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Lin CJ, Yang SY, Hsu LH, Yu SJ, Chen YL. The Gcn5-Ada2-Ada3 histone acetyltransferase module has divergent roles in pathogenesis of Candida glabrata. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad004. [PMID: 36715154 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the second most prevalent species isolated from candidiasis patients. C. glabrata has intrinsic tolerance to antifungal drugs and oxidative stresses and the ability to adhere to mucocutaneous surfaces. However, knowledge about the regulation of its virulence traits is limited. The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex modulates gene transcription by histone acetylation through the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module comprised of Gcn5-Ada2-Ada3. Previously, we showed that the ada2 mutant was hypervirulent but displayed decreased tolerance to antifungal drugs and cell wall perturbing agents. In this study, we further characterized the functions of Ada3 and Gcn5 in C. glabrata. We found that single, double, or triple deletions of the HAT module, as expected, resulted in a decreased level of acetylation on histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and defective growth. These mutants were more susceptible to antifungal drugs, oxidative stresses, and cell wall perturbing agents compared with the wild-type. In addition, HAT module mutants exhibited enhanced agar invasion and upregulation of adhesin and proteases encoding genes, whereas the biofilm formation of those mutants was impaired. Interestingly, HAT module mutants exhibited enhanced induction of catalases (CTA1) expression upon treatment with H2O2 compared with the wild-type. Lastly, although ada3 and gcn5 exhibited marginal hypervirulence, the HAT double and triple mutants were hypervirulent in a murine model of candidiasis. In conclusion, the HAT module of the SAGA complex plays unique roles in H3K9 acetylation, drug tolerance, oxidative stress response, adherence, and virulence in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yung Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hang Hsu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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Vázquez-Franco N, Gutiérrez-Escobedo G, Juárez-Reyes A, Orta-Zavalza E, Castaño I, De Las Peñas A. Candida glabrata Hst1-Rfm1-Sum1 complex evolved to control virulence-related genes. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 159:103656. [PMID: 34974188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
C. glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the second most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections in humans, that has evolved virulence factors to become a successful pathogen: strong resistance to oxidative stress, capable to adhere and form biofilms in human epithelial cells as well as to abiotic surfaces and high resistance to xenobiotics. Hst1 (a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase), Sum1 (putative DNA binding protein) and Rfm1 (connector protein) form a complex (HRS-C) and control the resistance to oxidative stress, to xenobiotics (the antifungal fluconazole), and adherence to epithelial cells. Hst1 is functionally conserved within the Saccharomycetaceae family, Rfm1 shows a close phylogenetic relation within the Saccharomycetaceae family while Sum1 displays a distant phylogenetic relation with members of the family and is not conserved functionally. CDR1 encodes for an ABC transporter (resistance to fluconazole) negatively controlled by HRS-C, for which its binding site is located within 223 bp upstream from the ATG of CDR1. The absence of Hst1 and Sum1 renders the cells hyper-adherent, possibly due to the overexpression of AED1, EPA1, EPA22 and EPA6, all encoding for adhesins. Finally, in a neutrophil survival assay, HST1 and SUM1, are not required for survival. We propose that Sum1 in the HRS-C diverged functionally to control a set of genes implicated in virulence: adherence, resistance to xenobiotics and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Vázquez-Franco
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Juárez-Reyes
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Orta-Zavalza
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Irene Castaño
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Alejandro De Las Peñas
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico.
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Blancett LT, Runge KA, Reyes GM, Kennedy LA, Jackson SC, Scheuermann SE, Harmon MB, Williams JC, Shearer G. Deletion of the Stress Response Gene DDR48 from Histoplasma capsulatum Increases Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress, Increases Susceptibility to Antifungals, and Decreases Fitness in Macrophages. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:981. [PMID: 34829268 PMCID: PMC8617954 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response gene DDR48 has been characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans to be involved in combating various cellular stressors, from oxidative agents to antifungal compounds. Surprisingly, the biological function of DDR48 has yet to be identified, though it is likely an important part of the stress response. To gain insight into its function, we characterized DDR48 in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. Transcriptional analyses showed preferential expression of DDR48 in the mycelial phase. Induction of DDR48 in Histoplasma yeasts developed after treatment with various cellular stress compounds. We generated a ddr48∆ deletion mutant to further characterize DDR48 function. Loss of DDR48 alters the transcriptional profile of the oxidative stress response and membrane synthesis pathways. Treatment with ROS or antifungal compounds reduced survival of ddr48∆ yeasts compared to controls, consistent with an aberrant cellular stress response. In addition, we infected RAW 264.7 macrophages with DDR48-expressing and ddr48∆ yeasts and observed a 50% decrease in recovery of ddr48∆ yeasts compared to wild-type yeasts. Loss of DDR48 function results in numerous negative effects in Histoplasma yeasts, highlighting its role as a key player in the global sensing and response to cellular stress by fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T. Blancett
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kauri A. Runge
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- ThruPore Technologies, Inc., New Castle, DE 19720, USA
| | - Gabriella M. Reyes
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
| | - Lauren A. Kennedy
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Sydney C. Jackson
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
| | - Sarah E. Scheuermann
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Mississippi INBRE Research Scholars Program, Mississippi INBRE, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
- High Containment Research Performance Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Mallory B. Harmon
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Mississippi INBRE Research Scholars Program, Mississippi INBRE, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Jamease C. Williams
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Mississippi INBRE Research Scholars Program, Mississippi INBRE, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Glenmore Shearer
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
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Battu A, Purushotham R, Kaur R. An Assay to Determine NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase Activity in Cell Extracts from Candida glabrata. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4210. [PMID: 34859125 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavodoxin-like proteins (Fld-LPs) are an important constituent of the oxidative stress defense system in several organisms and highly conserved from bacteria to humans. These proteins possess NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity and convert quinones to hydroquinones through two-electron reduction, using NAD(P)H and quinone as electron donor and acceptor, respectively. Purified yeast and bacterial Fld-LPs exhibit NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity in vitro. Here, we describe a protocol to measure oxidoreductase activity of Fld-LPs that are present in extracts of whole cells. We have recently shown that the assembly and activity of a Fld-LP, CgPst2, is regulated by an aspartyl protease-mediated cleavage of its C-terminus in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Mutant yeast where the CgPST2 gene was deleted lacked cellular NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity and displayed elevated susceptibility to menadione stress. The protocol described herein is based on the measurement of NADH oxidation (conversion of NADH to NAD+) by endogenous Fld-LPs in the presence of quinone menadione. This assay can be performed with whole cell lysates prepared by the mechanical lysis of C. glabrata cells and does not require expression and purification of Fld-LPs from a heterogeneous system, thereby allowing researchers to study the effect of different posttranslational modifications and varied structural states of Fld-LPs on their enzymatic activities. Since many FLP-LPs are known to exist in dimeric and tetrameric states possessing differential activities, our efficient and easy-to-use assay can reliably detect and validate their quinone reductase activities. Although we have used menadione with CgPst2 enzyme in our study, the protocol can easily be modified to examine the presence of Fld-LPs with specificity for other quinones. As this assay does not require many expensive chemicals, it can readily be scaled up and adapted for other medically important fungi and potentially be a useful tool to characterize fungal oxidative stress response systems and screen inhibitors specific for fungal Fld-LPs, thereby contributing to our understanding of fungal pathogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Battu
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad-500039, India
| | - Rajaram Purushotham
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad-500039, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad-500039, India
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Tian L, Li J, Huang C, Zhang D, Xu Y, Yang X, Song J, Wang D, Qiu N, Short DPG, Inderbitzin P, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (VdSOD1) mediates reactive oxygen species detoxification and modulates virulence in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1092-1108. [PMID: 34245085 PMCID: PMC8359004 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a widespread defence mechanism in higher plants against pathogen attack and sometimes is the cause of cell death that facilitates attack by necrotrophic pathogens. Plant pathogens use superoxide dismutase (SOD) to scavenge ROS derived from their own metabolism or generated from host defence. The significance and roles of SODs in the vascular plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae are unclear. Our previous study showed a significant upregulation of Cu/Zn-SOD1 (VdSOD1) in cotton tissues following V. dahliae infection, suggesting that it may play a role in pathogen virulence. Here, we constructed VdSOD1 deletion mutants (ΔSOD1) and investigated its function in scavenging ROS and promoting pathogen virulence. ΔSOD1 had normal growth and conidiation but exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to the intracellular ROS generator menadione. Despite lacking a signal peptide, assays in vitro by western blot and in vivo by confocal microscopy revealed that secretion of VdSOD1 is dependent on the Golgi reassembly stacking protein (VdGRASP). Both menadione-treated ΔSOD1 and cotton roots infected with ΔSOD1 accumulated more O2- and less H2 O2 than with the wildtype strain. The absence of a functioning VdSOD1 significantly reduced symptom severity and pathogen colonization in both cotton and Nicotiana benthamiana. VdSOD1 is nonessential for growth or viability of V. dahliae, but is involved in the detoxification of both intracellular ROS and host-generated extracellular ROS, and contributes significantly to virulence in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Junjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Caimin Huang
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yan Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xingyong Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Nianwei Qiu
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Dylan P. G. Short
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Patrik Inderbitzin
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Effect of Antifungal-Treated Host Macrophages on Candida glabrata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:8838444. [PMID: 33680221 PMCID: PMC7906804 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8838444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) causes infections associated with severe sepsis and high mortality. This study describes the effects of micafungin (MCF), itraconazole (ICZ), and amphotericin B (AmB) on the function of macrophages during C. glabrata infection. Methods RAW264.1 macrophages were treated with MCF, ICZ, or AmB and then challenged with C. glabrata. Cytokines from infected macrophage supernatants and the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in macrophages were measured at different time points after phagocytosis. Results The activity of SOD was significantly increased in RAW264.1 cells that phagocytized C. glabrata and reached a peak level at 6 hours (P < 0.05). ICZ and AmB did not affect the SOD activity in cells that phagocytized C. glabrata versus that in untreated macrophage. C. glabrata stimulated macrophages to secrete cytokines. Neither ICZ nor AmB affected the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by C. glabrata-infected macrophages. However, MCF downregulated the secretion of TNF-α by infected macrophages and reduced the SOD activity of C. glabrata compared with those in untreated controls. Conclusion Echinocandins may increase their antifungal efficacy by altering the innate immune response of macrophages and attenuating antioxidants of this organism.
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Zheng P, Chen L, Zhong S, Wei X, Zhao Q, Pan Q, Kang Z, Liu J. A Cu-only superoxide dismutase from stripe rust fungi functions as a virulence factor deployed for counter defense against host-derived oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5309-5326. [PMID: 32985748 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants quickly accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to resist against pathogen invasion, while pathogens strive to escape host immune surveillance by degrading ROS. However, the nature of the strategies that fungal pathogens adopt to counteract host-derived oxidative stress is manifold and requires deep investigation. In this study, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) PsSOD2 with a signal peptide (SP) and the glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor, strongly induced during infection, was analysed for its biological characteristics and potential role in wheat-Pst interactions. The results showed that PsSOD2 encodes a Cu-only SOD and responded to ROS treatment. Heterologous complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest that the SP of PsSOD2 is functional for its secretion. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that PsSOD2 is localized to the plasma membrane. In addition, knockdown of PsSOD2 by host-induced gene silencing reduced Pst virulence and resulted in restricted hyphal development and increased ROS accumulation. In contrast, heterologous transient assays of PsSOD2 suppressed flg22-elicited ROS production. Taken together, our data indicate that PsSOD2, as a virulence factor, was induced and localized to the plasma membrane where it may function to scavenge host-derived ROS for promoting fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Suye Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,College of Plant Scicence, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Sethiya P, Rai MN, Rai R, Parsania C, Tan K, Wong KH. Transcriptomic analysis reveals global and temporal transcription changes during Candida glabrata adaptation to an oxidative environment. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:427-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Candida glabrata peroxiredoxins, Tsa1 and Tsa2, and sulfiredoxin, Srx1, protect against oxidative damage and are necessary for virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 135:103287. [PMID: 31654781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. To ensure a successful infection, C. glabrata has evolved a variety of strategies to avoid killing within the host. One of these strategies is the resistance to oxidative stress. Here we show that the sulfiredoxin Srx1 and the peroxiredoxins, Tsa1 and Tsa2, are implicated in the oxidative stress response (OSR) and required for virulence. We analyzed null mutations in SRX1, TSA1 and TSA2 and showed that TSA2 and SRX1 are required to respond to oxidative stress. While TSA1 expression is constitutive, SRX1 and TSA2 are induced in the presence of H2O2 in a process dependent on H2O2 concentration and on both transcription factors Yap1 and Skn7. Msn2 and Msn4 are not necessary for the regulation of SRX1, TSA1 and TSA2. Interestingly, TSA1 and TSA2, which are localized in the cytoplasm, are induced in the presence of neutrophils and required for survival in these phagocytic cells.
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Ctt1 catalase activity potentiates antifungal azoles in the emerging opportunistic pathogen Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9185. [PMID: 31235707 PMCID: PMC6591360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi respond to antifungal drugs by increasing their antioxidant stress response. How this impacts antifungal efficacy remains controversial and not well understood. Here we examine the role of catalase activity in the resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the common antifungals, fluconazole and miconazole, for which we report minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 104 and 19 μM, respectively. At sub-MIC concentrations, fluconazole and miconazole stimulate catalase activity 2-3-fold but, unexpectedly, deletion of cytosolic catalase (ctt1) makes cells more resistant to these azoles and to clotrimazole, itraconazole and posaconazole. On the other hand, upregulating Ctt1 activity by preconditioning with 0.2 mM H2O2 potentiates miconazole 32-fold and fluconazole 4-fold. Since H2O2 preconditioning does not alter the resistance of ctt1Δ cells, which possess negligible catalase activity, we link azole potentiation with Ctt1 upregulation. In contrast, sod2Δ cells deleted for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase are 4–8-fold more azole sensitive than wild-type cells, revealing that Sod2 activity protects cells against azole toxicity. In fact, the ctt1Δ mutant has double the Sod2 activity of wild-type cells so ctt1 deletion increases azole resistance in part by Sod2 upregulation. Notably, deletion of peroxisomal/mitochondrial cta1 or cytosolic sod1 does not alter fluconazole or miconazole potency.
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Candida spp. and phagocytosis: multiple evasion mechanisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1409-1423. [PMID: 31079344 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a global health problem, mainly in hospitals, where year by year hundreds of patients die because of these infections. Commensal yeasts may become pathogenic to human beings, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. During infectious processes, the immune system uses phagocytes to eliminate invader microorganisms. In order to prevent or neutralize phagocyte attacks, pathogenic yeasts can use virulence factors to survive, as well as to colonize and infect the host. In this review, we describe how Candida spp., mainly Candida albicans, interact with phagocytes and use several factors that contribute to immune evasion. Polymorphism, biofilm formation, gene expression and enzyme production mediate distinct functions such as adhesion, invasion, oxidative stress response, proteolysis and escape from phagocytes. Fungal and human cells have similar structures and mechanisms that decrease the number of potential targets for antifungal drugs. Therefore, research on host-pathogen interaction may aid in the discovery of new targets and in the development of new drugs or treatments for these diseases and thus to save lives.
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Potocki L, Kuna E, Filip K, Kasprzyk B, Lewinska A, Wnuk M. Activation of transposable elements and genetic instability during long-term culture of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Biogerontology 2019; 20:457-474. [PMID: 30989423 PMCID: PMC6593122 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been repeatedly reported that transposable elements (TE) become active and/or mobile in the genomes of replicatively and stress-induced senescent mammalian cells. However, the biological role of senescence-associated transposon activation and its occurrence and relevance in other eukaryotic cells remain to be elucidated. In the present study, Candida albicans, a prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans, was used to analyze changes in gene copy number of selected TE, namely Cirt2, Moa and Cmut1 during long-term culture (up to 90 days). The effects of stress stimuli (fluconazole, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite) and ploidy state (haploid, diploid, tetraploid cells) were also considered. An increase in copy number of Cirt2 and Moa was the most accented in tetraploid cells after 90 days of culture that was accompanied by changes in karyotype patterns and slightly more limited growth rate compared to haploid and diploid cells. Stress stimuli did not potentiate TE activity. Elevation in chromosomal DNA breaks was also observed during long-term culture of cells of different ploidy, however this was not correlated with increased TE activity. Our results suggest that increased TE activity may promote genomic diversity and plasticity, and cellular heterogeneity during long-term culture of C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Potocki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kuna
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Kamila Filip
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Beata Kasprzyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
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Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020039. [PMID: 30704135 PMCID: PMC6407134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes superficial mucosal and life-threatening bloodstream infections in individuals with a compromised immune system. Evolutionarily, it is closer to the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to the most prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogen, C. albicans. C. glabrata is a haploid budding yeast that predominantly reproduces clonally. In this review, we summarize interactions of C. glabrata with the host immune, epithelial and endothelial cells, and the ingenious strategies it deploys to acquire iron and phosphate from the external environment. We outline various attributes including cell surface-associated adhesins and aspartyl proteases, biofilm formation and stress response mechanisms, that contribute to the virulence of C. glabrata. We further discuss how, C. glabrata, despite lacking morphological switching and secreted proteolytic activity, is able to disarm macrophage, dampen the host inflammatory immune response and replicate intracellularly.
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14
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Beyer R, Jandric Z, Zutz C, Gregori C, Willinger B, Jacobsen ID, Kovarik P, Strauss J, Schüller C. Competition of Candida glabrata against Lactobacillus is Hog1 dependent. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12943. [PMID: 30112857 PMCID: PMC6283251 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a common human fungal commensal and opportunistic pathogen. This fungus shows remarkable resilience as it can form recalcitrant biofilms on indwelling catheters, has intrinsic resistance against azole antifungals, and is causing vulvovaginal candidiasis. As a nosocomial pathogen, it can cause life-threatening bloodstream infections in immune-compromised patients. Here, we investigate the potential role of the high osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) MAP kinase pathway for C. glabrata virulence. The C. glabrata MAP kinase CgHog1 becomes activated by a variety of environmental stress conditions such as osmotic stress, low pH, and carboxylic acids and subsequently accumulates in the nucleus. We found that CgHog1 allows C. glabrata to persist within murine macrophages, but it is not required for systemic infection in a mouse model. C. glabrata and Lactobacilli co-colonise mucosal surfaces. Lactic acid at a concentration produced by vaginal Lactobacillus spp. causes CgHog1 phosphorylation and accumulation in the nucleus. In addition, CgHog1 enables C. glabrata to tolerate different Lactobacillus spp. and their metabolites when grown in co-culture. Using a phenotypic diverse set of clinical C. glabrata isolates, we find that the HOG pathway is likely the main quantitative determinant of lactic acid stress resistance. Taken together, our data indicate that CgHog1 has an important role in the confrontation of C. glabrata with the common vaginal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Beyer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Zeljkica Jandric
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Christoph Zutz
- Department of Farm Animal and Veterinary Public HealthInstitute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food ScienceViennaAustria
- Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM)
| | - Christa Gregori
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Birgit Willinger
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans‐Knöll‐Institute (HKI)JenaGermany
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz LaboratoriesUniversity of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
- Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM)
| | - Christoph Schüller
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
- Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM)
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15
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Huang M, Kao KC. Identifying novel genetic determinants for oxidative stress tolerance in Candida glabrata via adaptive laboratory evolution. Yeast 2018; 35:605-618. [PMID: 30141215 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata (C glabrata) is an important yeast of industrial and medical significance. Resistance to oxidative stress is an important trait affecting its robustness as a production host or virulence as a pathogenic agent, but current understanding of resistance mechanisms is still limited in this fungus. In this study, we rapidly evolved C glabrata population to adapt to oxidative challenge (from 80mM to 350mM of H2 O2 ) through short-term adaptive laboratory evolution. Adaptive mutants were isolated from evolved populations and subjected to phenotypic and omics analyses to identify potential mechanisms of tolerance to H2 O2 . Phenotypic characterizations revealed faster detoxification of H2 O2 and ability to initiate growth at a higher concentration of the oxidant in the isolated adaptive mutants compared with the wild type. Genome resequencing and genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed multiple genetic determinants (eg, CAGL0E01243g, CAGL0F06831g, and CAGL0C00385g) that potentially contribute to enhanced H2 O2 resistance. Subsequent experimental verification confirmed that CgCth2 (CAGL0E01243g) and CgMga2 (CAGL0F06831g) are important in C glabrata tolerance to oxidative stress. Transcriptome profiling of adaptive mutants and bioinformatic analysis suggest that NADPH regeneration, modulation of membrane composition, cell wall remodeling, and/or global regulatory changes are involved in C glabrata tolerance to H2 O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Huang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Katy C Kao
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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16
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Liu J, Guan T, Zheng P, Chen L, Yang Y, Huai B, Li D, Chang Q, Huang L, Kang Z. An extracellular Zn-only superoxide dismutase from Puccinia striiformis confers enhanced resistance to host-derived oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4118-4135. [PMID: 27399209 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following plant-pathogen interactions can trigger plant defence responses and directly damage pathogens. Thus, it is essential for pathogens to scavenge host-derived ROS to establish a parasitic relationship. However, the mechanisms protecting pathogens from host-derived oxidative stress remain unclear. In this study, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene, PsSOD1, was cloned from a wheat-Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) interaction cDNA library. Transcripts of PsSOD1 were up-regulated in the early infection stage. Heterologous mutant complementation and biochemical characterization revealed that PsSOD1 encoded a Zn-only SOD. The predicted signal peptide was functional in an invertase-mutated yeast strain. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis of apoplastic proteins in Pst-infected wheat leaves and bimolecular fluorescence complementation suggested that PsSOD1 is a secreted protein that potentially forms a dimer during Pst infection. Overexpression of PsSOD1 enhanced Schizosaccharomyces pombe resistance to exogenous superoxide. Transient expression of PsSOD1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed Bax-induced cell death. Knockdown of PsSOD1 using a host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) system reduced the virulence of Pst, which was associated with ROS accumulation in HIGS plants. These results suggest that PsSOD1 is an important pathogenicity factor that is secreted into the host-pathogen interface to contribute to Pst infection by scavenging host-derived ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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17
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Antifungal Properties of Cationic Phenylene Ethynylenes and Their Impact on β-Glucan Exposure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4519-29. [PMID: 27161628 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00317-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the cause of many bloodstream infections through contamination of indwelling medical devices. These infections account for a 40% mortality rate, posing a significant risk to immunocompromised patients. Traditional treatments against Candida infections include amphotericin B and various azole treatments. Unfortunately, these treatments are associated with high toxicity, and resistant strains have become more prevalent. As a new frontier, light-activated phenylene ethynylenes have shown promising biocidal activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacterial pathogens, as well as the environmental yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae In this study, we monitored the viability of Candida species after treatment with a cationic conjugated polymer [poly(p-phenylene ethynylene); PPE] or oligomer ["end-only" oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene); EO-OPE] by flow cytometry in order to explore the antifungal properties of these compounds. The oligomer was found to disrupt Candida albicans yeast membrane integrity independent of light activation, while PPE is able to do so only in the presence of light, allowing for some control as to the manner in which cytotoxic effects are induced. The contrast in killing efficacy between the two compounds is likely related to their size difference and their intrinsic abilities to penetrate the fungal cell wall. Unlike EO-OPE-DABCO (where DABCO is quaternized diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane), PPE-DABCO displayed a strong propensity to associate with soluble β-glucan, which is expected to inhibit its ability to access and perturb the inner cell membrane of Candida yeast. Furthermore, treatment with PPE-DABCO unmasked Candida albicans β-glucan and increased phagocytosis by Dectin-1-expressing HEK-293 cells. In summary, cationic phenylene ethynylenes show promising biocidal activity against pathogenic Candida yeast cells while also exhibiting immunostimulatory effects.
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Significance of hyphae formation in virulence of Candida tropicalis and transcriptomic analysis of hyphal cells. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:65-72. [PMID: 27664724 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the proportion of Candida tropicalis in clinical isolates has significantly increased. Some C. tropicalis strains colonize the skin or mucosal surfaces as commensals; others trigger invasive infection. To date, the pathogenicity of C. tropicalis has not been thoroughly researched. This study reports several virulence factors, including biofilm and hyphae formation, proteinase, phospholipase, lipase and hemolytic activity, in 52 clinical isolates of C. tropicalis collected from five hospitals in four provinces of China. Some C. tropicalis tended to produce more hyphae than others in the same circumstance. Six C. tropicalis strains with different morphologies were injected into mice via the tail vein, and the survival proportions and fungal burdens of the strains were evaluated. Hyphal production by C. tropicalis was associated with stronger virulence. RNA sequencing revealed that C. tropicalis with more hyphae up-regulated several genes involved in morphological differentiation and oxidative response, including IF2, Atx1, and Sod2. It appears that hyphal formation plays a vital role in the pathogenicity of C. tropicalis, and interacts with the oxidative stress response to strengthen the organism's virulence.
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19
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Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11128. [PMID: 27020939 PMCID: PMC5603725 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida glabrata has emerged as a major health threat since it readily acquires resistance to multiple drug classes, including triazoles and/or echinocandins. Thus far, cellular mechanisms promoting the emergence of resistance to multiple drug classes have not been described in this organism. Here we demonstrate that a mutator phenotype caused by a mismatch repair defect is prevalent in C. glabrata clinical isolates. Strains carrying alterations in mismatch repair gene MSH2 exhibit a higher propensity to breakthrough antifungal treatment in vitro and in mouse models of colonization, and are recovered at a high rate (55% of all C. glabrata recovered) from patients. This genetic mechanism promotes the acquisition of resistance to multiple antifungals, at least partially explaining the elevated rates of triazole and multi-drug resistance associated with C. glabrata. We anticipate that identifying MSH2 defects in infecting strains may influence the management of patients on antifungal drug therapy. The fungal pathogen Candida glabrata readily acquires resistance to multiple types of antifungal drugs. Here, Healey et al. show that C. glabrata clinical isolates often carry mutations in a gene involved in DNA mismatch repair, and this is associated with increased propensity to develop antifungal resistance.
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20
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De Las Peñas A, Juárez-Cepeda J, López-Fuentes E, Briones-Martín-Del-Campo M, Gutiérrez-Escobedo G, Castaño I. Local and regional chromatin silencing in Candida glabrata: consequences for adhesion and the response to stress. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov056. [PMID: 26122277 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a fungal pathogen frequently found as a commensal in humans. To colonize and disseminate successfully in the mammalian host, C. glabrata must detect signals within the host and reprogram gene expression to respond appropriately to hostile environmental conditions. One of the layers of regulation of expression of many virulence-related genes (adhesin-encoding genes, genes involved in response to oxidative stress and xenobiotics) is achieved through epigenetic mechanisms. Local and regional silencing is mediated by the activity of two NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylases, Hst1 and Sir2, respectively, repressing many virulence genes. Hst1 and Sir2 interact with different repressor complexes to achieve regional or local silencing. Sir2 can associate with Sir4, which is then recruited to the telomere by Rap1 and yKu. Deacetylation of the histone tails creates high affinity binding sites for new molecules of the Sir complex, thereby spreading the silent domain over >20 kb. Many of the adhesin-encoding EPA genes are subject to this regulation. Hst1 in turn associates with the Sum1-Rfm1 complex. Sum1 is a DNA-binding protein, which recognizes specific sites at individual promoters, recruiting Hst1 to specific genes involved in the response to oxidative stress and xenobiotics, which results in their repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro De Las Peñas
- IPICYT-Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, AC, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
| | - Jacqueline Juárez-Cepeda
- IPICYT-Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, AC, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
| | - Eunice López-Fuentes
- IPICYT-Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, AC, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
| | - Marcela Briones-Martín-Del-Campo
- IPICYT-Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, AC, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
| | - Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo
- IPICYT-Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, AC, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
| | - Irene Castaño
- IPICYT-Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, AC, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
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21
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Kasper L, Seider K, Hube B. Intracellular survival of Candida glabrata in macrophages: immune evasion and persistence. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov042. [PMID: 26066553 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a successful human opportunistic pathogen which causes superficial but also life-threatening systemic infections. During infection, C. glabrata has to cope with cells of the innate immune system such as macrophages, which belong to the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Candida glabrata is able to survive and even replicate inside macrophages while causing surprisingly low damage and cytokine release. Here, we present an overview of recent studies dealing with the interaction of C. glabrata with macrophages, from phagocytosis to intracellular growth and escape. We review the strategies of C. glabrata that permit intracellular survival and replication, including poor host cell activation, modification of phagosome maturation and phagosome pH, adaptation to antimicrobial activities, and mechanisms to overcome the nutrient limitations within the phagosome. In summary, these studies suggest that survival within macrophages may be an immune evasion and persistence strategy of C. glabrata during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Seider
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Sepsis und Sepsisfolgen, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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22
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Melo SC, Santos RX, Melgaço AC, Pereira ACF, Pungartnik C, Brendel M. Altered Phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Heterologous Expression of Basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa SOD2 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12324-44. [PMID: 26039235 PMCID: PMC4490446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of a putative manganese superoxide dismutase gene (SOD2) of the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa complemented the phenotypes of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sod2Δ mutant. Sequence analysis of the cloned M. perniciosa cDNA revealed an open reading frame (ORF) coding for a 176 amino acid polypeptide with the typical metal-binding motifs of a SOD2 gene, named MpSOD2. Phylogenetic comparison with known manganese superoxide dismutases (MnSODs) located the protein of M. perniciosa (MpSod2p) in a clade with the basidiomycete fungi Coprinopsis cinerea and Laccaria bicolor. Haploid wild-type yeast transformants containing a single copy of MpSOD2 showed increased resistance phenotypes against oxidative stress-inducing hydrogen peroxide and paraquat, but had unaltered phenotype against ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. The same transformants exhibited high sensitivity against treatment with the pro-mutagen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) that requires oxidation to become an active mutagen/carcinogen. Absence of MpSOD2 in the yeast sod2Δ mutant led to DEN hyper-resistance while introduction of a single copy of this gene restored the yeast wild-type phenotype. The haploid yeast wild-type transformant containing two SOD2 gene copies, one from M. perniciosa and one from its own, exhibited DEN super-sensitivity. This transformant also showed enhanced growth at 37 °C on the non-fermentable carbon source lactate, indicating functional expression of MpSod2p. The pro-mutagen dihydroethidium (DHE)-based fluorescence assay monitored basal level of yeast cell oxidative stress. Compared to the wild type, the yeast sod2Δ mutant had a much higher level of intrinsic oxidative stress, which was reduced to wild type (WT) level by introduction of one copy of the MpSOD2 gene. Taken together our data indicates functional expression of MpSod2 protein in the yeast S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sônia C Melo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Regineide X Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Estrada do Bem Querer, km 4, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia CEP 45083-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana C Melgaço
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Alanna C F Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Pungartnik
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Martin Brendel
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
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