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Busche M, Rabl D, Fischer J, Schmees C, Mayr T, Gebhardt R, Stelzle M. Continous, non-invasive monitoring of oxygen consumption in a parallelized microfluidic in vitro system provides novel insight into the response to nutrients and drugs of primary human hepatocytes. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:144-161. [PMID: 35145369 PMCID: PMC8822303 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a fundamental role in cellular energy metabolism, differentiation and cell biology in general. Consequently, in vitro oxygen sensing can be used to assess cell vitality and detect specific mechanisms of toxicity. In 2D in vitro models currently used, the oxygen supply provided by diffusion is generally too low, especially for cells having a high oxygen demand. In organ-on-chip systems, a more physiologic oxygen supply can be generated by establishing unidirectional perfusion. We established oxygen sensors in an easy-to-use and parallelized organ-on-chip system. We demonstrated the applicability of this system by analyzing the influence of fructose (40 mM, 80 mM), ammonium chloride (100 mM) and Na-diclofenac (50 µM, 150 µM, 450 µM, 1500 µM) on primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Fructose treatment for two hours showed an immediate drop of oxygen consumption (OC) with subsequent increase to nearly initial levels. Treatment with 80 mM glucose, 20 mM lactate or 20 mM glycerol did not result in any changes in OC which demonstrates a specific effect of fructose. Application of ammonium chloride for two hours did not show any immediate effects on OC, but qualitatively changed the cellular response to FCCP treatment. Na-diclofenac treatment for 24 hours led to a decrease of the maximal respiration and reserve capacity. We also demonstrated the stability of our system by repeatedly treating cells with 40 mM fructose, which led to similar cell responses on the same day as well as on subsequent days. In conclusion, our system enables in depth analysis of cellular respiration after substrate treatment in an unidirectional perfused organ-on-chip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Busche
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Marius Busche, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Tel.: +49 7121 51530-0, E-mail:
| | - Dominik Rabl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Christian Schmees
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria,PyroScience AT GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany,InViSys-Tübingen GbR, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Stelzle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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2
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Portable and low-cost biosensor towards on-site detection of diclofenac in wastewater. Talanta 2019; 203:242-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Schirmer C, Posseckardt J, Kick A, Rebatschek K, Fichtner W, Ostermann K, Schuller A, Rödel G, Mertig M. Encapsulating genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in a flow-through device towards the detection of diclofenac in wastewater. J Biotechnol 2018; 284:75-83. [PMID: 30110597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently it has been proposed to use sensors based on genetically engineered reporter cells to perform continuous online water monitoring. Here we describe the design, assembly and performance of a novel flow-through device with immobilized genetically modified yeast cells that produce a fluorescent protein upon stimulation with diclofenac whose intensity is then detected by fluorescence microscopy. Although other devices employing immobilized cells for the detection of various analytes have already been described before, as novelty our system allows safe enclosure of the sensor cells, and thus, to obtain fluorescent signals that are not falsified by a loss of cells. Furthermore, the yeast cells are prevented from being released into the environment. Despite the safe containment, the immobilized reporter cells are accessible to nutrients and analytes. They thus have both the ability to grow and respond to the analyte. Both in cell culture medium and standardized synthetic wastewater, we are able to differentiate between diclofenac concentrations in a range from 10 to 100 μM. As particularly interesting feature, we show that only the biologically active fraction of diclofenac is detected. Nowadays, contamination of wastewater with diclofenac and other pharmaceutical residues is becoming a severe problem. Our investigations may pave the way for an easy-to-use and cost-efficient wastewater monitoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schirmer
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut Meinsberg, Kurt-Schwabe-Str.4, 04736 Waldheim, Germany.
| | - J Posseckardt
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut Meinsberg, Kurt-Schwabe-Str.4, 04736 Waldheim, Germany.
| | - A Kick
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut Meinsberg, Kurt-Schwabe-Str.4, 04736 Waldheim, Germany.
| | - K Rebatschek
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut Meinsberg, Kurt-Schwabe-Str.4, 04736 Waldheim, Germany.
| | - W Fichtner
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut Meinsberg, Kurt-Schwabe-Str.4, 04736 Waldheim, Germany.
| | - K Ostermann
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A Schuller
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - G Rödel
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - M Mertig
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut Meinsberg, Kurt-Schwabe-Str.4, 04736 Waldheim, Germany; Professur für Physikalische Chemie, Mess-und Sensortechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Ramachandran A, Visschers RGJ, Duan L, Akakpo JY, Jaeschke H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: current understanding and future perspectives. J Clin Transl Res 2018. [PMID: 30873497 PMCID: PMC6261533 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.04.201801.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical cellular organelles for energy generation and are now also recognized as playing important roles in cellular signaling. Their central role in energy metabolism, as well as their high abundance in hepatocytes, make them important targets for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. This review summarizes the current mechanistic understanding of the role of mitochondria in drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen, diclofenac, anti-tuberculosis drugs such as rifampin and isoniazid, anti-epileptic drugs such as valproic acid and constituents of herbal supplements such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The utilization of circulating mitochondrial-specific biomarkers in understanding mechanisms of toxicity in humans will also be examined. In summary, it is well-established that mitochondria are central to acetaminophen-induced cell death. However, the most promising areas for clinically useful therapeutic interventions after acetaminophen toxicity may involve the promotion of adaptive responses and repair processes including mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, In contrast, the limited understanding of the role of mitochondria in various aspects of hepatotoxicity by most other drugs and herbs requires more detailed mechanistic investigations in both animals and humans. Development of clinically relevant animal models and more translational studies using mechanistic biomarkers are critical for progress in this area. Relevance for patients:This review focuses on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in liver injury mechanisms of clinically important drugs like acetaminophen, diclofenac, rifampicin, isoniazid, amiodarone and others. A better understanding ofthe mechanisms in animal models and their translation to patients will be critical for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ruben G J Visschers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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5
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Tuning the Sensitivity of the PDR5 Promoter-Based Detection of Diclofenac in Yeast Biosensors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071506. [PMID: 28672842 PMCID: PMC5539612 DOI: 10.3390/s17071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used drug diclofenac is an important environmental anthropogenic pollutant. Currently, detection of diclofenac is mainly based on chemical and physical methods. Here we describe a yeast biosensor that drives the diclofenac-dependent expression of a recombinant fluorescent protein from the authentic promoter of the PDR5 gene. This key component of the pleiotropic drug response encodes a multidrug transporter that is involved in cellular detoxification. We analyse the effects on diclofenac sensitivity of artificial PDR5 promoter derivatives in wild-type and various yeast mutant strains. This approach enabled us to generate sensor strains with elevated drug sensitivity.
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Al-Attrache H, Chamieh H, Hamzé M, Morel I, Taha S, Abdel-Razzak Z. N-acetylcysteine potentiates diclofenac toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: stronger potentiation in ABC transporter mutant strains. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:89-94. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1320404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Houssein Al-Attrache
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology: Biomolecules, LBA3B – AZM Center, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Inserm U991, Rennes, France
- Rennes 1 University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rennes, France
| | - Hala Chamieh
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology: Biomolecules, LBA3B – AZM Center, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamzé
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, AZM Center, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Morel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Inserm U991, Rennes, France
- Rennes 1 University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rennes, France
- Laboratory of Emergency and Intensive Care, Pontchaillou Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Samir Taha
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology: Biomolecules, LBA3B – AZM Center, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Abdel-Razzak
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology: Biomolecules, LBA3B – AZM Center, Tripoli, Lebanon
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7
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Huseinovic A, van Leeuwen JS, van Welsem T, Stulemeijer I, van Leeuwen F, Vermeulen NPE, Kooter JM, Vos JC. The effect of acetaminophen on ubiquitin homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173573. [PMID: 28291796 PMCID: PMC5349473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), although considered a safe drug, is one of the major causes of acute liver failure by overdose, and therapeutic chronic use can cause serious health problems. Although the reactive APAP metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) is clearly linked to liver toxicity, toxicity of APAP is also found without drug metabolism of APAP to NAPQI. To get more insight into mechanisms of APAP toxicity, a genome-wide screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for APAP-resistant deletion strains was performed. In this screen we identified genes related to the DNA damage response. Next, we investigated the link between genotype and APAP-induced toxicity or resistance by performing a more detailed screen with a library containing mutants of 1522 genes related to nuclear processes, like DNA repair and chromatin remodelling. We identified 233 strains that had an altered growth rate relative to wild type, of which 107 showed increased resistance to APAP and 126 showed increased sensitivity. Gene Ontology analysis identified ubiquitin homeostasis, regulation of transcription of RNA polymerase II genes, and the mitochondria-to-nucleus signalling pathway to be associated with APAP resistance, while histone exchange and modification, and vesicular transport were connected to APAP sensitivity. Indeed, we observed a link between ubiquitin levels and APAP resistance, whereby ubiquitin deficiency conferred resistance to APAP toxicity while ubiquitin overexpression resulted in sensitivity. The toxicity profile of various chemicals, APAP, and its positional isomer AMAP on a series of deletion strains with ubiquitin deficiency showed a unique resistance pattern for APAP. Furthermore, exposure to APAP increased the level of free ubiquitin and influenced the ubiquitination of proteins. Together, these results uncover a role for ubiquitin homeostasis in APAP-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Huseinovic
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda S. van Leeuwen
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tibor van Welsem
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Stulemeijer
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred van Leeuwen
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P. E. Vermeulen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Kooter
- AIMMS-Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Genetics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Vos
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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8
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Syed M, Skonberg C, Hansen SH. Mitochondrial toxicity of diclofenac and its metabolites via inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis) in rat liver mitochondria: Possible role in drug induced liver injury (DILI). Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 31:93-102. [PMID: 26627130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a widely prescribed NSAID, which by itself and its reactive metabolites (Phase-I and Phase-II) may be involved in serious idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Mitochondrial injury is one of the mechanisms of drug induced liver injury (DILI). In the present work, an investigation of the inhibitory effects of diclofenac (Dic) and its phase I [4-hydroxy diclofenac (4'-OH-Dic) and 5-hydroxy diclofenac (5-OH-dic)] and Phase-II [diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DicGluA) and diclofenac glutathione thioester (DicSG)] metabolites, on ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was carried out. A mechanism based inhibition of ATP synthesis is exerted by diclofenac and its metabolites. Phase-I metabolite (4'-OH-Dic) and Phase-II metabolites (DicGluA and DicSG) showed potent inhibition (2-5 fold) of ATP synthesis, where as 5-OH-Dic, one of the Phase-I metabolite, was a less potent inhibitor as compared to Dic. The calculated kinetic constants of mechanism based inhibition of ATP synthesis by Dic showed maximal rate of inactivation (Kinact) of 2.64 ± 0.15 min(-1) and half maximal rate of inactivation (KI) of 7.69 ± 2.48 μM with Kinact/KI ratio of 0.343 min(-1) μM(-1). Co-incubation of mitochondria with Dic and reduced GSH exhibited a protective effect on Dic mediated inhibition of ATP synthesis. Our data from this study strongly indicate that Dic as well as its metabolites could be involved in the hepato-toxic action through inhibition of ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzeeb Syed
- Section of Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Skonberg
- ADME Department, Discovery Biology and Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Section of Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Reconstitution of the interplay between cytochrome P450 and human glutathione S-transferases in clozapine metabolism in yeast. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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The proapoptotic effect of traditional and novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in mammalian and yeast cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:504230. [PMID: 23983899 PMCID: PMC3747411 DOI: 10.1155/2013/504230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have long been used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation. However, mounting evidence shows that NSAIDs, such as aspirin, have very promising antineoplastic properties. The chemopreventive, antiproliferative behaviour of NSAIDs has been associated with both their inactivation of cyclooxygenases (COX) and their ability to induce apoptosis via pathways that are largely COX-independent. In this review, the various proapoptotic pathways induced by traditional and novel NSAIDs such as phospho-NSAIDs, hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs and nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs in mammalian cell lines are discussed, as well as the proapoptotic effects of NSAIDs on budding yeast which retains the hallmarks of mammalian apoptosis. The significance of these mechanisms in terms of the role of NSAIDs in effective cancer prevention is considered.
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11
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van Swelm RP, Laarakkers CM, Pertijs JC, Verweij V, Masereeuw R, Russel FG. Urinary proteomic profiling reveals diclofenac-induced renal injury and hepatic regeneration in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tan JR, Chakravarthi S, Judson JP, Haleagrahara N, Segarra I. Potential protective effect of sunitinib after administration of diclofenac: biochemical and histopathological drug-drug interaction assessment in a mouse model. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:619-33. [PMID: 23552887 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for GIST and advanced renal cell carcinoma. Diclofenac is used in cancer pain management. Coadministration may mediate P450 toxicity. We evaluate their interaction, assessing biomarkers ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen. ICR mice (male, n = 6 per group/dose) were administered saline (group A) or 30 mg/kg diclofenac ip (group B), or sunitinib po at 25, 50, 80, 100, 140 mg/kg (group C) or combination of diclofenac (30 mg/kg, ip) and sunitinib (25, 50, 80, 100, 140 mg/kg po). Diclofenac was administered 15 min before sunitinib, mice were euthanized 4 h post-sunitinib dose, and biomarkers and tissue histopathology were assessed. AST was 92.2 ± 8.0 U/L in group A and 159.7 ± 14.6 U/L in group B (p < 0.05); in group C, it the range was 105.1-152.6 U/L, and in group D, it was 156.0-209.5 U/L (p < 0.05). ALT was 48.9 ± 1.6 U/L (group A), 95.1 ± 4.5 U/L (p < 0.05) in group B, and 50.5-77.5 U/L in group C and 82.3-115.6 U/L after coadministration (p < 0.05). Renal function biomarker BUN was 16.3 ± 0.6 mg/dl (group A) and increased to 29.9 ± 2.6 mg/dl in group B (p < 0.05) and it the range was 19.1-33.3 mg/dl (p < 0.05) and 26.9-40.8 mg/dl in groups C and D, respectively. Creatinine was 5.9 pmol/ml in group A; 6.2 pmol/ml in group B (p < 0.01), and the range was 6.0-6.2 and 6.2-6.4 pmol/ml in groups C and D, respectively (p < 0.05 for D). Histopathological assessment (vascular and inflammation damages) showed toxicity in group B (p < 0.05) and mild toxicity in group C. Damage was significantly lesser in group D than group B (p < 0.05). Spleen only showed toxicity after coadministration. These results suggest vascular and inflammation protective effects of sunitinib, not shown after biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ren Tan
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Boelsterli UA, Redinbo MR, Saitta KS. Multiple NSAID-induced hits injure the small intestine: underlying mechanisms and novel strategies. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:654-67. [PMID: 23091168 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) injury including jejunal/ileal mucosal ulceration, bleeding, and even perforation in susceptible patients. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, but they are distinct from those related to gastric injury. Based on recent insights from experimental models, including genetics and pharmacology in rodents typically exposed to diclofenac, indomethacin, or naproxen, we propose a multiple-hit pathogenesis of NSAID enteropathy. The multiple hits start with an initial pharmacokinetic determinant caused by vectorial hepatobiliary excretion and delivery of glucuronidated NSAID or oxidative metabolite conjugates to the distal small intestinal lumen, where bacterial β-glucuronidase produces critical aglycones. The released aglycones are then taken up by enterocytes and further metabolized by intestinal cytochrome P450s to potentially reactive intermediates. The "first hit" is caused by the NSAID and/or oxidative metabolites that induce severe endoplasmic reticulum stress or mitochondrial stress and lead to cell death. The "second hit" is created by the significant subsequent inflammatory response that would follow such a first-hit injury. Based on these putative mechanisms, strategies have been developed to protect the enterocytes from being exposed to the parent NSAID and/or oxidative metabolites. Among these, a novel strategy already demonstrated in a murine model is the selective disruption of bacteria-specific β-glucuronidases with a novel small molecule inhibitor that does not harm the bacteria and that alleviates NSAID-induced enteropathy. Such mechanism-based strategies require further investigation but provide potential avenues for the alleviation of the GI toxicity caused by multiple NSAID hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Boelsterli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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Differential involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome P450 activity, and active transport in the toxicity of structurally related NSAIDs. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:197-205. [PMID: 22138569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the treatment of pain and inflammation. However, this group of drugs is associated with serious adverse drug reactions. Previously, we studied the mechanisms underlying toxicity of the NSAID diclofenac using Saccharomycescerevisiae as model system. We identified the involvement of several mitochondrial proteins, a transporter and cytochrome P450 activity in diclofenac toxicity. In this study, we investigated if these processes are also involved in the toxicity of other NSAIDs. We divided the NSAIDs into three classes based on their toxicity mechanisms. Class I consists of diclofenac, indomethacin and ketoprofen. Mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the toxicity of this class. Metabolism by cytochrome P450s further increases their toxicity, while ABC-transporters decrease the toxicity. Mitochondria and oxidative metabolism also contribute to toxicity of class II drugs ibuprofen and naproxen, but another cellular target dominates their toxicity. Interestingly, ibuprofen was the only NSAID that was unable to induce upregulation of the multidrug resistance response. The class III NSAIDs sulindac, ketorolac and zomepirac were relatively non-toxic in yeast. In conclusion, we demonstrate the use of yeast to investigate the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of structurally related drugs.
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15
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Involvement of the pleiotropic drug resistance response, protein kinase C signaling, and altered zinc homeostasis in resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to diclofenac. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5973-80. [PMID: 21724882 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00253-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac is a widely used analgesic drug that can cause serious adverse drug reactions. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model eukaryote with which to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of diclofenac toxicity and resistance. Although most yeast cells died during the initial diclofenac treatment, some survived and started growing again. Microarray analysis of the adapted cells identified three major processes involved in diclofenac detoxification and tolerance. In particular, pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) genes and genes under the control of Rlm1p, a transcription factor in the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, were upregulated in diclofenac-adapted cells. We tested if these processes or pathways were directly involved in diclofenac toxicity or resistance. Of the pleiotropic drug resistance gene products, the multidrug transporter Pdr5p was crucially important for diclofenac tolerance. Furthermore, deletion of components of the cell wall stress-responsive PKC pathway increased diclofenac toxicity, whereas incubation of cells with the cell wall stressor calcofluor white before the addition of diclofenac decreased its toxicity. Also, diclofenac induced flocculation, which might trigger the cell wall alterations. Genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and rRNA processing were downregulated, as were zinc-responsive genes. Paradoxically, deletion of the zinc-responsive transcription factor Zap1p or addition of the zinc chelator 1,10-phenanthroline significantly increased diclofenac toxicity, establishing a regulatory role for zinc in diclofenac resistance. In conclusion, we have identified three new pathways involved in diclofenac tolerance in yeast, namely, Pdr5p as the main contributor to the PDR response, cell wall signaling via the PKC pathway, and zinc homeostasis, regulated by Zap1p.
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Metabolism related toxicity of diclofenac in yeast as model system. Toxicol Lett 2011; 200:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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