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Nishitani A, Hiramatsu K, Kadooka C, Hiroshima K, Sawada K, Okutsu K, Yoshizaki Y, Takamine K, Goto M, Tamaki H, Futagami T. Overexpression of the DHA1 family, ChlH and ChlK, leads to enhanced dicarboxylic acids production in koji fungi, Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii and Aspergillus oryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:281-289. [PMID: 38331655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The white koji fungus Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii secretes substantial amounts of citric acid through the expression of the citric acid exporter CexA, a member of the DHA1 family. In this study, we aimed to characterize 11 CexA homologs (Chl proteins) encoded in the genome of A. luchuensis mut. kawachii to identify novel transporters useful for organic acid production. We constructed overexpression strains of chl genes using a cexA disruptant of the A. luchuensis mut. kawachii as the host strain, which prevented excessive secretion of citric acid into the culture supernatant. Subsequently, we evaluated the effects of overexpression of chl on producing organic acids by analyzing the culture supernatant. All overexpression strains did not exhibit significant citric acid accumulation in the culture supernatant, indicating that Chl proteins are not responsible for citric acid export. Furthermore, the ChlH overexpression strain displayed an accumulation of 2-oxoglutaric and fumaric acids in the culture supernatant, while the ChlK overexpression strain exhibited the accumulation of 2-oxoglutaric, malic and succinic acids. Notably, the ChlH and ChlK overexpression led to a substantial increase in the production of 2-oxoglutaric acid, reaching approximately 25 mM and 50 mM, respectively. Furthermore, ChlH and ChlK overexpression also significantly increased the secretory production of dicarboxylic acids, including 2-oxoglutaric acid, in the yellow koji fungus, Aspergillus oryzae. Our study demonstrates that overexpression of DHA1 family gene results in enhanced secretion of organic acids in koji fungi of the genus Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nishitani
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Center for Advanced Science Research and Promotion, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hiramatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kadooka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hiroshima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | | | - Kayu Okutsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshizaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takamine
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Goto
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hisanori Tamaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Taiki Futagami
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Sá-Correia I, Godinho CP. Exploring the biological function of efflux pumps for the development of superior industrial yeasts. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:32-41. [PMID: 34781103 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the mechanisms used by yeasts to overcome the deleterious effects of chemical and other environmental stresses is the activity of plasma membrane efflux pumps involved in multidrug resistance (MDR), a role on the focus of intensive research for years in pathogenic yeasts. More recently, these active transporters belonging to the MFS (Drug: H+ antiporters) or the ABC superfamily have been involved in resistance to xenobiotic compounds and in the transport of substrates with a clear physiological role. This review paper focuses on these putative efflux pumps concerning their tolerance phenotypes towards bioprocess-specific multiple stress factors, expression levels, physiological roles, and mechanisms by which they may lead to multistress resistance. Their association with the increased secretion of metabolites and other bioproducts and in the development of more robust superior strains for Yeast Chemical Biotechnology is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia P Godinho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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3
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Role of CgTpo4 in Polyamine and Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance: Determining Virulence in Candida glabrata. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031376. [PMID: 33573089 PMCID: PMC7866538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an emerging fungal pathogen whose success depends on its ability to resist antifungal drugs but also to thrive against host defenses. In this study, the predicted multidrug transporter CgTpo4 (encoded by ORF CAGL0L10912g) is described as a new determinant of virulence in C. glabrata, using the infection model Galleria mellonella. The CgTPO4 gene was found to be required for the C. glabrata ability to kill G. mellonella. The transporter encoded by this gene is also necessary for antimicrobial peptide (AMP) resistance, specifically against histatin-5. Interestingly, G. mellonella’s AMP expression was found to be strongly activated in response to C. glabrata infection, suggesting AMPs are a key antifungal defense. CgTpo4 was also found to be a plasma membrane exporter of polyamines, especially spermidine, suggesting that CgTpo4 is able to export polyamines and AMPs, thus conferring resistance to both stress agents. Altogether, this study presents the polyamine exporter CgTpo4 as a determinant of C. glabrata virulence, which acts by protecting the yeast cells from the overexpression of AMPs, deployed as a host defense mechanism.
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Galocha M, Costa IV, Teixeira MC. Carrier-Mediated Drug Uptake in Fungal Pathogens. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111324. [PMID: 33182427 PMCID: PMC7697741 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species are the most frequent cause of severe human fungal infections. Clinically relevant antifungal drugs are scarce, and their effectiveness are hampered by the ability of fungal cells to develop drug resistance mechanisms. Drug effectiveness and drug resistance in human pathogens is very often affected by their “transportome”. Many studies have covered a panoply of drug resistance mechanisms that depend on drug efflux pumps belonging to the ATP-Binding Cassette and Major Facilitator Superfamily. However, the study of drug uptake mechanisms has been, to some extent, overlooked in pathogenic fungi. This review focuses on discussing current knowledge on drug uptake systems in fungal pathogens, highlighting the need for further studies on this topic of great importance. The following subjects are covered: (i) drugs imported by known transporter(s) in pathogenic fungi; and (ii) drugs imported by known transporter(s) in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or in human parasites, aimed at the identification of their homologs in pathogenic fungi. Besides its contribution to increase the understanding of drug-pathogen interactions, the practical implications of identifying drug importers in human pathogens are discussed, particularly focusing on drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.V.C.)
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Vieira Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.V.C.)
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.V.C.)
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-841-7772; Fax: +351-21-841-9199
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5
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Utami ST, Indriani CI, Bowolaksono A, Yaguchi T, Chen X, Niimi K, Niimi M, Kajiwara S. Identification and functional characterization of Penicillium marneffei major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1373-1383. [PMID: 32163007 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1732185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PENICILLIUM MARNEFFEI is a thermally dimorphic fungus that causes penicilliosis, and become the third-most-common opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised patients in Southeast Asia. Azoles and amphotericin B have been introduced for the treatment, however, it is important to investigate possible mechanisms of azole resistance for future treatment failure. We identified 177 putative MFS transporters and classified into 17 subfamilies. Among those, members of the Drug:H+ antiporter 1 subfamily are known to confer resistance to antifungals. Out of 39 paralogs, three (encoded by PmMDR1, PmMDR2, and PmMDR3) were heterologously overexpressed in S. cerevisiae AD∆ conferred resistance to various drugs and compounds including azoles, albeit to different degrees. PmMDR1-expressing strain showed resistance to the broadest range of drugs, followed by the PmMDR3, and PmMDR2 conferred weak resistance to a limited range of drugs. We conclude that PmMDR1 and PmMDR3, may be able to serve as multidrug efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyowati T Utami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carissa I Indriani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biology School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia , Depok, Indonesia
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia , Depok, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University , Chiba, Japan
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Niimi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Niimi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Santos R, Cavalheiro M, Costa C, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Okamoto M, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. Screening the Drug:H + Antiporter Family for a Role in Biofilm Formation in Candida glabrata. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 32117803 PMCID: PMC7010593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation and drug resistance are two key pathogenesis traits exhibited by Candida glabrata as a human pathogen. Interestingly, specific pathways appear to be in the crossroad between the two phenomena, making them promising targets for drug development. In this study, the 10 multidrug resistance transporters of the Drug:H+ Antiporter family of C. glabrata were screened for a role in biofilm formation. Besides previously identified players in this process, namely CgTpo1_2 and CgQdr2, two others are shown to contribute to biofilm formation: CgDtr1 and CgTpo4. The deletion of each of these genes was found to lead to lower biofilm formation, in both SDB and RPMI media, while their expression was found to increase during biofilm development and to be controlled by the transcription factor CgTec1, a predicted key regulator of biofilm formation. Additionally, the deletion of CgDTR1, CgTPO4, or even CgQDR2 was found to increase plasma membrane potential and lead to decreased expression of adhesin encoding genes, particularly CgALS1 and CgEPA1, during biofilm formation. Although the exact role of these drug transporters in biofilm formation remains elusive, our current model suggests that their control over membrane potential by the transport of charged molecules, may affect the perception of nutrient availability, which in turn may delay the triggering of adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Pereira R, Wei Y, Mohamed E, Radi M, Malina C, Herrgård MJ, Feist AM, Nielsen J, Chen Y. Adaptive laboratory evolution of tolerance to dicarboxylic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2019; 56:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Physiological Genomics of Multistress Resistance in the Yeast Cell Model and Factory: Focus on MDR/MXR Transporters. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 58:1-35. [PMID: 30911887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary approach of physiological genomics is vital in providing the indispensable holistic understanding of the complexity of the molecular targets, signalling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the responses and tolerance to stress, a topic of paramount importance in biology and biotechnology. This chapter focuses on the toxicity and tolerance to relevant stresses in the cell factory and eukaryotic model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Emphasis is given to the function and regulation of multidrug/multixenobiotic resistance (MDR/MXR) transporters. Although these transporters have been considered drug/xenobiotic efflux pumps, the exact mechanism of their involvement in multistress resistance is still open to debate, as highlighted in this chapter. Given the conservation of transport mechanisms from S. cerevisiae to less accessible eukaryotes such as plants, this chapter also provides a proof of concept that validates the relevance of the exploitation of the experimental yeast model to uncover the function of novel MDR/MXR transporters in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. This knowledge can be explored for guiding the rational design of more robust yeast strains with improved performance for industrial biotechnology, for overcoming and controlling the deleterious activities of spoiling yeasts in the food industry, for developing efficient strategies to improve crop productivity in agricultural biotechnology.
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9
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Rocha RO, Wilson RA. Essential, deadly, enigmatic: Polyamine metabolism and roles in fungal cells. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Host-Pathogen Interactions Mediated by MDR Transporters in Fungi: As Pleiotropic as it Gets! Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070332. [PMID: 30004464 PMCID: PMC6071111 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species are an increasing problem worldwide, associated with very high mortality rates. The successful prevalence of these human pathogens is due to their ability to thrive in stressful host niche colonization sites, to tolerate host immune system-induced stress, and to resist antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the key role played by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and the major facilitator superfamilies (MFS), in mediating fungal resistance to pathogenesis-related stresses. These clearly include the extrusion of antifungal drugs, with C. albicans CDR1 and MDR1 genes, and corresponding homologs in other fungal pathogens, playing a key role in this phenomenon. More recently, however, clues on the transcriptional regulation and physiological roles of MDR transporters, including the transport of lipids, ions, and small metabolites, have emerged, linking these transporters to important pathogenesis features, such as resistance to host niche environments, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and virulence. The wider view of the activity of MDR transporters provided in this review highlights their relevance beyond drug resistance and the need to develop therapeutic strategies that successfully face the challenges posed by the pleiotropic nature of these transporters.
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Postnikoff SD, Johnson JE, Tyler JK. The integrated stress response in budding yeast lifespan extension. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2017; 4:368-375. [PMID: 29167799 PMCID: PMC5695854 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.11.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex, multi-factorial biological process shared by all living organisms. It is manifested by a gradual accumulation of molecular alterations that lead to the decline of normal physiological functions in a time-dependent fashion. The ultimate goal of aging research is to develop therapeutic means to extend human lifespan, while reducing susceptibility to many age-related diseases including cancer, as well as metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. However, this first requires elucidation of the causes of aging, which has been greatly facilitated by the use of model organisms. In particular, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been invaluable in the identification of conserved molecular and cellular determinants of aging and for the development of approaches to manipulate these aging determinants to extend lifespan. Strikingly, where examined, virtually all means to experimentally extend lifespan result in the induction of cellular stress responses. This review describes growing evidence in yeast that activation of the integrated stress response contributes significantly to lifespan extension. These findings demonstrate that yeast remains a powerful model system for elucidating conserved mechanisms to achieve lifespan extension that are likely to drive therapeutic approaches to extend human lifespan and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spike D.L. Postnikoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jay E. Johnson
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Cold Spring, NY
| | - Jessica K. Tyler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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Villers J, Savocco J, Szopinska A, Degand H, Nootens S, Morsomme P. Study of the Plasma Membrane Proteome Dynamics Reveals Novel Targets of the Nitrogen Regulation in Yeast. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1652-1668. [PMID: 28679684 PMCID: PMC5587864 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells, to be able to grow on a wide variety of nitrogen sources, regulate the set of nitrogen transporters present at their plasma membrane. Such regulation relies on both transcriptional and post-translational events. Although microarray studies have identified most nitrogen-sensitive genes, nitrogen-induced post-translational regulation has only been studied for very few proteins among which the general amino acid permease Gap1. Adding a preferred nitrogen source to proline-grown cells triggers Gap1 endocytosis and vacuolar degradation in an Rsp5-Bul1/2-dependent manner. Here, we used a proteomic approach to follow the dynamics of the plasma membrane proteome after addition of a preferred nitrogen source. We identified new targets of the nitrogen regulation and four transporters of poor nitrogen sources-Put4, Opt2, Dal5, and Ptr2-that rapidly decrease in abundance. Although the kinetics is different for each transporter, we found that three of them-Put4, Dal5, and Ptr2-are endocytosed, like Gap1, in an Rsp5-dependent manner and degraded in the vacuole. Finally, we showed that Gap1 stabilization at the plasma membrane, through deletion of Bul proteins, regulates the abundance of Put4, Dal5 and Ptr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Villers
- From the ‡Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Jérôme Savocco
- From the ‡Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Aleksandra Szopinska
- From the ‡Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Hervé Degand
- From the ‡Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Sylvain Nootens
- From the ‡Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- From the ‡Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
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Yeast response and tolerance to benzoic acid involves the Gcn4- and Stp1-regulated multidrug/multixenobiotic resistance transporter Tpo1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5005-5018. [PMID: 28409382 PMCID: PMC5486834 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The action of benzoic acid in the food and beverage industries is compromised by the ability of spoilage yeasts to cope with this food preservative. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and is an intermediate compound in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response and resistance to benzoic acid stress in the eukaryotic model yeast is thus crucial to design more suitable strategies to deal with this toxic lipophilic weak acid. In this study, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae multidrug transporter Tpo1 was demonstrated to confer resistance to benzoic acid. TPO1 transcript levels were shown to be up-regulated in yeast cells suddenly exposed to this stress agent. This up-regulation is under the control of the Gcn4 and Stp1 transcription factors, involved in the response to amino acid availability, but not under the regulation of the multidrug resistance transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3 that have binding sites in TPO1 promoter region. Benzoic acid stress was further shown to affect the intracellular pool of amino acids and polyamines. The observed decrease in the concentration of these nitrogenous compounds, registered upon benzoic acid stress exposure, was not found to be dependent on Tpo1, although the limitation of yeast cells on nitrogenous compounds was found to activate Tpo1 expression. Altogether, the results described in this study suggest that Tpo1 is one of the key players standing in the crossroad between benzoic acid stress response and tolerance and the control of the intracellular concentration of nitrogenous compounds. Also, results can be useful to guide the design of more efficient preservation strategies and the biotechnological synthesis of benzoic acid or benzoic acid-derived compounds.
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Santos R, Costa C, Mil-Homens D, Romão D, de Carvalho CCCR, Pais P, Mira NP, Fialho AM, Teixeira MC. The multidrug resistance transporters CgTpo1_1 and CgTpo1_2 play a role in virulence and biofilm formation in the human pathogen Candida glabrata. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 27780306 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of persistence and virulence associated with Candida glabrata infections are poorly understood, limiting the ability to fight this fungal pathogen. In this study, the multidrug resistance transporters CgTpo1_1 and CgTpo1_2 are shown to play a role in C. glabrata virulence. The survival of the infection model Galleria mellonella, infected with C. glabrata, was found to increase upon the deletion of either CgTPO1_1 or CgTPO1_2. The underlying mechanisms were further explored. In the case of CgTpo1_1, this phenotype was found to be consistent with the observation that it confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMP), such as the human AMP histatin-5. The deletion of CgTPO1_2, on the other hand, was found to limit the survival of C. glabrata cells when exposed to phagocytosis and impair biofilm formation. Interestingly, CgTPO1_2 expression was found to be up-regulated during biofilm formation, but and its deletion leads to a decreased expression of adhesin-encoding genes during biofilm formation, which is consistent with a role in biofilm formation. CgTPO1_2 expression was further seen to decrease plasma membrane potential and affect ergosterol and fatty acid content. Altogether, CgTpo1_1 and CgTpo1_2 appear to play an important role in the virulence of C. glabrata infections, being at the cross-road between multidrug resistance and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dalila Mil-Homens
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Romão
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla C C R de Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno P Mira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arsénio M Fialho
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Joshi RG, Ratna Prabha C. Degrons of yeast and mammalian ornithine decarboxylase enzymes make potent combination for regulated targeted protein degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2905-2917. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Guerreiro JF, Sampaio-Marques B, Soares R, Coelho AV, Leão C, Ludovico P, Sá-Correia I. Mitochondrial proteomics of the acetic acid - induced programmed cell death response in a highly tolerant Zygosaccharomyces bailii - derived hybrid strain. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:65-78. [PMID: 28357336 PMCID: PMC5349105 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.02.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Very high concentrations of acetic acid at low pH induce programmed cell death
(PCD) in both the experimental model Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and in Zygosaccharomyces bailii, the latter being considered
the most problematic acidic food spoilage yeast due to its remarkable intrinsic
resistance to this food preservative. However, while the mechanisms underlying
S. cerevisiae PCD induced by acetic acid have been
previously examined, the corresponding molecular players remain largely unknown
in Z. bailii. Also, the reason why acetic acid concentrations
known to be necrotic for S. cerevisiae induce PCD with an
apoptotic phenotype in Z. bailii remains to be elucidated. In
this study, a 2-DE-based expression mitochondrial proteomic analysis was
explored to obtain new insights into the mechanisms involved in PCD in the
Z. bailii derived hybrid strain ISA1307. This allowed the
quantitative assessment of expression of protein species derived from each of
the parental strains, with special emphasis on the processes taking place in the
mitochondria known to play a key role in acetic acid - induced PCD. A marked
decrease in the content of proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism, in
particular, in respiratory metabolism (Cor1, Rip1, Lpd1, Lat1 and Pdb1), with a
concomitant increase in the abundance of proteins involved in fermentation
(Pdc1, Ald4, Dld3) was registered. Other differentially expressed identified
proteins also suggest the involvement of the oxidative stress response, protein
translation, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, among other processes, in the
PCD response. Overall, the results strengthen the emerging concept of the
importance of metabolic regulation of yeast PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Guerreiro
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Renata Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana V Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cecília Leão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Engineering degrons of yeast ornithine decarboxylase as vehicles for efficient targeted protein degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2452-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Remaining Mysteries of Molecular Biology: The Role of Polyamines in the Cell. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3389-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Alao JP, Weber AM, Shabro A, Sunnerhagen P. Suppression of sensitivity to drugs and antibiotics by high external cation concentrations in fission yeast. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119297. [PMID: 25793410 PMCID: PMC4368599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potassium ion homeostasis plays an important role in regulating membrane potential and therefore resistance to cations, antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and other yeasts. However, the precise relationship between drug resistance in S. pombe and external potassium concentrations (particularly in its natural habitats) remains unclear. S. pombe can tolerate a wide range of external potassium concentrations which in turn affect plasma membrane polarization. We thus hypothesized that high external potassium concentrations suppress the sensitivity of this yeast to various drugs. METHODS We have investigated the effect of external KCl concentrations on the sensitivity of S. pombe cells to a wide range of antibiotics, antimicrobial agents and chemotherapeutic drugs. We employed survival assays, immunoblotting and microscopy for these studies. RESULTS We demonstrate that KCl, and to a lesser extent NaCl and RbCl can suppress the sensitivity of S. pombe to a wide range of antibiotics. Ammonium chloride and potassium hydrogen sulphate also suppressed drug sensitivity. This effect appears to depend in part on changes to membrane polarization and membrane transport proteins. Interestingly, we have found little relationship between the suppressive effect of KCl on sensitivity and the structure, polarity or solubility of the various compounds investigated. CONCLUSIONS High concentrations of external potassium and other cations suppress sensitivity to a wide range of drugs in S. pombe. Potassium-rich environments may thus provide S. pombe a competitive advantage in nature. Modulating potassium ion homeostasis may sensitize pathogenic fungi to antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Alao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrea M. Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Aidin Shabro
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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20
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Improvement of acetic acid tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a zinc-finger-based artificial transcription factor and identification of novel genes involved in acetic acid tolerance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2441-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Novel role of a family of major facilitator transporters in biofilm development and virulence of Candida albicans. Biochem J 2014; 460:223-35. [PMID: 24621232 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The QDR (quinidine drug resistance) family of genes encodes transporters belonging to the MFS (major facilitator superfamily) of proteins. We show that QDR transporters, which are localized to the plasma membrane, do not play a role in drug transport. Hence, null mutants of QDR1, QDR2 and QDR3 display no alterations in susceptibility to azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, polyamines or quinolines, or to cell wall inhibitors and many other stresses. However, the deletion of QDR genes, individually or collectively, led to defects in biofilm architecture and thickness. Interestingly, QDR-lacking strains also displayed attenuated virulence, but the strongest effect was observed with qdr2∆, qdr3∆ and in qdr1/2/3∆ strains. Notably, the attenuated virulence and biofilm defects could be reversed upon reintegration of QDR genes. Transcripts profiling confirmed differential expression of many biofilm and virulence-related genes in the deletion strains as compared with wild-type Candida albicans cells. Furthermore, lipidomic analysis of QDR-deletion mutants suggests massive remodelling of lipids, which may affect cell signalling, leading to the defect in biofilm development and attenuation of virulence. In summary, the results of the present study show that QDR paralogues encoding MFS antiporters do not display conserved functional linkage as drug transporters and perform functions that significantly affect the virulence of C. albicans.
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22
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Berra S, Ayachi S, Ramotar D. Upregulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae efflux pump Tpo1 rescues an Imp2 transcription factor-deficient mutant from bleomycin toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:518-524. [PMID: 24599794 DOI: 10.1002/em.21865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Yeast mutants lacking the transcriptional co-activator Imp2 are hypersensitive to the anticancer drug bleomycin, although the gene targets involved in this process remain elusive. A search for multicopy suppressors that rescue the imp2Δ mutant from bleomycin toxicity revealed the transcriptional activator Yap1, which can turn on many target genes such as transporters involved in regulating drug resistance. We show that YAP1 overexpression stimulated the expression of the TPO1 gene encoding a polyamine efflux pump, and that Yap1 failed to rescue the imp2Δ mutant from bleomycin toxicity in the absence of the TPO1 gene. Moreover, TPO1 overexpression, and not the related transporter gene QDR3, conferred upon the tpo1Δ imp2Δ double mutant parental resistance to bleomycin. We conclude that YAP1 overexpression rescues the imp2Δ mutant from bleomycin toxicity by triggering Tpo1 expression to expel the drug. Our data provide the first evidence that bleomycin could be a substrate for the Tpo1 efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Berra
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, University of Montreal, 2nd Floor J.A DeSeve, 5415 de L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Costa C, Dias PJ, Sá-Correia I, Teixeira MC. MFS multidrug transporters in pathogenic fungi: do they have real clinical impact? Front Physiol 2014; 5:197. [PMID: 24904431 PMCID: PMC4035561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens have reached concerning numbers due to the increase of the immunocrompromised human population and to the development of antifungal resistance. This resistance is often attributed to the action of multidrug efflux pumps, belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily and the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Although many studies have focused on the role of ABC multidrug efflux transporters, little is still known on the part played by the Drug:H+ Antiporter (DHA) family of the MFS in this context. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role in antifungal drug resistance, mode of action and phylogenetic relations of DHA transporters, from the model yeast S. cerevisiae to pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi. Through the compilation of the predicted DHA transporters in the medically relevant Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus species, the fact that only 5% of the DHA transporters from these organisms have been characterized so far is evidenced. The role of these transporters in antifungal drug resistance and in pathogen-host interaction is described and their clinical relevance discussed. Given the knowledge gathered for these few DHA transporters, the need to carry out a systematic characterization of the DHA multidrug efflux pumps in fungal pathogens, with emphasis on their clinical relevance, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Costa
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Dias
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Dos Santos SC, Teixeira MC, Dias PJ, Sá-Correia I. MFS transporters required for multidrug/multixenobiotic (MD/MX) resistance in the model yeast: understanding their physiological function through post-genomic approaches. Front Physiol 2014; 5:180. [PMID: 24847282 PMCID: PMC4021133 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug/Multixenobiotic resistance (MDR/MXR) is a widespread phenomenon with clinical, agricultural and biotechnological implications, where MDR/MXR transporters that are presumably able to catalyze the efflux of multiple cytotoxic compounds play a key role in the acquisition of resistance. However, although these proteins have been traditionally considered drug exporters, the physiological function of MDR/MXR transporters and the exact mechanism of their involvement in resistance to cytotoxic compounds are still open to debate. In fact, the wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated substrates that these transporters are presumably able to export has puzzled researchers for years. The discussion has now shifted toward the possibility of at least some MDR/MXR transporters exerting their effect as the result of a natural physiological role in the cell, rather than through the direct export of cytotoxic compounds, while the hypothesis that MDR/MXR transporters may have evolved in nature for other purposes than conferring chemoprotection has been gaining momentum in recent years. This review focuses on the drug transporters of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS; drug:H+ antiporters) in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New insights into the natural roles of these transporters are described and discussed, focusing on the knowledge obtained or suggested by post-genomic research. The new information reviewed here provides clues into the unexpectedly complex roles of these transporters, including a proposed indirect regulation of the stress response machinery and control of membrane potential and/or internal pH, with a special emphasis on a genome-wide view of the regulation and evolution of MDR/MXR-MFS transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Dos Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Dias
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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25
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Dikicioglu D, Oc S, Rash BM, Dunn WB, Pir P, Kell DB, Kirdar B, Oliver SG. Yeast cells with impaired drug resistance accumulate glycerol and glucose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:93-102. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25512j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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26
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Inferring the effective TOR-dependent network: a computational study in yeast. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:84. [PMID: 24005029 PMCID: PMC4016608 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Calorie restriction (CR) is one of the most conserved non-genetic interventions that extends healthspan in evolutionarily distant species, ranging from yeast to mammals. The target of rapamycin (TOR) has been shown to play a key role in mediating healthspan extension in response to CR by integrating different signals that monitor nutrient-availability and orchestrating various components of cellular machinery in response. Both genetic and pharmacological interventions that inhibit the TOR pathway exhibit a similar phenotype, which is not further amplified by CR. Results In this paper, we present the first comprehensive, computationally derived map of TOR downstream effectors, with the objective of discovering key lifespan mediators, their crosstalk, and high-level organization. We adopt a systematic approach for tracing information flow from the TOR complex and use it to identify relevant signaling elements. By constructing a high-level functional map of TOR downstream effectors, we show that our approach is not only capable of recapturing previously known pathways, but also suggests potential targets for future studies. Information flow scores provide an aggregate ranking of relevance of proteins with respect to the TOR signaling pathway. These rankings must be normalized for degree bias, appropriately interpreted, and mapped to associated roles in pathways. We propose a novel statistical framework for integrating information flow scores, the set of differentially expressed genes in response to rapamycin treatment, and the transcriptional regulatory network. We use this framework to identify the most relevant transcription factors in mediating the observed transcriptional response, and to construct the effective response network of the TOR pathway. This network is hypothesized to mediate life-span extension in response to TOR inhibition. Conclusions Our approach, unlike experimental methods, is not limited to specific aspects of cellular response. Rather, it predicts transcriptional changes and post-translational modifications in response to TOR inhibition. The constructed effective response network greatly enhances understanding of the mechanisms underlying the aging process and helps in identifying new targets for further investigation of anti-aging regimes. It also allows us to identify potential network biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of age-related pathologies.
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27
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Costa C, Henriques A, Pires C, Nunes J, Ohno M, Chibana H, Sá-Correia I, Teixeira MC. The dual role of candida glabrata drug:H+ antiporter CgAqr1 (ORF CAGL0J09944g) in antifungal drug and acetic acid resistance. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:170. [PMID: 23805133 PMCID: PMC3693063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic Candida species often have to cope with inhibitory concentrations of acetic acid, in the acidic environment of the vaginal mucosa. Given that the ability of these yeast species to tolerate stress induced by weak acids and antifungal drugs appears to be a key factor in their persistence and virulence, it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the drug:H+ antiporter CgAqr1 (ORF CAGL0J09944g), from Candida glabrata, was identified as a determinant of resistance to acetic acid, and also to the antifungal agents flucytosine and, less significantly, clotrimazole. These antifungals were found to act synergistically with acetic acid against this pathogen. The action of CgAqr1 in this phenomenon was analyzed. Using a green fluorescent protein fusion, CgAqr1 was found to localize to the plasma membrane and to membrane vesicles when expressed in C. glabrata or, heterologously, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Given its ability to complement the susceptibility phenotype of its S. cerevisiae homolog, ScAqr1, CgAqr1 was proposed to play a similar role in mediating the extrusion of chemical compounds. Significantly, the expression of this gene was found to reduce the intracellular accumulation of 3H-flucytosine and, to a moderate extent, of 3H-clotrimazole, consistent with a direct role in antifungal drug efflux. Interestingly, no effect of CgAQR1 deletion could be found on the intracellular accumulation of 14C-acetic acid, suggesting that its role in acetic acid resistance may be indirect, presumably through the transport of a still unidentified physiological substrate. Although neither of the tested chemicals induces changes in CgAQR1 expression, pre-exposure to flucytosine or clotrimazole was found to make C. glabrata cells more sensitive to acetic acid stress. Results from this study show that CgAqr1 is an antifungal drug resistance determinant and raise the hypothesis that it may play a role in C. glabrata persistent colonization and multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal ; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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Candida glabrata drug:H+ antiporter CgQdr2 confers imidazole drug resistance, being activated by transcription factor CgPdr1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3159-67. [PMID: 23629708 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00811-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread emergence of antifungal drug resistance poses a severe clinical problem. Though predicted to play a role in this phenomenon, the drug:H(+) antiporters (DHA) of the major facilitator superfamily have largely escaped characterization in pathogenic yeasts. This work describes the first DHA from the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata reported to be involved in antifungal drug resistance, the C. glabrata QDR2 (CgQDR2) gene (ORF CAGL0G08624g). The expression of CgQDR2 in C. glabrata was found to confer resistance to the antifungal drugs miconazole, tioconazole, clotrimazole, and ketoconazole. By use of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, the CgQdr2 protein was found to be targeted to the plasma membrane in C. glabrata. In agreement with these observations, CgQDR2 expression was found to decrease the intracellular accumulation of radiolabeled clotrimazole in C. glabrata and to play a role in the extrusion of this antifungal from preloaded cells. Interestingly, the functional heterologous expression of CgQDR2 in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae further confirmed the role of this gene as a multidrug resistance determinant: its expression was able to complement the susceptibility phenotype exhibited by its S. cerevisiae homologue, QDR2, in the presence of imidazoles and of the antimalarial and antiarrhythmic drug quinidine. In contrast to the findings reported for Qdr2, CgQdr2 expression does not contribute to the ability of yeast to grow under K(+)-limiting conditions. Interestingly, CgQDR2 transcript levels were seen to be upregulated in C. glabrata cells challenged with clotrimazole or quinidine. This upregulation was found to depend directly on the transcription factor CgPdr1, the major regulator of multidrug resistance in this pathogenic yeast, which has also been found to be a determinant of quinidine and clotrimazole resistance in C. glabrata.
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29
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Candida albicans flu1-mediated efflux of salivary histatin 5 reduces its cytosolic concentration and fungicidal activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1832-9. [PMID: 23380720 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02295-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a salivary human antimicrobial peptide that is toxic to the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. Fungicidal activity of Hst 5 requires intracellular translocation and accumulation to a threshold concentration for it to disrupt cellular processes. Previously, we observed that total cytosolic levels of Hst 5 were gradually reduced from intact cells, suggesting that C. albicans possesses a transport mechanism for efflux of Hst 5. Since we identified C. albicans polyamine transporters responsible for Hst 5 uptake, we hypothesized that one or more polyamine efflux transporters may be involved in the efflux of Hst 5. C. albicans FLU1 and TPO2 were found to be the closest homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TPO1, which encodes a major spermidine efflux transporter, indicating that the products of these two genes may be involved in efflux of Hst 5. We found that flu1Δ/Δ cells, but not tpo2Δ/Δ cells, had significant reductions in their rates of Hst 5 efflux and had significantly higher cytoplasmic Hst 5 and Hst 5 susceptibilities than did the wild type. We also found that flu1Δ/Δ cells had reduced biofilm formation compared to wild-type cells in the presence of Hst 5. Transcriptional levels of FLU1 were not altered over the course of treatment with Hst 5; therefore, Hst 5 is not likely to induce FLU1 gene overexpression as a potential mechanism of resistance. Thus, Flu1, but not Tpo2, mediates efflux of Hst 5 and is responsible for reduction of its toxicity in C. albicans.
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The yeast ABC transporter Pdr18 (ORF YNR070w) controls plasma membrane sterol composition, playing a role in multidrug resistance. Biochem J 2012; 440:195-202. [PMID: 21831043 PMCID: PMC3215286 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The action of multidrug efflux pumps in MDR (multidrug resistance) acquisition has been proposed to partially depend on the transport of physiological substrates which may indirectly affect drug partition and transport across cell membranes. In the present study, the PDR18 gene [ORF (open reading frame) YNR070w], encoding a putative PDR (pleiotropic drug resistance) transporter of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, was found to mediate plasma membrane sterol incorporation in yeast. The physiological role of Pdr18 is demonstrated to affect plasma membrane potential and is proposed to underlie its action as a MDR determinant, conferring resistance to the herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The action of Pdr18 in yeast tolerance to 2,4-D, which was found to contribute to reduce [(14)C]2,4-D intracellular accumulation, may be indirect, given the observation that 2,4-D exposure deeply affects the sterol plasma membrane composition, this effect being much stronger in a Δpdr18 background. PDR18 activation under 2,4-D stress is regulated by the transcription factors Nrg1, controlling carbon source availability and the stress response, and, less significantly, Yap1, involved in oxidative stress and MDR, and Pdr3, a key regulator of the yeast PDR network, consistent with a broad role in stress defence. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that Pdr18 plays a role in plasma membrane sterol incorporation, this physiological trait contributing to an MDR phenotype.
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Loewith R, Hall MN. Target of rapamycin (TOR) in nutrient signaling and growth control. Genetics 2011; 189:1177-201. [PMID: 22174183 PMCID: PMC3241408 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.133363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) is a highly conserved protein kinase that is important in both fundamental and clinical biology. In fundamental biology, TOR is a nutrient-sensitive, central controller of cell growth and aging. In clinical biology, TOR is implicated in many diseases and is the target of the drug rapamycin used in three different therapeutic areas. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has played a prominent role in both the discovery of TOR and the elucidation of its function. Here we review the TOR signaling network in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Loewith
- Department of Molecular Biology and National Centers of Competence in Research and Frontiers in Genetics and Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
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Minois N, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Madeo F. Polyamines in aging and disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:716-32. [PMID: 21869457 PMCID: PMC3184975 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are polycations that interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins. They play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation. Changes in polyamine levels have been associated with aging and diseases. Their levels decline continuously with age and polyamine (spermidine or high-polyamine diet) supplementation increases life span in model organisms. Polyamines have also been involved in stress resistance. On the other hand, polyamines are increased in cancer cells and are a target for potential chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we bring together these various results and draw a picture of the state of our knowledge on the roles of polyamines in aging, stress and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Minois
- University of St Andrews, School of Biology, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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