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Gelaw A, Pietsch C, Tigabu Z, Liebert UG. Genotyping of enteroviruses and human parechoviruses highlights their diversity in Northwest Ethiopia. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3007-3015. [PMID: 32170868 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) and human parechoviruses (HPeVs) infections are associated with various forms of disease, including gastroenteritis. As information on the molecular epidemiology of these viruses is limited in Ethiopia, the genetic diversity of EV and HPeV was investigated in the Northwestern part of the country. Of the total 450 stool samples obtained from infants and young children with diarrhea, 157 (34.9%) were positive for EV and 49 (10.9%) for HPeV RNA when tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Genotyping was performed by sequencing of the EV VP1 gene and the HPeV VP3/VP1 gene, respectively. Genotyping of EV was successful in 118 samples. Thereof, 82 (69.5%) belonged to non-polio EVs as a broad range of genotypes within species C, B, and A. Sabin polioviruses were found in 36 cases. HPeV sequences were also heterogeneous with a relative dominance of genotype 3. In conclusion, diverse EV and HPeV genotypes were found cocirculating in Northwest Ethiopia. The findings highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of these viruses in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aschalew Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Pietsch
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zemene Tigabu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Tikute SS, Wangikar PB, Varanasi G. Pathological and molecular studies on Coxsackie virus A-16 isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease cases in India: Approach using neonatal mouse model. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1765-1775. [PMID: 31237683 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study highlights pathogenesis and molecular aspects of Coxsackie virus A-16 (CVA-16) strains isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases from India using a neonatal mice model. ICR mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with CVA-16/311 strain isolated from HFMD cases. Mice developed hind and forelimb paralysis on day 3 of post infection. Histopathological observations of hind limb muscles showed necrosis, dissolution of muscle fiber cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, marked dilated ventricle, hemorrhages, and neuronal degeneration in the brain. Immunohistochemical studies revealed high expression of CVA-16/311-specific viral antigen in limb muscles, brain, heart from day 3 till day 7 of post-infection. VP1 gene-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction conducted in RNA samples of different tissue organs of infected mice followed by sequencing of the positive amplimers revealed presence of CVA-16/311-specific viral sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 gene showed the presence of B1c sub genotype of CVA-16/311 strain in targeted tissue organs. Sequence analysis revealed major genetic changes in heart, skeletal muscle tissues at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Genetic changes occurred in organs of mice might predict some potential targets and might act as markers of virulence for neuronal tropism. Pathogenesis and molecular studies of CVA-16 strains isolated from HFMD cases using neonatal mice model was conducted for the first time from India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pralhad B Wangikar
- Department of Toxicology and Pathology, Preclinical Research and Development Organization (PRADO) Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
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Staring J, van den Hengel LG, Raaben M, Blomen VA, Carette JE, Brummelkamp TR. KREMEN1 Is a Host Entry Receptor for a Major Group of Enteroviruses. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:636-643.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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4
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Hou YH, Wang JJ, Jiang YZ, Lv C, Xia L, Hong SL, Lin M, Lin Y, Zhang ZL, Pang DW. A colorimetric and electrochemical immunosensor for point-of-care detection of enterovirus 71. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:186-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Krumbholz A, Egerer R, Braun H, Schmidtke M, Rimek D, Kroh C, Hennig B, Groth M, Sauerbrei A, Zell R. Analysis of an echovirus 18 outbreak in Thuringia, Germany: insights into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of several enterovirus species B members. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:471-83. [PMID: 27369854 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In October and November 2010, six children and one woman were presented with symptoms of aseptic meningitis in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. Enterovirus RNA was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of all patients by RT-PCR, and preliminary molecular typing revealed echovirus 18 (E-18) as causative agent. Virus isolates were obtained from stool samples of three patients and several contact persons. Again, most isolates were typed as E-18. In addition, coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) and echovirus 25 (E-25) were found to co-circulate. As only few complete E-18 sequences are available in GenBank, the entire genomes of these isolates were determined using direct RNA-sequencing technology. We did not find evidence for recombination between E-18, E-25 or CV-B5 during the outbreak. Viral protein 1 gene sequences and the cognate 3D polymerase gene sequences of each isolate and GenBank sequences were analysed in order to define type-specific recombination groups (recogroups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Krumbholz
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. .,Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Medical Laboratory Dr. Krause and colleagues MVZ GmbH, Steenbeker Weg 23, 24106, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Renate Egerer
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Braun
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Rimek
- Thuringian State Authority for Consumer Protection (TLV), Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Claudia Kroh
- Public Health Authority, City Council of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bert Hennig
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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6
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Lipson SM, Ozen FS, Louis S, Karthikeyan L. Comparison of α-glucosyl hesperidin of citrus fruits and epigallocatechin gallate of green tea on the Loss of Rotavirus Infectivity in Cell Culture. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:359. [PMID: 25972850 PMCID: PMC4413797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of secondary plant metabolites (e.g., flavonoids) possess antiviral/antimicrobial activity. Most flavonoids, however, are difficult to study, as they are immiscible in water-based systems. The relatively new semisynthetic α-glucosyl hesperitin (GH), and the natural plant product epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are unique among most flavonoids, as these flavonoids are highly soluble. The antiviral activity of these plant metabolites were investigated using the rotavirus as a model enteric virus system. Direct loss of virus structural integrity in cell-free suspension and titration of amplified RTV in host cell cultures was measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (qEIA). After 30 min. 100 × 10(3) μg/ml GH reduced RTV antigen levels by ca. 90%. The same compound reduced infectivity (replication in cell culture) by a similar order of magnitude 3 to 4 days post inoculation. After 3 days in culture, EGCG concentrations of 80, 160, and 320 μg/ml reduced RTV infectivity titer levels to ca. 50, 20, and 15% of the control, respectively. Loss of RTV infectivity titers occurred following viral treatment by parallel testing of both GH and EGCG, with the latter, markedly more effective. Cytotoxicity testing showed no adverse effects by the phenolic concentrations used in this study. The unique chemical structure of each flavonoid rather than each phenolic's inherent solubility may be ascribed to those marked differences between each molecule's antiviral (anti-RTV) effects. The solubility of EGCG and GH obviated our need to use potentially confounding or obfuscating carrier molecules (e.g., methanol, ethanol, DMSO) denoting our use of a pure system environ. Our work further denotes the need to address the unique chemical nature of secondary plant metabolites before any broad generalizations in flavonoid (antiviral) activity may be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Lipson
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Fatma S. Ozen
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Samantha Louis
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Laina Karthikeyan
- Department of Biology, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New YorkBrooklyn, NY, USA
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Janes VA, Minnaar R, Koen G, van Eijk H, Dijkman-de Haan K, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC, Benschop KS. Presence of human non-polio enterovirus and parechovirus genotypes in an Amsterdam hospital in 2007 to 2011 compared to national and international published surveillance data: a comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25425513 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.46.20964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) and human parechoviruses (HPeV) are endemic worldwide. These infections are a constant cause of hospitalisation and severe disease, predominantly in young children and infants. Coordinated monitoring and surveillance are crucial to control these infections. We have monitored EV and HPeV epidemiology in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2011 with real-time RT-PCR and direct genotyping, facilitating highly sensitive surveillance. Moreover, we conducted a literature survey of existing surveillance data for comparison. Only 14 studies were identified. While HPeV1 was most frequently detected in Amsterdam, EV-B viruses dominated nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the top 10 strains detected differed yearly and per study. However, detection and typing methods were too varied to allow direct comparison and comprehension of the worldwide distribution and circulation patterns of the different genotypes. This limited a direct response to anticipate peaks. Uniform European monitoring programmes are essential to aid prediction of outbreaks and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Janes
- Emma Children s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Haematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Huaman JL, Carrion G, Ampuero JS, Gomez J, Ocaña V, Paz I, Gomez E, Chavez E, Sarmiento F, Pozo E, Laguna-Torres VA, Halsey ES. Non-rhinovirus enteroviruses associated with respiratory infections in Peru (2005-2010). Virol J 2014; 11:169. [PMID: 25244984 PMCID: PMC4192742 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroviruses (EVs) are a common cause of respiratory tract infections and are classified into seven species (EVA-D and rhinoviruses [RHVs] A-C) with more than 200 different serotypes. Little is known about the role of non-RHV EVs in respiratory infections in South America. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of non-RHV EVs detected in patients with influenza-like illness enrolled in a passive surveillance network in Peru. Methods Throat swabs and epidemiological data were collected from participants after obtaining verbal consent. Viral isolation was performed in cell culture and identified by immunofluorescence assay. Serotype identification of EV isolates was performed using commercial monoclonal antibodies. Identification of non-serotypeable isolations was carried out by reverse transcriptase-PCR, followed by sequencing. Results Between 2005 and 2010, 24,239 samples were analyzed, and 9,973 (41.1%) possessed at least one respiratory virus. EVs were found in 175 samples (0.7%). Our results revealed a clear predominance of EVB species, 90.9% (159/175). No EVDs were isolated. The mean and median ages of EV-positive subjects were 9.1 and 4.0 years, respectively, much younger than the population sampled, 17.6 and 12.0 years. Sixteen serotypes were identified, four EVA, 11 EVB, and one EVC species. The most common serotypes were coxsackievirus B1, coxsackievirus B2, coxsackievirus B5, and coxsackievirus B3. Conclusion This study provides data about the serotypes of EVs circulating in Peru and sets the need for further studies.
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Skog O, Ingvast S, Korsgren O. Evaluation of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry as tools for detection of enterovirus in the human pancreas and islets of Langerhans. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:242-7. [PMID: 25132399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses have been implicated in the etiology of type 1 diabetes, supported by immunoreactivity of enteroviral protein in islets, but presence of enteroviral genome has rarely been reported. Failure to detect enterovirus with RT-PCR has been attributed to the possible presence of PCR inhibitors and that only few cells are infected. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate strategies for detection of enterovirus in human islets. STUDY DESIGN A scenario was modeled with defined infected islets among a large number of uninfected pancreatic cells and the sensitivity of immunohistochemistry and PCR for detection of enterovirus was evaluated. RESULTS Enterovirus was detected with PCR when only one single human islet, infected in vitro with a low dose of virus, was mixed with an uninfected pancreatic biopsy. Enterovirus could not be detected by immunohistochemistry under the same conditions, demonstrating the superior sensitivity of PCR also in pancreatic tissue with only a small fraction of infected cells. In addition, we demonstrate that pancreatic cell culture supernatant does not cause degradation of enterovirus at 37°C, indicating that under normal culture conditions released virus is readily detectable. Utilizing PCR, the pancreases of two organ donors that died at onset of type 1 diabetes were found negative for enterovirus genome despite islet cells being positive using immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PCR should be the preferred screening method for enterovirus in the pancreas and suggest cautious interpretation of immunostaining for enterovirus that cannot be confirmed with PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sofie Ingvast
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Xu L, Huang KJ, Ho TS, Liu CC, Lee YR, Lin CY, Shiuan D, Jiang XH. Monoclonal Antibodies for Diagnosis of Enterovirus 71. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:386-94. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kao-Jean Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yen Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
| | - David Shiuan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
| | - Xing-Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Alam MM, Khurshid A, Shaukat S, Rana MS, Sharif S, Angez M, Nisar N, Naeem M, Zahoor Zaidi SS. Human parechovirus genotypes -10, -13 and -15 in Pakistani children with acute dehydrating gastroenteritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78377. [PMID: 24265685 PMCID: PMC3827037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses are known to cause asymptomatic to severe clinical illness predominantly respiratory and gastroenetric infections. Despite their global prevalence, epidemiological studies have not been performed in Pakistan. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 110 fecal specimen and found 26 (24%) positive for viral RNA with HPeV-10 (n = 3, 23%), HPeV-13 (n = 4, 31%) and HPeV-15 (n = 6, 46%) genotypes. Clinical features of patients with different HPeV genotypes were compared. All HPeV positive children were aged ≤4 years (mean 13.92 months). The male-to-female ratio was 1: 1.17 (46.2 vs 53.8%) with significant association (p = .031) to HPeV infectivity. HPeV-10 and -13 were found during summer while HPeV-15 was only detected during late winter season. Disease symptoms were more severe in children infected with HPeV-10 and -13 as compared to HPeV-15. Fever and vomiting were observed in 100% cases of HPeV-10 and -13 while only 17% patients of HPeV-15 had these complaints. Phylogenetic analyses showed that HPeV-10, -13 and -15 strains found in this study have 9-13%, 16.8% and 21.8% nucleotide divergence respectively from the prototype strains and were clustered to distinct genetic lineages. This is the first report of HPeV-15 infection in humans although first identified in rhesus macaques. The arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif present at the C-terminal of VP1 responsible for the viral attachment to cellular integrins was not found in all of these strains. In conclusion, these findings enhance our knowledge related to the epidemiology and genetic diversity of the HPeV in Pakistan and support the need for continued laboratory based surveillance programs especially in infants and neonatal clinical settings. Further, the parechovirus pathogenesis, cross-species transmission and disease reservoirs must be ascertained to adopt better prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adnan Khurshid
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Shaukat
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Salmaan Sharif
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehar Angez
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Nisar
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Li X, Fan P, Jin J, Su W, An D, Xu L, Sun S, Zhang Y, Meng X, Gao F, Kong W, Jiang C. Establishment of cell lines with increased susceptibility to EV71/CA16 by stable overexpression of SCARB2. Virol J 2013; 10:250. [PMID: 23919614 PMCID: PMC3765843 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A group type 16 (CA16) belong to human Enterovirus species A of the family Picornaviridae. These viruses are recognized as the major pathogens responsible for epidemics of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), which presents with fever and vesicular eruptions of palms, soles of the feet or mouth. Human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) has been identified as the receptor for both EV71 and CA16, as overexpression of SCARB2 in cells can enhance virus replication significantly. METHODS In this study, we used a lentivirus packaging vector to transduce the SCARB2 gene into human embryonic kidney cells (293), human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD) and African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) to create stable expression lines. Expression of SCARB2 in the resulting three transgenic cell lines was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS Levels of SCARB2 mRNA determined by real-time RT-PCR in 293-SCARB2 (293S) or RD-SCARB2 (RDS) transgenic cell lines were approximately 2 × 10(2) times higher than those in 293 and RD cells, respectively, and three times higher in Vero-SCARB2 (VeroS) than in Vero cells. Furthermore, EV71 and CA16 virus titers in 293S and RDS cells were 10(2)-10(3)-fold higher (detected in RD cell) than those in the parental cells, and a 10-fold higher titer of EV71 was achieved in VeroS cells compared with that in Vero cells. CONCLUSIONS We established for the first time three cell lines stably overexpressing SCARB2, which showed drastic increases in susceptibility to EV71/CA16 infection. These optimal cell lines may be utilized to develop inactivated vaccines for EV71/CA16 and facilitate rapid detection and isolation of HFMD pathogens or other Enterovirus serotypes. Furthermore, these stable cell lines also can serve as tools to facilitate drug screenings as well as molecular studies on virus-host interactions and pathogenesis of causative agents for HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Peihun Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jun Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Weiheng Su
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Dong An
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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Shukla D, Kumar A, Srivastava S, Idris MZ, Dhole TN. Environmental surveillance of enterovirus in Northern India using an integrated shell vial culture with a semi-nested RT PCR and partial sequencing of the VP1 gene. J Med Virol 2013; 85:505-11. [PMID: 23341372 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses have been reported in epidemic form during last 10 years in northern India. Environmental surveillance of sewage is the method of choice in limited resources countries for detection of enterovirus serotypes circulating in the community. Twenty-four sewage samples collected between January, 2009 and December, 2010 were tested for enterovirus by using a new modified integrated shell vial culture (ISVC) with a semi-nested RT-PCR of a partial VP1 gene and virus isolation integrated with semi-nested RT-PCR of a partial VP1 gene. Twenty-one (87.5%) out of 24 samples were positive for enterovirus by the conventional method and all samples (100%) by the ISVC-RT-PCR. The additional positive samples detected by ISVC-RT-PCR was typed as six different enterovirus serotypes (Sabin poliovirus 3, Coxsackievirus B3, Coxsackievirus A13, Coxsackievirus A17, Echovirus 33, and Enterovirus 75). Phylogenetic analysis of a partial VP1 gene of Echovirus 19 showed that one genetic lineage clustered with isolates from Georgia suggesting their importation into northern India. Detection of wild poliovirus in the absence of clinical cases with 16 different co-circulating enterovirus serotypes supports the need of increased molecular surveillance of sewage. Rapid identification and characterization of enterovirus serotypes is necessary to study their transmission and evolution in different geographical regions to prevent future outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Man-Li T, Szyporta M, Fang LX, Kwang J. Identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the linear epitope RVADVI on VP1 protein of enterovirus 71. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1620-7. [PMID: 22930511 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several large outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) have occurred in the Asian-Pacific region since 1997, with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and/or Coxsackievirus A16 (CAV16) as the main causative agents. Despite the close genetic relationship between the two viruses, only EV71 is associated with severe clinical manifestations and deaths. Effective antiviral treatment and vaccines are not available. High-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are necessary to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of EV71. In this study, a mAb (designated 1D9) was generated using EV71 C5 strain virus particles as immunogens. Examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting, 1D9 detected successfully all 11 subgenotypes of EV71 and showed no cross-reactivity to the four selected subgenogroups of Coxsackieviruses CAV4, CAV6, CAV10, and CAV16. A linear motif, R(3) VADVI(8), which is located at the N-terminus of the EV71 VP1 protein, was identified as the minimal binding region of 1D9. Alignment and comparison of the 1D9-defined epitope sequence against the listed sequences in the NCBI EV71 database indicated that this epitope R(3) VADVI(8) was highly conserved among EV71 strains, while no significant similarity was observed when blasted against the Coxsackieviruses. This suggests that the mAb 1D9 may be useful for the development of a cost-effective and accurate method for surveillance and early differentiation of EV71 from CAV16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Man-Li
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Evolutionary pattern of 5'-UTR of enteroviruses and primer update for the detection of enteroviral RNA in environmental samples. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:703-8. [PMID: 22805721 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the recombination events among enterovirus strains and the development of specific primers for the detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples. METHODS Nucleotide sequence analysis of enteroviruses deposited in the international database GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank) was conducted to develop specific primers for the detection of these viruses. The specificity and sensitivity of the method were tested using coxackievirus B3 strain Nancy, environmental isolate of human hepatitis A virus and human rotavirus strain WA. Seventy sewage samples were analyzed. RESULTS Enterovirus genome was detected in all positive samples. The genome of enterovirus was not detected in negative samples. The level of detection of these viruses was 10(2) TCID(50)/mL. CONCLUSIONS The development of new primers is an important issue for the detection of enteroviruses in the environment and the assessment of risk factors to human health.
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Evaluation of two (semi-)nested VP1 based-PCRs for typing enteroviruses directly from cerebral spinal fluid samples. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:228-33. [PMID: 22796036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs) are the leading cause of CNS-associated disease in childhood. Identification of the EV types that patients are infected with is essential for monitoring outbreaks, the emergence of new types or variants, epidemiological surveillance and contributes to patient management. Rapid and sensitive molecular detection methods are frequently used to detect EVs/HPeVs directly from CSF. This requires that sensitive EV typing methods from CSF material need to be developed. In the present study two nested PCR-based typing assays were evaluated. The performance of the EV-A and -B specific nested PCR protocol and the Codehop-based PCR protocol were analyzed with several TCID(50)-titrated EV-A to D strains and 22 EV positive CSF samples. The EV-A and -B protocol was found to be more sensitive than the Codehop protocol. The Codehop protocol showed a high degree of aspecific amplification products when run on a gel, and required additional gel purification. The detection limit of the two protocols varied between the types, ranging from 0.1TCID(50)/mL sample to 10(6)TCID(50)/mL sample. From the 22 EV positive CSF samples, 15 (68%) samples were typed using either protocol. All samples were characterized as members of species B (E30 (9), CAV9 (2), E6 (1), E11 (1), E21 (1), E25 (1)). Three samples (E30 (2) and E25 (1)) could only be typed using the EV-B protocol. In this study, selected EV strains could be typed using both assays at low virus concentrations, typically found in CSF. However, the EV-A and -B protocol was more sensitive than the Codehop protocol for primary typing of CSF samples.
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Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Überla K, Wilhelm M. Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:424-36. [PMID: 21920815 PMCID: PMC7106513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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18
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Blumental S, Reynders M, Willems A, Biarent D, Duttman R, Lepage P, Vergison A. Enteroviral Infection of a Cardiac Prosthetic Device. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:710-6. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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19
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Benschop K, Minnaar R, Koen G, van Eijk H, Dijkman K, Westerhuis B, Molenkamp R, Wolthers K. Detection of human enterovirus and human parechovirus (HPeV) genotypes from clinical stool samples: polymerase chain reaction and direct molecular typing, culture characteristics, and serotyping. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 68:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Calgua B, Barardi CRM, Bofill-Mas S, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Girones R. Detection and quantitation of infectious human adenoviruses and JC polyomaviruses in water by immunofluorescence assay. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:1-7. [PMID: 20863853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) have been proposed as markers of fecal/urine contamination of human origin. An indirect immunofluorescence assay has been developed to quantify infectious human adenoviruses types 2 and 41 and JC polyomaviruses strain Mad-4 in water samples. The immunofluorescence assay was compared with other quantitative techniques used commonly such as plaque assay, tissue culture infectious dose-50 and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The immunofluorescence assays showed to be specific for the detection of infectious viruses, obtaining negative results when UV or heat-inactivated viruses were analyzed. The assays required less time and showed higher sensitivity for the detection of infectious viral particles than other cell culture techniques (1 log(10) more) evaluated. River water samples spiked previously with human adenoviruses and raw sewage samples were also analyzed using the proposed immunofluorescence assay as well as by qPCR. The results show quantitations with 2 log(10) reduction in the numbers of infectious viruses compared with the number of genome copies detected by qPCR. The immunofluorescence assay developed is fast, sensitive, specific, and a standardizable technique for the quantitation and detection of infectious viruses in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Calgua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Tsao KC, Huang CG, Huang YL, Chen FC, Huang PN, Huang YC, Lin TY, Shih SR, Chang SC. Epidemiologic features and virus isolation of enteroviruses in Northern Taiwan during 2000–2008. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:330-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is generally a benign febrile exanthematous childhood disease caused by human enteroviruses. The route of transmission is postulated to be faeco-oral in developing areas but attributed more to respiratory droplet in developed areas. Transmission is facilitated by the prolonged environmental survival of these viruses and their greater resistance to biocides. Serious outbreaks with neurological and cardiopulmonary complications caused by human enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) seem to be commoner in the Asian Pacific region than elsewhere in the world. This geographical predilection is unexplained but could be related to the frequency of intra- and inter-typic genetic recombinations of the virus, the host populations' genetic predisposition, environmental hygiene, and standard of healthcare. Vaccine development could be hampered by the general mildness of the illness and rapid genetic evolution of the virus. Antivirals are not readily available; the role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of serious complications should be investigated. Monitoring of this disease and its epidemiology in the densely populated Asia Pacific epicentre is important for the detection of emerging epidemics due to enteroviruses.
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Donia D, Bonanni E, Diaco L, Divizia M. Statistical correlation between enterovirus genome copy numbers and infectious viral particles in wastewater samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 50:237-40. [PMID: 19943888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Classic virological tests are time consuming and labour-intensive; real-time RT-PCR has proven to be a fast method to detect and quantify enterovirus genomes in clinical and environmental samples. This method is unable to discriminate between infective and noninfective enterovirus particles; few clinical studies have compared real-time RT-PCR and viral culture. We wondered if the enterovirus genome quantification could be correlated to the infectivity. METHODS AND RESULTS We used the statistical approach to verify our hypotheses to correlate data, obtained by the standard method (most probable number of cytopathic units-MPNCU) and molecular test (real-time RT-PCR), on wastewater treatment plant samples. Chi-squared test was used, considering several cut-off values ('50'-'100'-'200' genome copy numbers), to determine statistical significance in comparison of the two methods. Chi-square value was not significant when cut-off of 50 (P = 0.103) and 100 (P = 0.178) was assumed but was significant with cut-off of 200 (P = 0.044). CONCLUSION This limit, 200 genome copy, could be used as cut-off value to indicate enterovirus survival in environmental monitoring. SIGNIFICANT AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To introduce a fast procedure that is able to compensate for disadvantages of cell culture method for viral environmental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Donia
- Department of Public Health, Hygiene Chair, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133Rome, Italy.
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She RC, Preobrazhensky SN, Taggart EW, Petti CA, Bahler DW. Flow cytometric detection and serotyping of enterovirus for the clinical laboratory. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:245-50. [PMID: 19733594 PMCID: PMC7172270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Culture and serotyping of human enteroviruses by fluorescence microscopy are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Flow cytometry has the potential of being more rapid, sensitive, and objective but has not been used for these purposes in a clinical laboratory. Primary rhesus monkey kidney (PMK) cells were inoculated with several enterovirus serotypes and stained with enterovirus-specific antibodies for flow cytometry and indirect fluorescence antibody testing (IFA). Kinetic studies of coxsackievirus B1 and echovirus 30 infection of PMK cells were performed on days 1–4 after inoculation. Flow cytometry results for echovirus 6, 9, 11, and 30 and coxsackievirus B1 correlated with IFA in all cases. Coxsackievirus B1 and echovirus 30 infections were detected 1 day earlier by flow cytometry than IFA. Flow cytometry can be effectively used for detecting enterovirus-infected cells in a clinical laboratory with the advantages of better quantitation of low levels of infection and earlier detection of virally infected cells in culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary C She
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common seasonal viruses that are associated with a variety of diseases. High-quality monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are needed to improve the accuracy of EV diagnosis in clinical laboratories. In the present study, the full-length VP1 genes of poliovirus 1 (Polio 1) and coxsackievirus B3 (Cox B3) were cloned, and the encoded proteins were expressed and used as antigens in an attempt to raise broad-spectrum MAbs to EVs. Two pan-EV MAbs were isolated: one raised against Polio 1 VP1 and the other against Cox B3 VP1. The binding sites of both pan-EV MAbs were mapped to an amino acid sequence within a conserved region in the N terminus of Polio 1 VP1 by peptide and competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two additional MAbs, an EV70-specific MAb and an EV71/Cox A16-bispecific MAb, developed against EV70 and 71 VP1 proteins, were pooled with the two pan-EV MAbs (pan-EV MAb mix) and tested for their sensitivity and specificity in the staining of various virus-infected cells. The pan-EV MAb mix detected all 40 prototype EVs tested and showed no cross-reactivity to 18 different non-EV human viruses. Compared with two commercially available EV tests, the pan-EV MAb mix exhibited higher specificity than one test and broader spectrum reactivity than the other. Thus, our study demonstrates that full-length Polio 1 VP1 and Cox B3 VP1 can serve as effective antigens for developing a pan-EV MAb and that the pan-EV MAb mix can be used for the laboratory diagnosis of a wide range of EV infections.
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