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Ma X, Wang L, Yang F, Li J, Guo L, Guo Y, He S. Drug sensitivity and genome-wide analysis of two strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with different biofilm intensity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196747. [PMID: 37621399 PMCID: PMC10445764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the major causative agents of chronic respiratory diseases in poultry. The biofilms of MG are highly correlated to its chronic infection. However data on genes involved in biofilm formation ability are still scarse. MG strains with distinct biofilm intensity were screened by crystal violet staining morphotyped and characterized for the drug sensitivity. Two MG strains NX-01 and NX-02 showed contrasted ability to biofilm formation. The biofilm formation ability of NX-01 strain was significantly higher than that of NX-02 strain (p < 0.01). The drug sensitivity test showed that the stronger the ability of MG stain to form biofilms, the weaker its sensitivity to 17 antibiotic drugs. Moreover, putative key genes related to biofilm formation were screened by genome-wide analysis. A total of 13 genes and proteins related to biofilm formation, including ManB, oppA, oppD, PDH, eno, RelA, msbA, deoA, gapA, rpoS, Adhesin P1 precursor, S-adenosine methionine synthetase, and methionyl tRNA synthetase were identified. There were five major discrepancies between the two isolated MG strains and the five NCBI-published MG strains. These findings provide potential targets for inhibiting the formation of biofilm of MG, and lay a foundation for treating chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jidong Li
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Ningxia Xiaoming Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shenghu He
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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2
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Storch Portal A, Schiquet S, Padilha Amaral B, Mascarenhas Krepsky L, Curbani L, Andrade Rebelo R, Rau M, Althoff SL, Guedes A, Mendes de Cordova CM. Composition, Antibiofilm, and Antibacterial Potential of Volatile Oils from Geopropolis of Different Stingless Bees' Species. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300592. [PMID: 37432091 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize and investigate the antibacterial potential of the native stingless bees geopropolis volatile oils (VO) for the search of potentially new bioactive compounds. Geopropolis samples from Melipona bicolor schencki, M. compressipes manaosensis, M. fasciculata, M. quadrifasciata, M. marginata and M. seminigra merrillae were collected from hives in South Brazil. VO were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterised by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antimicrobial activity was assessed by microplate dilution method. The lowest MIC against cell walled bacteria was 219±0 μg mL-1 from M. quadrifasciata geopropolis VO with Staphylococcus aureus. The M. b. schencki geopropolis VO minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) was 424±0 μg mL-1 against all the mycoplasma strains evaluated. Fractionation resulted in the reduction of 50 % of the MIC value from the original oil. However, its compounds' synergism seems to be essential to this activity. Antibiofilm assays demonstrated 15.25 % eradication activity and 13.20 % inhibition of biofilm formation after 24 h for one subfraction at 2× its MIC as the best results found. This may be one of the essential mechanisms by which geopropolis VOs perform their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Storch Portal
- Universidade de Blumenau, Graduation Program in Chemistry, Rua Antonio da Veiga 140, Campus I, Blumenau, SC, Brazil, 89030001
| | - Scarlet Schiquet
- Universidade de Blumenau, SC, School of Pharmacy, Rua São Paulo 2171, Campus III, Brazil
| | - Bruna Padilha Amaral
- Universidade de Blumenau, SC, School of Pharmacy, Rua São Paulo 2171, Campus III, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Curbani
- Universidade de Blumenau, SC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Antonio da Veiga 140, Campus I, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Rebelo
- Universidade de Blumenau, SC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Antonio da Veiga 140, Campus I, Brazil
| | - Martinho Rau
- Universidade de Blumenau, SC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Antonio da Veiga 140, Campus I, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luís Althoff
- Universidade de Blumenau, SC, Department of Natural Sciences, Rua Antonio da Veiga 140, Campus I, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Guedes
- Universidade de Blumenau, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rua São Paulo 2171, Campus 3, Blumenau, SC, Brazil, 89030001
| | - Caio Maurício Mendes de Cordova
- Universidade de Blumenau, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rua São Paulo 2171, Campus 3, Blumenau, SC, Brazil, 89030001
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3
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Gan T, Yu J, He J. miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA: targeted molecules with therapeutic promises in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:293. [PMID: 37477725 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is primarily recognized as a respiratory pathogen that causes community-acquired pneumonia, which can lead to acute upper and lower airway inflammation and extrapulmonary syndrome. Refractory pneumonia caused by MP can cause severe complications and even be life-threatening, particularly in infants and the elderly. It is well-known that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) represented by miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs have been manifested to be widely involved in the regulation of gene expression. Growing evidence indicates that these ncRNAs have distinct differentiated expression in MP infection and affect multiple biological processes, playing an indispensable role in the initiation and promotion of MP infection. However, the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development of MP infection remain unclear. This article reviews the mechanisms by which miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs mediate MP infection, such as inflammatory responses, apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Focusing on miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs associated with MP infection could provide new insights into this disease's early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gan
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jun He
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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4
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Bekő K, Nagy EZ, Grózner D, Kreizinger Z, Gyuranecz M. Biofilm formation and its impact on environmental survival and antibiotic resistance of Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis strains. Acta Vet Hung 2022; 70:184-191. [PMID: 36178765 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several Mycoplasma species can form biofilm, facilitating their survival in the environment, and shielding them from therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to examine the biofilm-forming ability and its potential effects on environmental survival and antibiotic resistance in Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis, the clinically and economically most important waterfowl Mycoplasma species. The biofilm-forming ability of 32 M. anserisalpingitidis strains was examined by crystal violet assay. Biofilms and planktonic cultures of the selected strains were exposed to a temperature of 50 °C (20 and 30 min), to desiccation at room temperature (16 and 24 h), or to various concentrations of eight different antibiotics. Crystal violet staining revealed great diversity in the biofilm-forming ability of the 32 tested M. anserisalpingitidis strains, with positive staining in more than half of them. Biofilms were found to be more resistant to heat and desiccation than planktonic cultures, while no correlation was shown between biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility. Our results indicate that M. anserisalpingitidis biofilms may contribute to the persistence of the organisms in the environment, which should be taken into account for proper management. Antibiotic susceptibility was not affected by biofilm formation; however, it is important to note that correlations were examined only in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Bekő
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária körút 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Zsófia Nagy
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária körút 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Grózner
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária körút 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária körút 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária körút 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Evsyutina DV, Semashko TA, Galyamina MA, Kovalchuk SI, Ziganshin RH, Ladygina VG, Fisunov GY, Pobeguts OV. Molecular Basis of the Slow Growth of Mycoplasma hominis on Different Energy Sources. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:918557. [PMID: 35873139 PMCID: PMC9301678 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.918557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic urogenital pathogen in vertebrates. It is a non-glycolytic species that produces energy via arginine degradation. Among genital mycoplasmas, M. hominis is the most commonly reported to play a role in systemic infections and can persist in the host for a long time. However, it is unclear how M. hominis proceeds under arginine limitation. The recent metabolic reconstruction of M. hominis has demonstrated its ability to catabolize deoxyribose phosphate to produce ATP. In this study, we cultivated M. hominis on two different energy sources (arginine and thymidine) and demonstrated the differences in growth rate, antibiotic sensitivity, and biofilm formation. Using label-free quantitative proteomics, we compared the proteome of M. hominis under these conditions. A total of 466 proteins were identified from M. hominis, representing approximately 85% of the predicted proteome, while the levels of 94 proteins changed significantly. As expected, we observed changes in the levels of metabolic enzymes. The energy source strongly affects the synthesis of enzymes related to RNA modifications and ribosome assembly. The translocation of lipoproteins and other membrane-associated proteins was also impaired. Our study, the first global characterization of the proteomic switching of M. hominis in arginine-deficiency media, illustrates energy source-dependent control of pathogenicity factors and can help to determine the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the growth rate and fitness of genome-reduced bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Evsyutina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine Nauchniy proezd 18, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Daria V. Evsyutina,
| | - Tatiana A. Semashko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine Nauchniy proezd 18, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Galyamina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Kovalchuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina G. Ladygina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb Y. Fisunov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine Nauchniy proezd 18, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Pobeguts
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Su X, You X, Luo H, Liang K, Chen L, Tian W, Ye Z, He J. Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome Toxin: Unique Exotoxin for M. pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:766591. [PMID: 34867898 PMCID: PMC8640204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection often causes respiratory diseases in humans, particularly in children and adults with atypical pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and is often exacerbated by co-infection with other lung diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin (CARDS TX) is the only exotoxin produced by M. pneumoniae and has been extensively studied for its ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) activity and cellular vacuolization properties. Additionally, CARDS TX induces inflammatory responses, resulting in cell swelling, nuclear lysis, mucus proliferation, and cell vacuolization. CARDS TX enters host cells by binding to the host receptor and is then reverse transported to the endoplasmic reticulum to exert its pathogenic effects. In this review, we focus on the structural characteristics, functional activity, distribution and receptors, mechanism of cell entry, and inflammatory response of CARDS TX was examined. Overall, the findings of this review provide a theoretical basis for further investigation of the mechanism of M. pneumoniae infection and the development of clinical diagnosis and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Su
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haodang Luo
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Keying Liang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zufeng Ye
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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8
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Pereyre S, Tardy F. Integrating the Human and Animal Sides of Mycoplasmas Resistance to Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1216. [PMID: 34680797 PMCID: PMC8532757 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections are frequent in humans, as well as in a broad range of animals. However, antimicrobial treatment options are limited, partly due to the lack of a cell wall in these peculiar bacteria. Both veterinary and human medicines are facing increasing resistance prevalence for the most commonly used drugs, despite different usage practices. To date, very few reviews have integrated knowledge on resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals, the latest dating back to 2014. To fill this gap, we examined, in parallel, antimicrobial usage, resistance mechanisms and either phenotype or genotype-based methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, as well as epidemiology of resistance of the most clinically relevant human and animal mycoplasma species. This review unveiled common features and differences that need to be taken into consideration in a "One Health" perspective. Lastly, two examples of critical cases of multiple drug resistance are highlighted, namely, the human M. genitalium and the animal M. bovis species, both of which can lead to the threat of untreatable infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pereyre
- USC EA 3671, Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Bacteriology Department, National Reference Center for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections, CHU Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Anses, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
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9
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Awadh AA, Kelly AF, Forster-Wilkins G, Wertheim D, Giddens R, Gould SW, Fielder MD. Visualisation and biovolume quantification in the characterisation of biofilm formation in Mycoplasma fermentans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11259. [PMID: 34045521 PMCID: PMC8160185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of mycoplasmas to persist on surfaces has been widely acknowledged, despite their fastidious nature. However, the organism's capability to form a recognisable biofilm structure has been identified more recently. In the current study Mycoplasma fermentans was found to adhere to the glass surface forming highly differentiated biofilm structures. The volumes of biofilm microcolonies were quantified and observed to be greater at late growth stage than those at early growth stage. The channel diameters within biofilms were measured with Scanning Electron Microscopy images and found to be consistent with the size observed in Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope images. The combination of imaging methods with 3D visualisation provides key findings that aid understanding of the mycoplasma biofilm formation and true biofilm architecture. The observations reported here provide better understanding of the persistence of these minimalist pathogens in nature and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Awadh
- School of Life Science Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Alison F Kelly
- School of Life Science Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Gary Forster-Wilkins
- School of Life Science Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - David Wertheim
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Chemistry Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Richard Giddens
- School of Life Science Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Simon W Gould
- School of Life Science Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Mark D Fielder
- School of Life Science Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK.
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10
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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11
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Feng M, Burgess AC, Cuellar RR, Schwab NR, Balish MF. Modelling persistent Mycoplasma pneumoniae biofilm infections in a submerged BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial tissue culture model. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33170120 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Infections with the respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae are often chronic, recurrent and resistant, persisting after antibiotic treatment. M. pneumoniae grown on glass forms protective biofilms, consistent with a role for biofilms in persistence. These biofilms consist of towers of bacteria interspersed with individual adherent cells.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. A tissue culture model for M. pneumoniae biofilms has not been described or evaluated to address whether growth, development and resistance properties are consistent with persistence in the host. Moreover, it is unclear whether the M. pneumoniae cells in the biofilm towers and individual bacterial cells have distinct roles in disease.Aim. We evaluated the properties of biofilms of M. pneumoniae grown on the immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B in relation to persistence in the host. We observed nucleation of biofilm towers and the disposition of individual cells in culture, leading to a model of how tower and individual cells contribute to infection and disease.Methodology. With submerged BEAS-2B cells as a substrate, we evaluated growth and development of M. pneumoniae biofilms using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We characterized resistance to erythromycin and complement using minimum inhibitory concentration assays and quantification of colony forming units. We monitored biofilm tower formation using time-lapse microscopic analysis of host-cell-free M. pneumoniae cultures.Results. Bacteria grown on host cells underwent similar development to those grown without host cells, including tower formation, rounding and incidence of individual cells outside towers. Erythromycin and complement significantly reduced growth of M. pneumoniae. Towers formed exclusively from pre-existing aggregates of bacteria. We discuss a model of the M. pneumoniae biofilm life cycle in which protective towers derive from pre-existing aggregates, and generate individual cytotoxic cells.Conclusion . M. pneumoniae can form protective biofilms in a tissue culture model, implicating biofilms in chronic infections, with aggregates of M. pneumoniae cells being important for establishing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Feng
- Present address: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical College, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Amanda C Burgess
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Rachel R Cuellar
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Nathan R Schwab
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Daubenspeck JM, Totten AH, Needham J, Feng M, Balish MF, Atkinson TP, Dybvig K. Mycoplasma genitalium Biofilms Contain Poly-GlcNAc and Contribute to Antibiotic Resistance. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:585524. [PMID: 33193233 PMCID: PMC7652822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.585524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is an important etiologic agent of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), known for chronicity and multidrug resistance, in which biofilms may play an integral role. In some bacterial species capable of forming biofilms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composed of poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) are a crucial component of the matrix. Monosaccharide analysis of M. genitalium strains revealed high abundance of GlcNAc, suggesting a biofilm-specific EPS. Chromatograms also showed high concentrations of galactose and glucose as observed in other mycoplasma species. Fluorescence microscopy of M. genitalium biofilms utilizing fluor-coupled lectins revealed differential staining of biofilm structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed increasing maturation over time of bacterial “towers” seen in biofilm development. As seen with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, organisms within fully mature M. genitalium biofilms exhibited loss of cell polarization. Bacteria associated with disrupted biofilms exhibited decreased dose-dependent viability after treatment with antibiotics compared to bacteria with intact biofilms. In addition, growth index analysis demonstrated decreases in metabolism in cultures with disrupted biofilms with antibiotic treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that M. genitalium biofilms are a contributing factor in antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Daubenspeck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Arthur H Totten
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jason Needham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Monica Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell F Balish
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kevin Dybvig
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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