in expression and immunoreactivity of numerous major proteins and carbohydrate antigens, including F1, Pla, Ymt, V antigen, LPS, and ECA. Moreover, both mutants demonstrated altered epitope specificities of the antigens as determined in immunodot-ELISAs and immunoblotting analyses using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The strains also differed in their susceptibility to the diagnostic plague bacteriophage L-413C. These findings indicate that the effects of the lpxM mutation on reduced virulence and enhanced immunity of the Y. pestis EV DeltalpxM is also associated with these pleiotropic changes and not just to changes in the lipid A acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Feodorova
- Russian State Anti-Plague Research Institute "Microbe," 46, Universitetskaya Street, Saratov, 410005, Russia.
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Feodorova VA, Pan'kina LN, Savostina EP, Sayapina LV, Motin VL, Dentovskaya SV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Lindner B, Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Kocharova NA, Senchenkova SN, Holst O, Pier GB, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. A Yersinia pestis lpxM-mutant live vaccine induces enhanced immunity against bubonic plague in mice and guinea pigs. Vaccine 2007; 25:7620-8. [PMID: 17913308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The lpxM mutant of the live vaccine Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG strain synthesising a less toxic penta-acylated lipopolysaccharide was found to be avirulent in mice and guinea pigs, notably showing no measurable virulence in Balb/c mice which do retain some susceptibility to the parental strain itself. Twenty-one days after a single injection of the lpxM-mutant, 85-100% protection was achieved in outbred mice and guinea pigs, whereas a 43% protection rate was achieved in Balb/c mice given single low doses (10(3) to 2.5 x 10(4) CFU) of this vaccine. A subcutaneous challenge with 2000 median lethal doses (equal to 20,000 CFU) of fully virulent Y. pestis 231 strain, is a 6-10-fold higher dose than that which the EV NIIEG itself can protect against.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Feodorova
- Russian State Anti-Plague Research Institute Microbe, 46 Universitetskaya Street, Saratov 410005, Russia.
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Anisimov AP, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Pan'kina LN, Feodorova VA, Savostina EP, Bystrova OV, Lindner B, Mokrievich AN, Bakhteeva IV, Titareva GM, Dentovskaya SV, Kocharova NA, Senchenkova SN, Holst O, Devdariani ZL, Popov YA, Pier GB, Knirel YA. Effect of deletion of the lpxM gene on virulence and vaccine potential of Yersinia pestis in mice. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:443-453. [PMID: 17374882 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis undergoes an obligate flea-rodent-flea enzootic life cycle. The rapidly fatal properties of Y. pestis are responsible for the organism's sustained survival in natural plague foci. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays several roles in Y. pestis pathogenesis, prominent among them being resistance to host immune effectors and induction of a septic-shock state during the terminal phases of infection. LPS is acylated with 4-6 fatty acids, the number varying with growth temperature and affecting the molecule's toxic properties. Y. pestis mutants were constructed with a deletion insertion in the lpxM gene in both virulent and attenuated strains, preventing the organisms from synthesizing the most toxic hexa-acylated lipid A molecule when grown at 25 degrees C. The virulence and/or protective potency of pathogenic and attenuated Y. pestis DeltalpxM mutants were then examined in a mouse model. The DeltalpxM mutation in a virulent strain led to no change in the LD(50) value compared to that of the parental strain, while the DeltalpxM mutation in attenuated strains led to a modest 2.5-16-fold reduction in virulence. LPS preparations containing fully hexa-acylated lipid A were ten times more toxic in actinomycin D-treated mice then preparations lacking this lipid A isoform, although this was not significant (P>0.05). The DeltalpxM mutation in vaccine strain EV caused a significant increase in its protective potency. These studies suggest there is little impact from lipid A modifications on the virulence of Y. pestis strains but there are potential improvements in the protective properties in attenuated vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P Anisimov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk 142279, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Rima Z Shaikhutdinova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk 142279, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | | | - Elena P Savostina
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Saratov 410071, Russia
| | - Ol'ga V Bystrova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Buko Lindner
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Aleksandr N Mokrievich
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk 142279, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Irina V Bakhteeva
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk 142279, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Galina M Titareva
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk 142279, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Dentovskaya
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk 142279, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nina A Kocharova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sof'ya N Senchenkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Otto Holst
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Zurab L Devdariani
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Saratov 410071, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Popov
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Saratov 410071, Russia
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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