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Moon CD, Carvalho L, Kirk MR, McCulloch AF, Kittelmann S, Young W, Janssen PH, Leathwick DM. Effects of long-acting, broad spectra anthelmintic treatments on the rumen microbial community compositions of grazing sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3836. [PMID: 33589656 PMCID: PMC7884727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintic treatment of adult ewes is widely practiced to remove parasite burdens in the expectation of increased ruminant productivity. However, the broad activity spectra of many anthelmintic compounds raises the possibility of impacts on the rumen microbiota. To investigate this, 300 grazing ewes were allocated to treatment groups that included a 100-day controlled release capsule (CRC) containing albendazole and abamectin, a long-acting moxidectin injection (LAI), and a non-treated control group (CON). Rumen bacterial, archaeal and protozoal communities at day 0 were analysed to identify 36 sheep per treatment with similar starting compositions. Microbiota profiles, including those for the rumen fungi, were then generated for the selected sheep at days 0, 35 and 77. The CRC treatment significantly impacted the archaeal community, and was associated with increased relative abundances of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanosphaera sp. ISO3-F5, and Methanomassiliicoccaceae Group 12 sp. ISO4-H5 compared to the control group. In contrast, the LAI treatment increased the relative abundances of members of the Veillonellaceae and resulted in minor changes to the bacterial and fungal communities by day 77. Overall, the anthelmintic treatments resulted in few, but highly significant, changes to the rumen microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Moon
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Luis Carvalho
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michelle R Kirk
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Alan F McCulloch
- Invermay Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Kittelmann
- Wilmar International Limited, WIL@NUS Corporate Laboratory, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wayne Young
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter H Janssen
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dave M Leathwick
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Firkins JL, Yu Z, Park T, Plank JE. Extending Burk Dehority's Perspectives on the Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:123. [PMID: 32184759 PMCID: PMC7058926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dr. Burk Dehority was an international expert on the classification and monoculture of ruminal ciliated protozoa. We have summarized many of the advancements in knowledge from his work but also in his scientific way of thinking about interactions of ruminal ciliates with the entire rumen microbial community and animal host. As a dedication to his legacy, an electronic library of high-resolution images and video footage catalogs numerous species and techniques involved in taxonomy, isolation, culture, and ecological assessment of ruminal ciliate species and communities. Considerable promise remains to adapt these landmark approaches to harness eukaryotic cell signaling technology with genomics and transcriptomics to assess cellular mechanisms regulating growth and responsiveness to ruminal environmental conditions. These technologies can be adapted to study how protozoa interact (both antagonism and mutualism) within the entire ruminal microbiota. Thus, advancements and limitations in approaches used are highlighted such that future research questions can be posed to study rumen protozoal contribution to ruminant nutrition and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Johanna E Plank
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Wenner B, Wagner B, Firkins J. Using video microscopy to improve quantitative estimates of protozoal motility and cell volume. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1060-1073. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ishaq SL, AlZahal O, Walker N, McBride B. An Investigation into Rumen Fungal and Protozoal Diversity in Three Rumen Fractions, during High-Fiber or Grain-Induced Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis Conditions, with or without Active Dry Yeast Supplementation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1943. [PMID: 29067009 PMCID: PMC5641310 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a gastrointestinal functional disorder in livestock characterized by low rumen pH, which reduces rumen function, microbial diversity, host performance, and host immune function. Dietary management is used to prevent SARA, often with yeast supplementation as a pH buffer. Almost nothing is known about the effect of SARA or yeast supplementation on ruminal protozoal and fungal diversity, despite their roles in fiber degradation. Dairy cows were switched from a high-fiber to high-grain diet abruptly to induce SARA, with and without active dry yeast (ADY, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation, and sampled from the rumen fluid, solids, and epimural fractions to determine microbial diversity using the protozoal 18S rRNA and the fungal ITS1 genes via Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Diet-induced SARA dramatically increased the number and abundance of rare fungal taxa, even in fluid fractions where total reads were very low, and reduced protozoal diversity. SARA selected for more lactic-acid utilizing taxa, and fewer fiber-degrading taxa. ADY treatment increased fungal richness (OTUs) but not diversity (Inverse Simpson, Shannon), but increased protozoal richness and diversity in some fractions. ADY treatment itself significantly (P < 0.05) affected the abundance of numerous fungal genera as seen in the high-fiber diet: Lewia, Neocallimastix, and Phoma were increased, while Alternaria, Candida Orpinomyces, and Piromyces spp. were decreased. Likewise, for protozoa, ADY itself increased Isotricha intestinalis but decreased Entodinium furca spp. Multivariate analyses showed diet type was most significant in driving diversity, followed by yeast treatment, for AMOVA, ANOSIM, and weighted UniFrac. Diet, ADY, and location were all significant factors for fungi (PERMANOVA, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0452, P = 0.0068, Monte Carlo correction, respectively, and location was a significant factor (P = 0.001, Monte Carlo correction) for protozoa. Diet-induced SARA shifts diversity of rumen fungi and protozoa and selects against fiber-degrading species. Supplementation with ADY mitigated this reduction in protozoa, presumptively by triggering microbial diversity shifts (as seen even in the high-fiber diet) that resulted in pH stabilization. ADY did not recover the initial community structure that was seen in pre-SARA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian McBride
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Saminathan M, Gan HM, Abdullah N, Wong CMVL, Ramiah SK, Tan HY, Sieo CC, Ho YW. Changes in rumen protozoal community by condensed tannin fractions of different molecular weights from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid in vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:41-53. [PMID: 28434189 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of condensed tannins (CTs) fractions of differing molecular weights (MWs) from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang on the rumen protozoal community in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of unfractionated CTs (F0) and CT fractions of different MWs (F1 > F2 > F3 > F4 > F5) on protozoal population and community were evaluated in vitro using rumen microbes and ground guinea grass as the substrate. Higher-MW CT fractions F1 and F2 significantly (P < 0·05) decrease the number of ciliate protozoa. The real-time PCR analysis showed that the total protozoa was significantly (P < 0·05) lower in F0 and all CTs with fractions F1 and F2 having the lowest value. High-throughput sequencing of the partial 18S rRNA gene showed that the genus Entodinium significantly (P < 0·05) decreased with increasing MWs of CT, whereas Anoplodinium-Diplodinium were significantly (P < 0·05) increased. Inclusion of the highest MW CT fraction F1 decreased the relative abundance of the minor genera such as Eudiplodinium and Polyplastron compared to the control and CT fractions F2-F5. CONCLUSION CTs of differing MWs could reduce and alter the rumen protozoa population in vitro. This effect was more pronounced for higher-MW CTs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The high MW CTs should be considered as a feed supplement in the ruminant diet to reduce the protozoal population which are known to be associated with methanogens as a means to mitigate methane production in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saminathan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - H M Gan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genomics Facility, Tropical Medicine Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - C M V L Wong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - S K Ramiah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - H Y Tan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Computing, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C C Sieo
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Y W Ho
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tapio I, Snelling TJ, Strozzi F, Wallace RJ. The ruminal microbiome associated with methane emissions from ruminant livestock. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:7. [PMID: 28123698 PMCID: PMC5244708 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane emissions from ruminant livestock contribute significantly to the large environmental footprint of agriculture. The rumen is the principal source of methane, and certain features of the microbiome are associated with low/high methane phenotypes. Despite their primary role in methanogenesis, the abundance of archaea has only a weak correlation with methane emissions from individual animals. The composition of the archaeal community appears to have a stronger effect, with animals harbouring the Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii clade tending to be associated with greater methane emissions. Ciliate protozoa produce abundant H2, the main substrate for methanogenesis in the rumen, and their removal (defaunation) results in an average 11% lower methane emissions in vivo, but the results are not consistent. Different protozoal genera seem to result in greater methane emissions, though community types (A, AB, B and O) did not differ. Within the bacteria, three different ‘ruminotypes’ have been identified, two of which predispose animals to have lower methane emissions. The two low-methane ruminotypes are generally characterized by less abundant H2-producing bacteria. A lower abundance of Proteobacteria and differences in certain Bacteroidetes and anaerobic fungi seem to be associated with high methane emissions. Rumen anaerobic fungi produce abundant H2 and formate, and their abundance generally corresponds to the level of methane emissions. Thus, microbiome analysis is consistent with known pathways for H2 production and methanogenesis, but not yet in a predictive manner. The production and utilisation of formate by the ruminal microbiota is poorly understood and may be a source of variability between animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Tapio
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Timothy J Snelling
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB16 5BD UK
| | | | - R John Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB16 5BD UK
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