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Rom JS, Le Breton Y, Islam E, Belew AT, El-Sayed NM, McIver KS. Loss of rpoE Encoding the δ-Factor of RNA Polymerase Impacts Pathophysiology of the Streptococcus pyogenes M1T1 Strain 5448. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081686. [PMID: 36014103 PMCID: PMC9412562 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as the Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen of major clinical significance. Despite remaining relatively susceptible to conventional antimicrobial therapeutics, GAS still causes millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year worldwide. Thus, a need for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for GAS is in great demand. In this study, we investigated the importance of the gene encoding the delta (δ) subunit of the GAS RNA polymerase, rpoE, for its impact on virulence during skin and soft-tissue infection. A defined 5448 mutant with an insertionally-inactivated rpoE gene was defective for survival in whole human blood and was attenuated for both disseminated lethality and lesion size upon mono-culture infection in mouse soft tissue. Furthermore, the mutant had reduced competitive fitness when co-infected with wild type (WT) 5448 in the mouse model. We were unable to attribute this attenuation to any observable growth defect, although colony size and the ability to grow at higher temperatures were both affected when grown with nutrient-rich THY media. RNA-seq of GAS grown in THY to late log phase found that mutation of rpoE significantly impacted (>2-fold) the expression of 429 total genes (205 upregulated, 224 downregulated), including multiple virulence and “housekeeping” genes. The arc operon encoding the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway was the most upregulated in the rpoE mutant and this could be confirmed phenotypically. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the delta (δ) subunit of RNA polymerase is vital in GAS gene expression and virulence.
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2
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Liao Y, Zhang M, Lin X, Yan F. Diaryl Urea Derivative Molecule Inhibits Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans by Affecting Exopolysaccharide Synthesis, Stress Response, and Nitrogen Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:904488. [PMID: 35619645 PMCID: PMC9127343 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.904488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different small molecules have been developed to target cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Based on target-based designing and in silico screening, a novel diaryl urea derivative, 1,3-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea (BPU), has previously been found effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. This current study aimed to explore the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of BPU on S. mutans and locate key enzymes and biological processes affected by the molecule via in silico molecular docking analysis and transcriptomic profile. Our in vitro results confirmed that BPU was capable of inhibiting planktonic growth as well as biofilm formation of S. mutans. The virtual binding analysis predicted that the molecule had strong binding potentials with vital enzymes (3AIC and 2ZID) involved in extracellular exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis. The predicted inhibitive binding was further confirmed by in vitro quantification of EPS, which found a decreased amount of EPS in the biofilms. The transcriptomic profile also found differential expression of genes involved in EPS synthesis. Moreover, the transcriptomic profile implied alterations in stress response and nitrogen metabolism in S. mutans treated with BPU. Examination of differentially expressed genes involved in these biological processes revealed that altered gene expression could contribute to impaired growth, biofilm formation, and competitiveness of S. mutans. In conclusion, the novel diaryl urea derivative BPU can inhibit the virulence of S. mutans by affecting different biological processes and serves as a potent anti-caries agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyun Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingnan Lin
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Lin Z, Wang F, Shang Z, Lin W. Biochemical and structural analyses reveal critical residues in δ subunit affecting its bindings to β' subunit of Staphylococcus aureus RNA polymerase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:98-104. [PMID: 33548630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A large class of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) from low-G + C-content Gram-positive bacterial strains, such as the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, not only contain five conserved subunits (αI, αII, β, β' and ω), but also has a δ subunit. Despite being first identified as unique, Gram-positive specific component of RNAP apoenzyme more than 30 years ago and reported to be essential for transcription, the structural basis and molecular mechanism of δ subunit in the regulation of transcription remain poorly understood. Here, we performed structural analyses, site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical assays to uncover the interactions of S. aureus δ subunit with RNAP core enzyme and DNA towards the understanding of its role in transcription regulation. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) of the wild-type and mutated S. aureus δ subunit revealed the N-terminal domain of δ subunit directly binds to the β' jaw of S. aureus RNAP (SauRNAP), identified the key amino acid residues (F58, D61, D65, R67 and W81) of δ subunit involving in the binding with SauRNAP core enzyme, and uncovered the δ subunit C-terminal domain interferes with the interaction between DNA and SauRNAP core enzyme, by which transcription is regulated. Our results provide an excellent starting point for understanding the unique regulatory role and physiological function of δ subunit on transcription regulation in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhu Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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4
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Pei HH, Hilal T, Chen ZA, Huang YH, Gao Y, Said N, Loll B, Rappsilber J, Belogurov GA, Artsimovitch I, Wahl MC. The δ subunit and NTPase HelD institute a two-pronged mechanism for RNA polymerase recycling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6418. [PMID: 33339827 PMCID: PMC7749165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular RNA polymerases (RNAPs) can become trapped on DNA or RNA, threatening genome stability and limiting free enzyme pools, but how RNAP recycling into active states is achieved remains elusive. In Bacillus subtilis, the RNAP δ subunit and NTPase HelD have been implicated in RNAP recycling. We structurally analyzed Bacillus subtilis RNAP-δ-HelD complexes. HelD has two long arms: a Gre cleavage factor-like coiled-coil inserts deep into the RNAP secondary channel, dismantling the active site and displacing RNA, while a unique helical protrusion inserts into the main channel, prying the β and β' subunits apart and, aided by δ, dislodging DNA. RNAP is recycled when, after releasing trapped nucleic acids, HelD dissociates from the enzyme in an ATP-dependent manner. HelD abundance during slow growth and a dimeric (RNAP-δ-HelD)2 structure that resembles hibernating eukaryotic RNAP I suggest that HelD might also modulate active enzyme pools in response to cellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hong Pei
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tarek Hilal
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Research Center of Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuo A Chen
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong-Heng Huang
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuan Gao
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nelly Said
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
- University of Edinburgh, Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | | | - Irina Artsimovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Prajapati RK, Sur R, Mukhopadhyay J. A Novel Function of δ Factor from Bacillus subtilis as a Transcriptional Repressor. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24029-24035. [PMID: 27679485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
δ, a small protein found in most Gram-positive bacteria was, for a long time, thought to be a subunit of RNA polymerase (RNAP) and was shown to be involved in recycling of RNAP at the end of each round of transcription. However, how δ participates in both up-regulation and down-regulation of genes in vivo remains unclear. We have recently shown, in addition to the recycling of RNAP, δ functions as a transcriptional activator by binding to an A-rich sequence located immediately upstream of the -35 element, consequently facilitating the open complex formation. The result had explained the mechanism of up-regulation of the genes by δ. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis δ could also function as a transcriptional repressor. Our results demonstrate that δ binds to an A-rich sequence located near the -35 element of the spo0B promoter, the gene involved in the regulatory cascade of bacterial sporulation and inhibits the open complex formation due to steric clash with σ region 4.2. We observed a significant increase in the mRNA level of the spo0B gene in a δ-knock-out strain of B. subtilis compared with the wild-type. Thus, the results report a novel function of δ, and suggest the mechanism of down-regulation of genes in vivo by the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Runa Sur
- the Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India
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Churton NWV, Misra RV, Howlin RP, Allan RN, Jefferies J, Faust SN, Gharbia SE, Edwards RJ, Clarke SC, Webb JS. Parallel Evolution in Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilms. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1316-26. [PMID: 27190203 PMCID: PMC4898793 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a commensal human pathogen and the causative agent of various invasive and noninvasive diseases. Carriage of the pneumococcus in the nasopharynx is thought to be mediated by biofilm formation, an environment where isogenic populations frequently give rise to morphological colony variants, including small colony variant (SCV) phenotypes. We employed metabolic characterization and whole-genome sequencing of biofilm-derived S. pneumoniae serotype 22F pneumococcal SCVs to investigate diversification during biofilm formation. Phenotypic profiling revealed that SCVs exhibit reduced growth rates, reduced capsule expression, altered metabolic profiles, and increased biofilm formation compared to the ancestral strain. Whole-genome sequencing of 12 SCVs from independent biofilm experiments revealed that all SCVs studied had mutations within the DNA-directed RNA polymerase delta subunit (RpoE). Mutations included four large-scale deletions ranging from 51 to 264 bp, one insertion resulting in a coding frameshift, and seven nonsense single-nucleotide substitutions that result in a truncated gene product. This work links mutations in the rpoE gene to SCV formation and enhanced biofilm development in S. pneumoniae and therefore may have important implications for colonization, carriage, and persistence of the organism. Furthermore, recurrent mutation of the pneumococcal rpoE gene presents an unprecedented level of parallel evolution in pneumococcal biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W V Churton
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Raju V Misra
- Genomics Research Unit, Microbiology Services, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Howlin
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond N Allan
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom Southampton NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Jefferies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N Faust
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom Southampton NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Saheer E Gharbia
- Genomics Research Unit, Microbiology Services, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Edwards
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart C Clarke
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom Public Health England, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S Webb
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom
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7
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Prajapati RK, Sengupta S, Rudra P, Mukhopadhyay J. Bacillus subtilis δ Factor Functions as a Transcriptional Regulator by Facilitating the Open Complex Formation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1064-75. [PMID: 26546673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.686170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacterial RNA polymerases (RNAP) contain five conserved subunits, viz. 2α, β, β', and ω. However, in many Gram-positive bacteria, especially in fermicutes, RNAP is associated with an additional factor, called δ. For over three decades since its identification, it had been thought that δ functioned as a subunit of RNAP to enhance the level of transcripts by recycling RNAP. In support of the previous observations, we also find that δ is involved in recycling of RNAP by releasing the RNA from the ternary complex. We further show that δ binds to RNA and is able to recycle RNAP when the length of the nascent RNA reaches a critical length. However, in this work we decipher a new function of δ. Performing biochemical and mutational analysis, we show that Bacillus subtilis δ binds to DNA immediately upstream of the promoter element at A-rich sequences on the abrB and rrnB1 promoters and facilitates open complex formation. As a result, δ facilitates RNAP to initiate transcription in the second scale, compared with minute scale in the absence of δ. Using transcription assay, we show that δ-mediated recycling of RNAP cannot be the sole reason for the enhancement of transcript yield. Our observation that δ does not bind to RNAP holo enzyme but is required to bind to DNA upstream of the -35 promoter element for transcription activation suggests that δ functions as a transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreya Sengupta
- From the Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Paulami Rudra
- From the Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata-700009, India
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8
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Weiss A, Shaw LN. Small things considered: the small accessory subunits of RNA polymerase in Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:541-54. [PMID: 25878038 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase core enzyme in Gram-positive bacteria consists of seven subunits. Whilst four of them (α2ββ(')) are essential, three smaller subunits, δ, ε and ω (∼9-21.5 kDa), are considered accessory. Both δ and ω have been viewed as integral components of RNAP for several decades; however, ε has only recently been described. Functionally these three small subunits carry out a variety of tasks, imparting important, supportive effects on the transcriptional process of Gram-positive bacteria. While ω is thought to have a wide range of roles, reaching from maintaining structural integrity of RNAP to σ factor recruitment, the only suggested function for ε thus far is in protecting cells from phage infection. The third subunit, δ, has been shown to have distinct influences in maintaining transcriptional specificity, and thus has a key role in cellular fitness. Collectively, all three accessory subunits, although dispensable under laboratory conditions, are often thought to be crucial for proper RNAP function. Herein we provide an overview of the available literature on each subunit, summarizing landmark findings that have deepened our understanding of these proteins and their function, and outline future challenges in understanding the role of these small subunits in the transcriptional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Weiss
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lindsey N Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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9
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The δ subunit of RNA polymerase guides promoter selectivity and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1424-35. [PMID: 24491578 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01508-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria, and particularly the Firmicutes, the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) complex contains an additional subunit, termed the δ factor, or RpoE. This enigmatic protein has been studied for more than 30 years for various organisms, but its function is still not well understood. In this study, we investigated its role in the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We showed conservation of important structural regions of RpoE in S. aureus and other species and demonstrated binding to core RNAP that is mediated by the β and/or β' subunits. To identify the impact of the δ subunit on transcription, we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and observed 191 differentially expressed genes in the rpoE mutant. Ontological analysis revealed, quite strikingly, that many of the downregulated genes were known virulence factors, while several mobile genetic elements (SaPI5 and prophage SA3usa) were strongly upregulated. Phenotypically, the rpoE mutant had decreased accumulation and/or activity of a number of key virulence factors, including alpha toxin, secreted proteases, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). We further observed significantly decreased survival of the mutant in whole human blood, increased phagocytosis by human leukocytes, and impaired virulence in a murine model of infection. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the δ subunit of RNAP is a critical component of the S. aureus transcription machinery and plays an important role during infection.
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10
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Li J, Wang W, Wang Y, Zeng AP. Two-dimensional gel-based proteomic of the caries causative bacterium Streptococcus mutans
UA159 and insight into the inhibitory effect of carolacton. Proteomics 2013; 13:3470-7. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Li
- Institute for Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology (IBB/TUHH); Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute for Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology (IBB/TUHH); Hamburg Germany
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute for Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology (IBB/TUHH); Hamburg Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute for Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology (IBB/TUHH); Hamburg Germany
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11
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Li J, Wang W, Ma Y, Zeng AP. Medium optimization and proteome analysis of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol production by Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 12321. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:585-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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