1
|
Campagne J, Guichard JF, Moulhade MC, Kawski H, Maurier F. Lactobacillus endocarditis: a case report in France and literature review. IDCases 2020; 21:e00811. [PMID: 32477869 PMCID: PMC7248674 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are commensal bacteria in the normal flora of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal and genital tract. However, few cases of lactobacilli-induced bacteremia or endocarditis have been reported, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We reported a rare case of a 57-year-old man with a Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis without immunodeficiency in his medical history. He received a dental scaling one year before. Clinical presentation included weight loss, heart murmur, ankle arthritis and splinter hemorrhage. Echocardiography showed a mitral prolapse and a 16 mm vegetation associated with a valvular perforation. All blood cultures were positive for Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Antibacterial regimen with amoxicillin and gentamicin led to recovery without surgery. We present a literature review of the lactobacillary endocarditis cases published since 1992. Valvulopathy, dental or invasive procedures and probiotics use were the main underlying conditions, in contrary to immunodeficiency. Diagnosis of lactobacillary endocarditis should be more considered and a treatment with penicillin and aminoglycoside should be promptly introduced in life-threatening cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Campagne
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpitaux Privés de Metz, site Belle-Isle, 2 Rue de Belle-Isle, 57000, Metz, France
| | - J F Guichard
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpitaux Privés de Metz, site Belle-Isle, 2 Rue de Belle-Isle, 57000, Metz, France
| | - M C Moulhade
- Département de Biologie, Hôpitaux Privés de Metz, site Robert Schumann, Rue du Champ Montoy, 57070, Vantoux, France
| | - H Kawski
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpitaux Privés de Metz, site Belle-Isle, 2 Rue de Belle-Isle, 57000, Metz, France
| | - F Maurier
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpitaux Privés de Metz, site Belle-Isle, 2 Rue de Belle-Isle, 57000, Metz, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ajam M, Adam O, Yeddi A, Kahlid M, Shokr M, Afonso L. Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis in a Patient With Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome due to Lactobacillus paracasei. Cardiol Res 2019; 10:245-248. [PMID: 31413783 PMCID: PMC6681850 DOI: 10.14740/cr901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Various causative organisms and predisposing factors were implicated in the pathogenic process behind prosthetic valve endocarditis. Lactobacillus paracasei, a classic constituent of probiotics, rarely causes infections in humans and was reported only in few case reports. The use of probiotics was hypothesized to be a risk factor for these infections; however, no causative relationship could be drawn. We describe a 75-year-old woman with history of Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement who presented with worsening dyspnea was found to have Lactobacillus paracasei bacteremia and evidence of bacterial vegetations noted on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) along with evidence of severe aortic insufficiency. Based on antibiotics sensitivity profile, she was treated with penicillin and gentamycin, which resulted in bacterial clearance on repeat blood cultures, and the patient was transferred to a different facility to undergo replacement of the prosthetic aortic valve. Although Lactobacillus paracasei is rarely involved in human infections, it should be suspected in patients with underlying structural heart/valvular disease, recent antibiotic exposure or recent probiotic use who are presenting with evidence of infective endocarditis. Combination antibiotics including beta lactams, aminoglycosides and clindamycin are suggested treatment of choice for this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ajam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Omeralfaroug Adam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ahmed Yeddi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mowyad Kahlid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohamed Shokr
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Luis Afonso
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osman A, Taipale M, Najjar M, Osman B. Lactobacillus paracasei endocarditis of bioprosthetic aortic valve presenting with recurrent embolic strokes. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000038. [PMID: 32974548 PMCID: PMC7470408 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactobacillus prosthetic valve endocarditis is a rare infection caused by
Lactobacillus bacteria. This bacterium is found in the normal flora of the human mouth, gastrointestinal tract and female genital tract. While there have been isolated cases of
Lactobacillus bacteraemia and endocarditis, the infections are associated with comorbidities, immune deficiency, dental manipulation procedures and other medical history. This case of bioprosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Lactobacillus paracasei is unusual, as the patient was immune-competent and treated with pre-procedural antibiotics. Case We present a case of a 65-year-old male who underwent a dental extraction. He presented after 3 months of fever, chills and fatigue. On initial presentation, blood cultures were positive for alpha-haemolytic streptococcus bacteraemia. He was treated with IV penicillin and underwent aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthetic valve and excision of the mitral vegetation with repair of the mitral valve. Two years later, he had a tooth extraction after being treated properly with antibiotics. Three months later he presented with difficulty speaking, left leg weakness and increased drooling. All testing was normal. Three months later he presented with left side lower extremity weakness and expressive aphasia. He was diagnosed with bioprosthetic aortic valve endocarditis and was treated with IV penicillin and gentamicin for 6 weeks and then switched to oral penicillin. He remained stable. Conclusions L. paracasei can potentially be a cause of complicated endocarditis in patients with prosthetic heart valves undergoing dental procedures. Timely culture-guided antibiotic therapy is critical and may obviate the need for valve surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulfatah Osman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 3452 Genesys Pkwy, Ascension Genesys Hospital, Grand Blanc, MI 48439, USA
| | - Michael Taipale
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 3452 Genesys Pkwy, Ascension Genesys Hospital, Grand Blanc, MI 48439, USA
| | - Mazen Najjar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, One Genesys Pkwy, Ascension Genesys Hospital, Grand Blanc, MI 48439, USA
| | - Baraa Osman
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, 60 Prospect Avenue, Middletown, NY 10940, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Probiotics and infective endocarditis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a clinical case and a review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:65. [PMID: 29390976 PMCID: PMC5796351 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-2956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decades, probiotics have been widely used as food supplements because of their putative beneficial health effects. They are generally considered safe but rare reports of serious infections caused by bacteria included in the definition of probiotics raise concerns on their potential pathogenic role in patients with particular predisposing factors. Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are exposed to infections because of telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We describe what is, to our knowledge, the first case of infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a patient with HHT. A systematic review of the relevant medical literature is presented. Case presentation A patient with HHT and an aortic bioprosthesis was admitted because of prolonged fever not responding to antibiotics. The patient had a history of repeated serious infections with hospitalizations and prolonged use of antibiotics, and used to assume large amounts of different commercial products containing probiotics. Weeks before the onset of symptoms the patient had been treated with nasal packings and with surgical closure of a nasal bleeding site because of recurrent epistaxis. A diagnosis of IE of the aortic bioprosthesis was made. All blood coltures were positive for L. rhamnosus. The patients responded to a cycle of 6 weeks of amoxicillin/clavulanate plus gentamicin. A systematic review of IE linked to consumption of probiotics, and of infective endocarditis in patients with HHT was conducted. 10 cases of IE linked to probiotics consumption and 6 cases of IE in patients with HHT were found. Conclusions Consumption of probiotics can pose a risk of serious infections in patients with particular predisposing factors. Patients with HHT can be considered at risk because of their predisposition to infections. Prophylaxis with antibiotics before nasal packings in patients with HHT can be considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-2956-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
5
|
Endocarditis infecciosa por Lactobacillus rhamnosus: riesgos del consumo de probióticos en un paciente con cardiopatía estructural. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 35:609-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Felekos I, Lazaros G, Tsiriga A, Pirounaki M, Stavropoulos G, Paraskevas J, Toutouza M, Tousoulis D. Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis: An unusual culprit in a patient with Barlow's disease. Hellenic J Cardiol 2016; 57:445-448. [PMID: 28302452 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Felekos
- 1st Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Lazaros
- 1st Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Pirounaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Joseph Paraskevas
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Toutouza
- Microbiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jayaram P, Chatterjee A, Raghunathan V. Probiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease: A systematic review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:488-495. [PMID: 29242683 PMCID: PMC5676329 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.207053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, probiotics have been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases. The use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease has caught on over the last decade or so. This review was performed to determine whether administration of probiotics produced a lasting clinical benefit in the treatment of periodontal disease. A MEDLINE, Cochrane database and a hand search was performed on human randomized placebo controlled trials using probiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease. A total of thirteen papers which addressed the question of the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease were retrieved. Most of the studies reviewed showed only a short term benefit with regards to reduction in gingival inflammation and probing depth reduction. Lasting clinical benefits were not seen in any of the studies. At least four different combinations and strains of probiotics have been used in the studies. There also existed significant heterogeneity in the methodology of the studies reviewed. It was concluded that current regimens of probiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease produce only short-term clinical and microbiologic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Jayaram
- Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayak Raghunathan
- Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abriouel H, Lerma LL, Casado Muñoz MDC, Montoro BP, Kabisch J, Pichner R, Cho GS, Neve H, Fusco V, Franz CMAP, Gálvez A, Benomar N. The controversial nature of the Weissella genus: technological and functional aspects versus whole genome analysis-based pathogenic potential for their application in food and health. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1197. [PMID: 26579103 PMCID: PMC4621295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of several Weissella (W.) strains for biotechnological and probiotic purposes, certain species of this genus were found to act as opportunistic pathogens, while strains of W. ceti were recognized to be pathogenic for farmed rainbow trout. Herein, we investigated the pathogenic potential of weissellas based on in silico analyses of the 13 whole genome sequences available to date in the NCBI database. Our screening allowed us to find several virulence determinants such as collagen adhesins, aggregation substances, mucus-binding proteins, and hemolysins in some species. Moreover, we detected several antibiotic resistance-encoding genes, whose presence could increase the potential pathogenicity of some strains, but should not be regarded as an excluding trait for beneficial weissellas, as long as these genes are not present on mobile genetic elements. Thus, selection of weissellas intended to be used as starters or for biotechnological or probiotic purposes should be investigated regarding their safety aspects on a strain to strain basis, preferably also by genome sequencing, since nucleotide sequence heterogeneity in virulence and antibiotic resistance genes makes PCR-based screening unreliable for safety assessments. In this sense, the application of W. confusa and W. cibaria strains as starter cultures or as probiotics should be approached with caution, by carefully selecting strains that lack pathogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Casado Muñoz
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez Montoro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Rohtraud Pichner
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy , Bari, Italy
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Terai T, Okumura T, Imai S, Nakao M, Yamaji K, Ito M, Nagata T, Kaneko K, Miyazaki K, Okada A, Nomura Y, Hanada N. Screening of Probiotic Candidates in Human Oral Bacteria for the Prevention of Dental Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128657. [PMID: 26053410 PMCID: PMC4459870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity in healthy subjects has a well-balanced microbiota that consists of more than 700 species. However, a disturbance of this balance, with an increase of harmful microbes and a decrease of beneficial microbes, causes oral disorders such as periodontal disease or dental caries. Nowadays, probiotics are expected to confer oral health benefits by modulating the oral microbiota. This study screened new probiotic candidates with potential oral health benefits and no harmful effects on the oral cavity. We screened 14 lactobacillus strains and 36 streptococcus strains out of 896 oral isolates derived from healthy subjects. These bacteria did not produce volatile sulfur compounds or water-insoluble glucan, had higher antibacterial activity against periodontal bacteria, and had higher adherence activity to oral epithelial cells or salivary-coated hydroxyapatite in vitro. We then evaluated the risk of primary cariogenicity and infective endocarditis of the selected oral isolates. As a result, Lactobacillus crispatus YIT 12319, Lactobacillus fermentum YIT 12320, Lactobacillus gasseri YIT 12321, and Streptococcus mitis YIT 12322 were selected because they showed no cariogenic potential in an artificial mouth system and a lower risk of experimental infective endocarditis in a rat model. These candidates are expected as new probiotics with potential oral health benefits and no adverse effects on general health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Terai
- Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Susumu Imai
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masumi Nakao
- Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masahiko Ito
- Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ayako Okada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nomura
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Doi A, Nakajo K, Kamiya T, Ohkusu K. Splenic abscess caused by Lactobacillus paracasei. J Infect Chemother 2010; 17:122-5. [PMID: 20669039 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-010-0090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Splenic abscess is relatively uncommon. Infections caused by lactobacilli, which are usually one of the constituents of normal flora of human gut and vagina, are also very uncommon. Here we report a case of splenic abscess caused by Lactobacillus paracasei. We performed a literature review for this rare entity. Immunocompromised status of the patient, who had uncontrolled diabetes, could have contributed to the pathogenesis of this rare disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asako Doi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Otowa Hospital, Meishin Higashi Inter-Yoko, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sanders ME, Akkermans LMA, Haller D, Hammerman C, Heimbach J, Hörmannsperger G, Huys G, Levy DD, Lutgendorff F, Mack D, Phothirath P, Solano-Aguilar G, Vaughan E. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:164-85. [PMID: 21327023 PMCID: PMC3023597 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.3.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of probiotics is tied to their intended use, which includes consideration of potential vulnerability of the consumer or patient, dose and duration of consumption, and both the manner and frequency of administration. Unique to probiotics is that they are alive when administered, and unlike other food or drug ingredients, possess the potential for infectivity or in situ toxin production. Since numerous types of microbes are used as probiotics, safety is also intricately tied to the nature of the specific microbe being used. The presence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes, which comprises a theoretical risk of transfer to a less innocuous member of the gut microbial community, must also be considered. Genetic stability of the probiotic over time, deleterious metabolic activities, and the potential for pathogenicity or toxicogenicity must be assessed depending on the characteristics of the genus and species of the microbe being used. Immunological effects must be considered, especially in certain vulnerable populations, including infants with undeveloped immune function. A few reports about negative probiotic effects have surfaced, the significance of which would be better understood with more complete understanding of the mechanisms of probiotic interaction with the host and colonizing microbes. Use of readily available and low cost genomic sequencing technologies to assure the absence of genes of concern is advisable for candidate probiotic strains. The field of probiotic safety is characterized by the scarcity of studies specifically designed to assess safety contrasted with the long history of safe use of many of these microbes in foods.
Collapse
|
12
|
Frias R, Ouwehand A, Spillmann T, Vankerckhoven V, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Salminen S, Gueimonde M. Effect of clinical and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains on intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in healthy and colitic rats. Food Res Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Biosafety assessment of probiotics used for human consumption: recommendations from the EU-PROSAFE project. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|