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Wang K, Liu N, Liu M, Zhao P, Zhong N, Challis GL, Huang Y. Discovery and Biosynthesis of Streptolateritic Acids A-D: Acyclic Pentacarboxylic Acids from Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172 with Promising Activity against Potato Common Scab. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14760-14768. [PMID: 38899439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Potato common scab (PCS) is a widespread plant disease that lacks effective control measures. Using a small molecule elicitor, we activate the production of a novel class of polyketide antibiotics, streptolateritic acids A-D, in Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172. These compounds show a promising control efficacy against PCS and an unusual acyclic pentacarboxylic acid structure. A gene cluster encoding a type I modular polyketide synthase is identified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of these metabolites. A cytochrome P450 (CYP) and an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) encoded by two genes in the cluster are proposed to catalyze iterative oxidation of the starter-unit-derived methyl group and three of six branching methyl groups to carboxylic acids during chain assembly. Our findings highlight how activation of silent biosynthetic gene clusters can be employed to discover completely new natural product classes able to combat PCS and new types of modular polyketide synthase-based biosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Minghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Pan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Naiqin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Gregory L Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
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Nishiyama T, Hoshino R, Ueda K. Characterization of 5'-nucleotidases secreted from Streptomyces. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2289-2302. [PMID: 36820897 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
To study the ability of Streptomyces to utilize environmental nucleotides, we screened for strains exhibiting extracellular 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP)-dephosphorylating activity in our collection of soil isolates and obtained two producers: NE5-10 and Y2F8-2. The enzyme responsible for the activity was purified from the culture supernatant of each strain, and its mass spectral data were used to identify the coding sequence. The gene was successfully identified in the whole genome sequence of each strain; it was located in a conserved gene cluster of phosphate-related functions and encoded an approximately 600-amino acid long protein containing an N-terminal secretion signal. The mature part of the protein exhibited similarity to a known bacterial 5'-nucleotidase. The locus of the 5'-nucleotidase gene contained genes encoding proteins involved in phosphate utilization. The conserved gene arrangement of the locus in various Streptomyces genomes suggested the genetic region to be involved in phosphate-scavenging in this group of bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolated Streptomyces enzymes represent an uncharacterized group of bacterial 5'-nucleotidases. Enzymatic characterization of the two Streptomyces enzymes demonstrated that both enzymes exhibited 5'-nucleotidase activity but differed in terms of optimal temperature and pH, dependence on divalent cations, and substrate specificity. The Km and Vmax values of the 5'-IMP-dephosphorylating activity were 0.239 mM and 9.47 U/mg, respectively, for NE5-10 and 0.221 mM and 38.17 U/mg, respectively, for Y2F8-2. Enzyme activity in the culture broth of the two Streptomyces producers occurred in a phosphate-limitation-dependent manner, supporting their involvement in the acquisition of phosphorus. KEY POINTS: • We purified and characterized nucleotidases from two Streptomyces. • Two nucleotidases were presumed to be involved in phosphate acquisition. • It showed diversity in phosphate acquisition among microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishiyama
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan.
| | - Rio Hoshino
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Ueda
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
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Exploratory Growth in Streptomyces venezuelae Involves a Unique Transcriptional Program, Enhanced Oxidative Stress Response, and Profound Acceleration in Response to Glycerol. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0062321. [PMID: 35254103 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00623-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration is a recently discovered mode of growth and behavior exhibited by some Streptomyces species that is distinct from their classical sporulating life cycle. While much has been uncovered regarding initiating environmental conditions and phenotypic outcomes of exploratory growth, how this process is coordinated at a genetic level remains unclear. We used RNA sequencing to survey global changes in the transcriptional profile of exploring cultures over time in the model organism Streptomyces venezuelae. Transcriptomic analyses revealed widespread changes in gene expression impacting diverse cellular functions. Investigations into differentially expressed regulatory elements revealed specific groups of regulatory factors to be impacted, including the expression of several extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors, second messenger signaling pathways, and members of the whiB-like (wbl) family of transcription factors. Dramatic changes were observed among primary metabolic pathways, especially among respiration-associated genes and the oxidative stress response; enzyme assays confirmed that exploring cultures exhibit an enhanced oxidative stress response compared with classically growing cultures. Changes in the expression of the glycerol catabolic genes in S. venezuelae led to the discovery that glycerol supplementation of the growth medium promotes a dramatic acceleration of exploration. This effect appears to be unique to glycerol as an alternative carbon source, and this response is broadly conserved across other exploration-competent species. IMPORTANCE Exploration represents an alternative growth strategy for Streptomyces bacteria and is initiated in response to other microbes or specific environmental conditions. Here, we show that entry into exploration involves comprehensive transcriptional reprogramming, with an emphasis on changes in primary metabolism and regulatory/signaling functions. Intriguingly, a number of transcription factor classes were downregulated upon entry into exploration. In contrast, respiration-associated genes were strongly induced, and this was accompanied by an enhanced oxidative stress response. Notably, our transcriptional analyses suggested that glycerol may play a role in exploration, and we found that glycerol supplementation dramatically enhanced the exploration response in many streptomycetes. This work sheds new light on the regulatory and metabolic cues that influence a fascinating new microbial behavior.
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Li X, Ke X, Qiao L, Sui Y, Chu J. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis guides to further enhance the biosynthesis of erythromycin by an overproducer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1624-1640. [PMID: 35150130 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Omics approaches have been applied to understand the boosted productivity of natural products by industrial high-producing microorganisms. Here, with the updated genome sequence and transcriptomic profiles derived from high-throughput sequencing, we exploited comparative omics analysis to further enhance the biosynthesis of erythromycin in an industrial overproducer, Saccharopolyspora erythraea HL3168 E3. By comparing the genome of E3 with the wild type NRRL23338, we identified fragment deletions inside 56 coding sequences and 255 single nucleotide polymorphisms over the genome of E3. A substantial number of genomic variations were observed in genes responsible for pathways which were interconnected to the biosynthesis of erythromycin by supplying precursors/cofactors or by signal transduction. Furthermore, the transcriptomic data suggested that genes involved in the biosynthesis of erythromycin were significantly up-regulated constantly, whereas some genes in biosynthesis clusters of other secondary metabolites contained nonsense mutations and were expressed at extremely low levels. Through comparative transcriptomic analysis, L-glutamine/L-glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate were identified as reporter metabolites. Around the node of 2-oxoglutarate, genomic mutations were also observed. Based on the omics association analysis, readily available strategies were proposed to engineer E3 by simultaneously overexpressing sucB (coding for 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E2 component) and sucA (coding for 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component), which increased the erythromycin titer by 71% compared to E3 in batch culture. This work provides more promising molecular targets to engineer for enhanced production of erythromycin by the overproducer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiang Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Lijia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yufei Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, China
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Li X, Chu J, Jensen PR. The Expression of NOX From Synthetic Promoters Reveals an Important Role of the Redox Status in Regulating Secondary Metabolism of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:818. [PMID: 32766231 PMCID: PMC7379104 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox cofactors play a pivotal role in primary cellular metabolism, whereas the clear link between redox status and secondary metabolism is still vague. In this study we investigated effects of redox perturbation on the production of erythromycin in Saccharopolyspora erythraea by expressing the water-forming NADH oxidase (NOX) from Streptococcus pneumonia at different levels with synthetic promoters. The expression of NOX reduced the intracellular [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio significantly in S. erythraea which resulted in an increased production of erythromycin by 19∼29% and this increment rose to 60% as more oxygen was supplied. In contrast, the lower redox ratio resulted in a decreased production of another secondary metabolite, the reddish pigment 7-O-rahmnosyl flaviolin. The metabolic shifts of secondary metabolism results in a higher NADH availability which compensates for its oxidization via NOX. The expression of the erythromycin biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC) in the NOX-expression strains was upregulated as the activity of diguanylate cyclase was inhibited moderately by NADH. This study also suggested that lower intracellular [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio benefits the biosynthesis of erythromycin by potentially affecting the biosynthesis of the secondary messenger, bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which may stimulate the positive regulation of erythromycin BGC via BldD. The present work provides a basis for future cofactor manipulation in S. erythraea to improve the industrial production of erythromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter R Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Li X, Chen J, Andersen JM, Chu J, Jensen PR. Cofactor Engineering Redirects Secondary Metabolism and Enhances Erythromycin Production in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:655-670. [PMID: 32078772 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharopolyspora erythraea is used for industrial erythromycin production. To explore the physiological role of intracellular energy state in metabolic regulation by S. erythraea, we initially overexpressed the F1 part of the endogenous F1F0-ATPase in the high yielding erythromycin producing strain E3. The F1-ATPase expression resulted in lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios, which was accompanied by a strong increase in the production of a reddish pigment and a decreased erythromycin production. Subsequent transcriptional analysis revealed that the lower intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios exerted a pleotropic regulation on the metabolism of S. erythraea. The lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios induced physiological changes to restore the energy balance, mainly via pathways that tend to produce ATP or regenerate NADH. The F1-ATPase overexpression strain exhibited a state of redox stress, which was correlated to an alteration of electron transport at the branch of the terminal oxidases, and S. erythraea channeled the enhanced glycolytic flux toward a reddish pigment in order to reduce NADH formation. The production of erythromycin was decreased, which is in accordance with the net ATP requirement and the excess NADH formed through this pathway. Partial growth inhibition by apramycin increased the intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and demonstrated a positive correlation between [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and erythromycin synthesis. Finally, overexpression of the entire F1F0-ATPase complex resulted in 28% enhanced erythromycin production and markedly reduced pigment synthesis in E3. The work illustrates a feasible strategy to optimize the distribution of fluxes in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jun Chen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim M. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peter R. Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Qiao L, Li X, Ke X, Chu J. A two-component system gene SACE_0101 regulates copper homeostasis in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Saccharopolyspora erythraea (S. erythraea) is a Gram-positive bacterium widely used for the production of erythromycin, a potent macrolide antibiotic. However, the mechanism behind erythromycin production is poorly understood. In the high erythromycin-producer strain S. erythraea HL3168 E3, the level of copper ions positively correlates with erythromycin production. To explain this correlation, we performed a genome-based comparison between the wild-type strain NRRL23338 and the mutant strain HL3168 E3, and further characterized the identified gene(s) by targeted genome editing, mRNA transcript analysis, and functional analysis.
Results
The response regulator of the two-component system (TCS) encoded by the gene SACE_0101 in S. erythraea showed high similarity with CopR of TCS CopRS in Streptomyces coelicolor, which is involved in the regulation of copper metabolism. The deletion of SACE_0101 was beneficial for erythromycin synthesis most likely by causing changes in the intracellular copper homeostasis, leading to enhanced erythromycin production. In addition, Cu2+ supplementation and gene expression analysis suggested that SACE_0101 may be involved in the regulation of copper homeostasis and erythromycin production.
Conclusions
The mutation of SACE_0101 gene increased the yield of erythromycin, especially upon the addition of copper ions. Therefore, the two-component system gene SACE_0101 plays a crucial role in regulating copper homeostasis and erythromycin synthesis in S. erythraea.
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Falke D, Fischer M, Biefel B, Ihling C, Hammerschmidt C, Reinefeld K, Haase A, Sinz A, Sawers RG. Cytochrome bcc-aa3 Oxidase Supercomplexes in the Aerobic Respiratory Chain of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 28:255-268. [PMID: 30861513 DOI: 10.1159/000496390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), an obligately aerobic, oxidase-positive, and filamentous soil bacterium, lacks a soluble cytochrome c in its respiratory chain, having instead a membrane-associated diheme c-type cytochrome, QcrC. This necessitates complex formation to allow electron transfer between the cytochrome bcc and aa3 oxidase respiratory complexes. Combining genetic complementation studies with in-gel cytochrome oxidase activity staining, we demonstrate that the complete qcrCAB-ctaCDFE gene locus on the chromosome, encoding, respectively, the bcc and aa3 complexes, is required to manifest a cytochrome oxidase enzyme activity in both spores and mycelium of a qcr-cta deletion mutant. Blue-native-PAGE identified a cytochrome aa3 oxidase complex of approximately 270 kDa, which catalyzed oxygen-dependent diaminobenzidine oxidation without the requirement for exogenously supplied cytochrome c, indicating association with QcrC. Furthermore, higher molecular mass complexes were identified upon addition of soluble cytochrome c, suggesting the supercomplex is unstable and readily dissociates into subcomplexes lacking QcrC. Immunological and mass spectrometric analyses of active, high-molecular mass oxidase-containing complexes separated by clear-native PAGE identified key subunits of both the bcc complex and the aa3 oxidase, supporting supercomplex formation. Our data also indicate that the cytochrome b QcrB of the bcc complex is less abundant in spores compared with mycelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Falke
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marco Fischer
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bianca Biefel
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- Institute of Pharmacy, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kevin Reinefeld
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Haase
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - R Gary Sawers
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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Cytochrome bd Oxidase Has an Important Role in Sustaining Growth and Development of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) under Oxygen-Limiting Conditions. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00239-18. [PMID: 29784883 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00239-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is a filamentously growing, spore-forming, obligately aerobic actinobacterium that uses both a copper aa3 -type cytochrome c oxidase and a cytochrome bd oxidase to respire oxygen. Using defined knockout mutants, we demonstrated that either of these terminal oxidases was capable of allowing the bacterium to grow and complete its developmental cycle. The genes encoding the bcc complex and the aa3 oxidase are clustered at a single locus. Using Western blot analyses, we showed that the bcc-aa3 oxidase branch is more prevalent in spores than the bd oxidase. The level of the catalytic subunit, CydA, of the bd oxidase was low in spore extracts derived from the wild type, but it was upregulated in a mutant lacking the bcc-aa3 supercomplex. This indicates that cytochrome bd oxidase can compensate for the lack of the other respiratory branch. Components of both oxidases were abundant in growing mycelium. Growth studies in liquid medium revealed that a mutant lacking the bcc-aa3 oxidase branch grew approximately half as fast as the wild type, while the oxygen reduction rate of the mutant remained close to that of the wild type, indicating that the bd oxidase was mainly functioning in controlling electron flux. Developmental defects were observed for a mutant lacking the cytochrome bd oxidase during growth on buffered rich medium plates with glucose as the energy substrate. Evidence based on using the redox-cycling dye methylene blue suggested that cytochrome bd oxidase is essential for the bacterium to grow and complete its developmental cycle under oxygen limitation.IMPORTANCE Respiring with oxygen is an efficient means of conserving energy in biological systems. The spore-forming, filamentous actinobacterium Streptomyces coelicolor grows only aerobically, synthesizing two enzyme complexes for O2 reduction, the cytochrome bcc-aa3 cytochrome oxidase supercomplex and the cytochrome bd oxidase. We show in this study that the bacterium can survive with either of these respiratory pathways to oxygen. Immunological studies indicate that the bcc-aa3 oxidase is the main oxidase present in spores, but the bd oxidase compensates if the bcc-aa3 oxidase is inactivated. Both oxidases are active in mycelia. Growth conditions were identified, revealing that cytochrome bd oxidase is essential for aerial hypha formation and sporulation, and this was linked to an important role of the enzyme under oxygen-limiting conditions.
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Antibiotics in microbial coculture. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:361-365. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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