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Alam SN, Singh B, Guldhe A, Raghuvanshi S, Sangwan KS. Sustainable valorization of macroalgae residual biomass, optimization of pyrolysis parameters and life cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170797. [PMID: 38342457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The major challenges for the current climate change issue are an increase in global energy demand, a limited supply of fossil fuels, and increasing carbon footprints from fossil fuels, which have necessitated the exploration of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Biorefineries offer a promising path to sustainable fuel production, converting biomass into biofuels using diverse technologies. Aquatic biomass, such as macroalgae in this context, represents an abundant and renewable biomass resource that can be cultivated from water bodies without competing with traditional agricultural land. Despite this, the potential of macroalgae for biofuel production remains largely untapped, with very limited studies addressing their viability and efficiency. This study investigates the efficient conversion of unexplored macroalgae biomass through a biorefinery process that involves lipid extraction to produce biodiesel, along with the production of biochar and bio-oil from the pyrolysis of residual biomass. To improve the effectiveness and overall performance of the pyrolysis system, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized through a Box-Behnken design to systematically investigate how alterations in temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration influence the production of bio-oil and biochar to maximize their yields. The results showed the highest bio-oil yield achieved to be 36 %, while the highest biochar yield reached 45 %. The integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the study helps to assess carbon emission and environmental burdens and identify potential areas for optimization, such as resource efficiency, waste management, and energy utilization. The LCA results contribute to the identification of potential environmental hotspots and guide the development of strategies to optimize the overall sustainability of the biofuel production process. The LCA results indicate that the solvent (chloroform) used in transesterification contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to explore alternative, safe solvents that can mitigate the environmental impacts of transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrukh Nawaj Alam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Ranchi 835 222, India
| | - Bhaskar Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Ranchi 835 222, India.
| | - Abhishek Guldhe
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai 410206, India.
| | - Smita Raghuvanshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kuldip Singh Sangwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Chang L, Chen H, Yang B, Chen H, Chen W. Redistributing Carbon Flux by Impairing Saccharide Synthesis to Enhance Lipid Yield in Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1750-1760. [PMID: 37166287 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing carbon flux toward target metabolites is important in improving microbial productivity and economic value. To improve the efficiency of lipid production in Mortierella alpina, we knocked down genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase (Matps) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Mapepck) in the major pathways for saccharide synthesis. The knockdown of Matps reduced trehalose content by an average of 31.87%, while the knockdown of Mapepck reduced the total saccharide content by 28.6%, and both recombinant strains showed more than 20% increased lipid yield. Trehalose plays a vital role in stress resistance, but a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich lipid content was found to partly compensate for the loss of trehalose after Matps knockdown. As compared with Matps knockdown, the knockdown of Mapepck gave better lipid production by bringing forward the time to maximum lipid yield by three days in a scale-up test. The arachidonic acid yield after the Mapepck knockdown reached 1.23 g/L, which was 39.9% higher than that of the original strain. The present research provided an efficient strategy for redistributing carbon flux among different metabolites and therefore promoted microbial lipid yield in a shorter fermentation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hanqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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Wu C, Jiang N, Wang R, Jiang S, Yuan Z, Luo X, Wu J, Shi H, Wu R. Linoleic acid enrichment of cheese by okara flour and Geotrichum candidum overexpressing Δ12 fatty acid desaturase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2960-2969. [PMID: 36534037 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mold-ripened cheeses have low levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Geotrichum candidum is an adjunct culture for the development of Geotrichum-ripened cheese but has a low ability to produce high levels of UFAs. Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FADS12) is a pivotal enzyme that converts oleic acid (OA) to linoleic acid (LA) and plays a vital role in UFA biosynthesis. By investigating FADS12 catalytic activity from various species with OA substrates, we found that FADS12 from Mucor circinelloides (McFADS12) had the highest catalytic activity for OA. RESULTS In the current study, a plasmid harboring McFADS12 was constructed and overexpressed in G. candidum. Our results showed that LA production increased to 31.1 ± 1.4% in engineered G. candidum - three times higher than that in wild-type G. candidum. To enhance LA production, an exogenous substrate (OA) was supplemented, and the yield of LA was increased to 154 ± 6 mg L-1 in engineered G. candidum. Engineered G. candidum was used as an adjunct culture for Geotrichum-ripened cheese production. The LA level reached 74.3 ± 5.4 g kg-1 cheese, whereas the level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) decreased by 9.9 ± 0.5%. In addition, the soybean byproduct (okara) was introduced into the engineered G. candidum growth and the level of LA increased to 126 ± 4 g kg-1 cheese and the percentage of UFAs:SFAs increased from 0.8:1 to 1.3:1. CONCLUSION This study offers a suitable technology for converting SFAs to UFAs in Geotrichum-ripened cheeses and provides a novel trend for converting soybean waste into a value-added product. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhong Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Yuan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Aregbesola OA, Kumar A, Mokoena MP, Olaniran AO. Classic Pentachlorophenol Hydroxylating Phenylalanine 4-Monooxygenase from Indigenous Bacillus tropicus Strain AOA-CPS1: Cloning, Overexpression, Purification, Characterization and Structural Homology Modelling. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:635-658. [PMID: 34417677 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolically promiscuous pentachlorophenol (PCP) hydroxylating Phe4MO (represented as CpsB) was detected, amplified (from the genome of Bacillus tropicus strain AOA-CPS1), cloned, overexpressed, purified and characterized here. The 1.755-kb gene cloned in the pET15b vector expressed a ≅ 64 kDa monomeric protein which was purified to homogeneity by single-step affinity chromatography, with a total yield of 82.1%. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were found to be 30 °C and 7.0, respectively. CpsB showed functional stability between pH 6.0-7.5 and temperature 25-30 °C. The enzyme-substrate reaction kinetic studies showed the allosteric nature of the enzyme and followed pre-steady state using NADH as a co-substrate with apparent vmax, Km, kcat and kcat/Km values of 0.465 μM.s-1, 140 μM, 0.099 s-1 and 7.07 × 10-4 μM-1.s-1, respectively, for the substrate PCP. The in-gel trypsin digestion experiments and bioinformatic tools confirmed that the reported enzyme is a Phe4MO with multiple putative conserved domains and metal ion-binding site. Though Phe4MO has been reported to have a diverse catalytic function, here we report, for the first time, that it functions as a PCP dehalogenase or PCP-4-monooxygenase by hydroxylating PCP. Hence, the use of this enzyme may be further explored in the bioremediation of PCP and other related xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladipupo A Aregbesola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mduduzi P Mokoena
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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5
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Wang H, Wang C, Yuan W, Chen H, Lu W, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Zhao J, Chen W. The role of phenylalanine hydroxylase in lipogenesis in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34402775 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) catalyses the irreversible hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine, which is the rate-limiting reaction in phenylalanine metabolism in animals. A variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids can be synthesized by the lipid-producing fungus Mortierella alpina, which has a wide range of industrial applications in the production of arachidonic acid. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) with the gene PAH was used to explore the role of phenylalanine hydroxylation in lipid biosynthesis in M. alpina. Our results indicated that PAH knockdown decreased the PAH transcript level by approximately 55% and attenuated cellular fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the level of NADPH, which is a critical reducing agent and the limiting factor in lipogenesis, was decreased in response to PAH RNAi, in addition to the downregulated transcription of other genes involved in NADPH production. Our study indicates that PAH is part of an overall enzymatic and regulatory mechanism supplying NADPH required for lipogenesis in M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Weiwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, PR China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
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6
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Chang L, Lu H, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Lipid metabolism research in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina: Current progress and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107794. [PMID: 34245810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina has distinct advantages in long-chain PUFAs production, and it is the only source for dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) certificated by FDA and European Commission. This review provides an overall introduction to M. alpina, including its major research methods, key factors governing lipid biosynthesis, metabolic engineering and omics studies. Currently, the research interests in M. alpina focus on improving lipid yield and fatty acid desaturation degree by enhancing fatty acid precursors and the reducing power NADPH, and genetic manipulation on PUFAs synthetic pathways is carried to optimise fatty acid composition. Besides, multi-omics studies have been applied to elucidate the global regulatory mechanism of lipogenesis in M. alpina. However, research challenges towards achieving a lipid cell factory lie in strain breeding and cost control due to the coenocytic mycelium, long fermentation period and insufficient conversion rate from carbon to lipid. We also proposed future research goals based on a multilevel regulating strategy: obtaining ideal chassis by directional evolution and high-throughput screening; rewiring central carbon metabolism and inhibiting competitive pathways by multi-gene manipulation system to enhance carbon to lipid conversion rate; optimisation of protein function based on post-translational modification; application of dynamic fermentation strategies suitable for different fermentation phases. By reviewing the comprehensive research progress of this oleaginous fungus, we aim to further comprehend the fungal lipid metabolism and provide reference information and guidelines for the exploration of microbial oils from the perspectives of fundamental research to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Hengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center, Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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7
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Chen H, Chen H, Lu H, Tang X, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Carbohydrate analysis of Mortierella alpina by colorimetry and HPLC-ELSD to reveal accumulation differences of sugar and lipid. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1289-1301. [PMID: 33864523 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish reliable methods for the extraction and quantification of the total carbohydrate and intracellular saccharides from Mortierella alpina and study the changes between carbohydrate and lipid in fermentation process. RESULTS The extraction of mycelia with HCl following a photometric phenol-sulphuric acid reaction was identified as an optimal method for total carbohydrate analysis in Mortierella alpina, which the extraction efficiency performed 1.1-3.6 fold than other five methods. The total carbohydrate content increased from initial 19.26 to 25.86% during early fermentation process and declined gradually thereafter, while the fatty acid was increasing from 8.47 to 31.03%. For separation and qualitative estimation of intracellular saccharides, the acetonitrile/water freeze-thaw method for extraction and Sugar-Pak I column for separation proved to be possible. With the glucose rapidly decreasing at the beginning of growth, the trehalose accumulated rapidly from 1.63 to 5.04% and then decreased slightly but maintain above 4% of dry biomass. CONCLUSIONS This work established comprehensive carbohydrate extraction and analysis methods of Mortierella alpina and identified the main saccharide in fermentation process which indicated that the accumulation of fatty acids was related to the change of intracellular carbohydrate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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8
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Aregbesola OA, Kumar A, Mokoena MP, Olaniran AO. Role of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone reductase in phenylalanine hydroxylation system and pentachlorophenol degradation in Bacillus cereus AOA-CPS1. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:875-890. [PMID: 32535205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a ≅12.5 kDa protein tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone reductase (CpsD) from Bacillus cereus strain AOA-CPS1 (BcAOA). CpsD is purified to homogeneity with a total yield of 35% and specific activity of 160 U·mg-1 of protein. CpsD showed optimal activity at pH 7.5 and 40 °C. The enzyme was found to be functionally stable between pH 7.0-7.5 and temperature between 30 °C and 35 °C. CpsD activity was enhanced by Fe2+ and inhibited by sodium azide and SDS. CpsD followed Michaelis-Menten kinetic exhibiting an apparent vmax, Km, kcat and kcat/Km values of 0.071 μmol·s-1, 94 μmol, 0.029 s-1 and 3.13 × 10-4 s-1·μmol-1, respectively, for substrate tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that CpsD belongs to the PCD/DCoH superfamily, with specific conserved protein domains of pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD). This study proposed that CpsD catalysed the reduction of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone to tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone and released the products found in phenylalanine hydroxylation system (PheOHS) via a Ping-Pong or atypical ternary mechanism; and regulate expression of phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase by blocking reverse flux in BcAOA PheOHS using a probable Yin-Yang mechanism. The study also concluded that CpsD may play a catalytic and regulatory role in BcAOA PheOHS and pentachlorophenol degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladipupo A Aregbesola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mduduzi P Mokoena
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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9
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Wang H, Zhang C, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Tetrahydrobiopterin Plays a Functionally Significant Role in Lipogenesis in the Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:250. [PMID: 32153536 PMCID: PMC7044132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is well-known as a cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), but its exact role in lipogenesis is unclear. In this study, the GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) gene was overexpressed to investigate the role of BH4 in lipogenesis in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Transcriptome data analysis reveal that GTPCH expression was upregulated when nitrogen was exhausted, resulting in lipid accumulation. Significant changes were also found in the fatty acid profile of M. alpina grown on medium that contained a GTPCH inhibitor relative to that of M. alpina grown on medium that lacked the inhibitor. GTPCH overexpression in M. alpina (the MA-GTPCH strain) led to a sevenfold increase in BH4 levels and enhanced cell fatty acid synthesis and poly-unsaturation. Increased levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and upregulated expression of NADPH-producing genes in response to enhanced BH4 levels were also observed, which indicate a novel aspect of the NADPH regulatory mechanism. Increased BH4 levels also enhanced phenylalanine hydroxylation and nitric oxide synthesis, and the addition of an NOS or a PAH inhibitor in the MA-GTPCH and control strain cultures decreased fatty acid accumulation, NADPH production, and the transcript levels of NADPH-producing genes. Our research suggests an important role of BH4 in lipogenesis and that the phenylalanine catabolism and arginine-nitric oxide pathways play an integrating role in translating the effects of BH4 on lipogenesis by regulating the cellular NADPH pool. Thus, our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of efficient lipid biosynthesis regulation in oleaginous microorganisms and lay a foundation for the genetic engineering of these organisms to optimize their dietary fat yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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10
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Chang L, Tang X, Lu H, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen H, Chen W. Role of Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase during Fatty Acid Accumulation in Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9551-9559. [PMID: 31379157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In oleaginous micro-organisms, nitrogen limitation activates adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) and promotes lipogenesis via the inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase. We found that the overexpression of homologous AMPD in Mortierella alpina favored lipid synthesis over cell growth. Total fatty acid content in the recombinant strain was 15.0-34.3% higher than that in the control, even though their biomass was similar. During the early fermentation stage, the intracellular AMP level reduced by 40-60%, together with a 1.9-2.7-fold increase in citrate content compared with the control, therefore provided more precursors for fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, the decreased AMP level resulted in metabolic reprogramming, reflected by the blocked TCA cycle and reduction of amino acids, distributing more carbon to lipid synthesis pathways. By coupling the energy balance with lipogenesis, this study provides new insights into cell metabolism under nitrogen-limited conditions and targets the regulation of fatty acid accumulation in oleaginous micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hao Zhang
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , P. R. China
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11
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Picciano AL, Crane BR. A nitric oxide synthase-like protein from Synechococcus produces NO/NO 3- from l-arginine and NADPH in a tetrahydrobiopterin- and Ca 2+-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10708-10719. [PMID: 31113865 PMCID: PMC6615690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are heme-based monooxygenases that convert l-Arg to l-citrulline and nitric oxide (NO), a key signaling molecule and cytotoxic agent in mammals. Bacteria also contain NOS proteins, but the role of NO production within these organisms, where understood, differs considerably from that of mammals. For example, a NOS protein in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335 (syNOS) has recently been proposed to function in nitrogen assimilation from l-Arg. syNOS retains the oxygenase (NOSox) and reductase (NOSred) domains present in mammalian NOS enzymes (mNOSs), but also contains an N-terminal globin domain (NOSg) homologous to bacterial flavohemoglobin proteins. Herein, we show that syNOS functions as a dimer and produces NO from l-Arg and NADPH in a tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-dependent manner at levels similar to those produced by other NOSs but does not require Ca2+-calmodulin, which regulates NOSred-mediated NOSox reduction in mNOSs. Unlike other bacterial NOSs, syNOS cannot function with tetrahydrofolate and requires high Ca2+ levels (>200 μm) for its activation. NOSg converts NO to NO3- in the presence of O2 and NADPH; however, NOSg did not protect Escherichia coli strains against nitrosative stress, even in a mutant devoid of NO-protective flavohemoglobin. We also found that syNOS does not have NOS activity in E. coli (which lacks H4B) and that the recombinant protein does not confer growth advantages on l-Arg as a nitrogen source. Our findings indicate that syNOS has both NOS and NO oxygenase activities, requires H4B, and may play a role in Ca2+-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Picciano
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Brian R Crane
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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12
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Wijayawardene NN, Pawłowska J, Letcher PM, Kirk PM, Humber RA, Schüßler A, Wrzosek M, Muszewska A, Okrasińska A, Istel Ł, Gęsiorska A, Mungai P, Lateef AA, Rajeshkumar KC, Singh RV, Radek R, Walther G, Wagner L, Walker C, Wijesundara DSA, Papizadeh M, Dolatabadi S, Shenoy BD, Tokarev YS, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Shi H, Luo X, Wu R, Yue X. Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by application of a delta-6 desaturase with the highest ALA catalytic activity in algae. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:7. [PMID: 29331150 PMCID: PMC5766975 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green alga with a high α-linolenic acid (ALA) level, but a low eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level. In a previous analysis of the catalytic activity of delta 6 fatty acid desaturase (FADS6) from various species, FADS6 from Thalassiosira pseudonana (TpFADS6), a marine diatom, showed the highest catalytic activity for ALA. In this study, to enhance EPA production in D. salina, FADS6 from D. salina (DsFADS6) was identified, and substrate specificities for DsFADS6 and TpFADS6 were characterized. Furthermore, a plasmid harboring the TpFADS6 gene was constructed and overexpressed in D. salina. Our results revealed that EPA production reached 21.3 ± 1.5 mg/L in D. salina transformants. To further increase EPA production, myoinositol (MI) was used as a growth-promoting agent; it increased the dry cell weight of D. salina transformants, and EPA production reached 91.3 ± 11.6 mg/L. The combination of 12% CO2 aeration with glucose/KNO3 in the medium improved EPA production to 192.9 ± 25.7 mg/L in the Ds-TpFADS6 transformant. We confirmed that the increase in ALA was optimal at 8 °C; the EPA percentage reached 41.12 ± 4.78%. The EPA yield was further increased to 554.3 ± 95.6 mg/L by supplementation with 4 g/L perilla seed meal (PeSM), 500 mg/L MI, and 12% CO2 aeration with glucose/KNO3 at varying temperatures. EPA production and the percentage of EPA in D. salina were 343.8-fold and 25-fold higher than those in wild-type D. salina, respectively. IMPORTANCE FADS6 from Thalassiosira pseudonana, which demonstrates high catalytic activity toward α-linolenic acid, was used to enhance EPA production by Dunaliella salina. Transformation of FADS6 from Thalassiosira pseudonana into Dunaliella salina with myoinositol, CO2, low temperatures, and perilla seed meal supplementation substantially increased EPA production in Dunaliella salina to 554.3 ± 95.6 mg/L. Accordingly, D. salina could be a potential alternative source of EPA and is suitable for its large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Zhang H, Feng Y, Cui Q, Song X. Expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin enhances production of arachidonic acid and lipids in Mortierella alpina. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28854910 PMCID: PMC5577678 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4, n-6), which belongs to the omega-6 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids and has a variety of biological activities, is commercially produced in Mortierella alpina. Dissolved oxygen or oxygen utilization efficiency is a critical factor for Mortierella alpina growth and arachidonic acid production in large-scale fermentation. Overexpression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene is thought to significantly increase the oxygen utilization efficiency of the cells. RESULTS An optimized Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene was introduced into Mortierella alpina via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Compared with the parent strain, the VHb-expressing strain, termed VHb-20, grew faster under both limiting and non-limiting oxygen conditions and exhibited dramatic changes in cell morphology. Furthermore, VHb-20 produced 4- and 8-fold higher total lipid and ARA yields than those of the wild-type strain under a microaerobic environment. Furthermore, ARA production of VHb-20 was also 1.6-fold higher than that of the wild type under normal conditions. The results demonstrated that DO utilization was significantly increased by expressing the VHb gene in Mortierella alpina. CONCLUSIONS The expression of VHb enhances ARA and lipid production under both lower and normal dissolved oxygen conditions. This study provides a novel strategy and an engineered strain for the cost-efficient production of ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
| | - Qiu Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
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15
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Wang H, Zhang C, Feng J, Liu Y, Yang Q, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Role of dihydrofolate reductase in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and lipid metabolism in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2016; 162:1544-1553. [PMID: 27488762 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Mortierella alpina is a well-known polyunsaturated fatty acid-producing oleaginous fungus. Analysis of the Mort. alpina genome suggests that there is a putative dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene playing a role in the salvage pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which has never been explored in fungi before. DHFR is the sole source of tetrahydrofolate and plays a key role in maintaining BH4 levels. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that DHFR was up-regulated by nitrogen exhaustion, when Mort. alpina starts to accumulate lipids. Significant changes were found in the fatty acid profile in Mort. alpina grown on medium containing DHFR inhibitors compared to Mort. alpina grown on medium without inhibitors. To explore the role of DHFR in folate/BH4 metabolism and its relationship to lipid biosynthesis, we expressed heterologously the gene encoding DHFR from Mort. alpina in Escherichia coli and we purified the recombinant enzyme to homogeneity. The enzymatic activity was investigated by liquid chromatography and MS and VIS-UV spectroscopy. The kinetic parameters and the effects of temperature, pH, metal ions and inhibitors on the activity of DHFR were also investigated. The transcript level of cytosolic NADPH-producing gene involved in folate metabolism is down-regulated by DHFR inhibitors, which highlights the functional significance of DHFR in lipid biosynthesis. The relationship between DHFR and lipid metabolism is thus of major importance, and folate metabolism may be an alternative NADPH source in fatty acid synthesis. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the comprehensive characterization of a BH4salvage pathway in a fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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16
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Wang H, Zhang C, Chen H, Yang Q, Zhou X, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Biochemical characterization of an isoform of GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase from Mortierella alpina. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1761-8. [PMID: 27395065 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the molecular mechanism of GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis in Mortierella alpina. RESULTS Analysis of the M. alpina genome suggests that there were two isofunctional GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase genes (GMD1 and GMD2) that have never been found in a microorganism before. GMD2 was expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The addition of exogenous NAD(+) or NADP(+) was not essential for GMD2 activity. GMD2 may have considerable importance for GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis under nitrogen starvation. The transcriptional regulation of GMD1 may be more susceptible to GDP and GTP than that of GMD2. Significant changes were observed in the concentration of GDP-L-fucose (30 and 36 % inhibition respectively) and total fatty acids (18 and 12 % inhibition respectively) in M. alpina grown on GMD inhibitors medium, which suggests that GDP-L-fucose is functionally significant in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that an isofunctional GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase has been characterized in a microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Application of a delta-6 desaturase with α-linolenic acid preference on eicosapentaenoic acid production in Mortierella alpina. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:117. [PMID: 27364006 PMCID: PMC4929779 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Delta-6 desaturase (FADS6) is a key bifunctional enzyme desaturating linoleic acid (LA) or α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In previous work, we analyzed the substrate specificity of two FADS6 enzymes from Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222 (MaFADS6) and Micromonas pusilla CCMP1545 (MpFADS6), which showed preference for LA and ALA, respectively. We also clarified the PUFA profiles in M. alpina, where these lipids were synthesized mainly via the ω6 pathway and rarely via the ω3 pathway and as a result contained low ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels. Result To enhance EPA production in M. alpina by favoring the ω3 pathway, a plasmid harboring the MpFADS6 gene was constructed and overexpressed in a uracil-auxotrophic strain of M. alpina using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) method. Our results revealed that the EPA production reached 80.0 ± 15.0 and 90.4 ± 9.7 mg/L in MpFADS6 transformants grown at 28 and at 12 °C, respectively. To raise the level of ALA, free form fatty acid was used as exogenous substrate, which increased the EPA production up to 114.5 ± 12.4 mg/L. To reduce the cost of EPA production in M. alpina, peony seed oil (PSO) and peony seed meal (PSM) were used as source of ALA, and EPA production was improved to 149.3 ± 7.8 and 515.29 ± 32.66 mg/L by supplementing with 0.1 % PSO and 50 g/L PSM, respectively. The EPA yield was further increased to 588.5 ± 29.6 mg/L in a 5-L bioreactor, which resulted in a 26.2-fold increase compared to EPA production in wild-type M. alpina. In this work, we have significantly enhanced EPA production through overexpression of a FADS6 desaturase with preference for ALA, combined with supplementation of its substrate. Conclusion An ALA-preferring FADS6 from M. pusilla CCMP1545 was applied to enhance EPA production in M. alpina. By exogenous addition of peony seed oil or peony seed meal, EPA production was further increased in flasks and fermenters. This research also highlights the value of peony seed meal which can be converted to a high value-added product containing EPA, and as a way to increase the EPA/AA ratio in M. alpina. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0516-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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Wang H, Zhang C, Yang Q, Feng J, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Production of GDP- l-fucose from exogenous fucose through the salvage pathway in Mortierella alpina. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to report a comprehensive characterization of GDP-l-fucose pyrophosphorylase (GFPP) in a fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Jinghan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
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19
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Ehrenworth AM, Sarria S, Peralta-Yahya P. Pterin-Dependent Mono-oxidation for the Microbial Synthesis of a Modified Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid. ACS Synth Biol 2015. [PMID: 26214239 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) have important therapeutic value, including as anticancer and antimalarial agents. Because of their chemical complexity, therapeutic MIAs, or advanced intermediates thereof, are often isolated from the native plants. The microbial synthesis of MIAs would allow for the rapid and scalable production of complex MIAs and MIA analogues for therapeutic use. Here, we produce the modified MIA hydroxystrictosidine from glucose and the monoterpene secologanin via a pterin-dependent mono-oxidation strategy. Specifically, we engineered the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the high-level synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin to mono-oxidize tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan, which, after decarboxylation to serotonin, is coupled to exogenously fed secologanin to produce 10-hydroxystrictosidine in an eight-enzyme pathway. We selected hydroxystrictosidine as our synthetic target because hydroxylation at the 10' position of the alkaloid core strictosidine provides a chemical handle for the future chemical semisynthesis of therapeutics. We show the generality of the pterin-dependent mono-oxidation strategy for alkaloid synthesis by hydroxylating tyrosine to L-DOPA-a key intermediate in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis-and, thereafter, further converting it to dopamine. Together, these results present the first microbial synthesis of a modified alkaloid, the first production of tetrahydrobiopterin in yeast, and the first use of a pterin-dependent mono-oxidation strategy for the synthesis of L-DOPA. This work opens the door to the scalable production of MIAs as well as the production of modified MIAs to serve as late intermediates in the semisynthesis of known and novel therapeutics. Further, the microbial strains in this work can be used as plant pathway discovery tools to elucidate known MIA biosynthetic pathways or to identify pathways leading to novel MIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Ehrenworth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡School of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - S. Sarria
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡School of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - P. Peralta-Yahya
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡School of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Oakley TH, Speiser DI. How Complexity Originates: The Evolution of Animal Eyes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd H. Oakley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;
| | - Daniel I. Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Floryszak-Wieczorek J. Nitric oxide: an effective weapon of the plant or the pathogen? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:406-16. [PMID: 24822271 PMCID: PMC6638900 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An explosion of research in plant nitric oxide (NO) biology during the last two decades has revealed that NO is a key signal involved in plant development, abiotic stress responses and plant immunity. During the course of evolutionary changes, microorganisms parasitizing plants have developed highly effective offensive strategies, in which NO also seems to be implicated. NO production has been demonstrated in several plant pathogens, including fungi, but the origin of NO seems to be as puzzling as in plants. So far, published studies have been spread over multiple species of pathogenic microorganisms in various developmental stages; however, the data clearly indicate that pathogen-derived NO is an important regulatory molecule involved not only in developmental processes, but also in pathogen virulence and its survival in the host. This review also focuses on the search for potential mechanisms by which pathogens convert NO messages into a physiological response or detoxify both endo- and exogenous NO. Finally, taking into account the data available from model bacteria and yeast, a basic draft for the mode of NO action in phytopathogenic microorganisms is proposed.
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Wang H, Chen H, Hao G, Yang B, Feng Y, Wang Y, Feng L, Zhao J, Song Y, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Wang L, Chen W. Role of the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system in aromatic substance degradation and lipid metabolism in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3225-33. [PMID: 23503309 PMCID: PMC3685260 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00238-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortierella alpina is a filamentous fungus commonly found in soil that is able to produce lipids in the form of triacylglycerols that account for up to 50% of its dry weight. Analysis of the M. alpina genome suggests that there is a phenylalanine-hydroxylating system for the catabolism of phenylalanine, which has never been found in fungi before. We characterized the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system in M. alpina to explore its role in phenylalanine metabolism and its relationship to lipid biosynthesis. Significant changes were found in the profile of fatty acids in M. alpina grown on medium containing an inhibitor of the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system compared to M. alpina grown on medium without inhibitor. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system (phenylalanine hydroxylase [PAH], pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase, and dihydropteridine reductase) were expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli, and the resulting proteins were purified to homogeneity. Their enzymatic activity was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or visible (Vis)-UV spectroscopy. Two functional PAH enzymes were observed, encoded by distinct gene copies. A novel role for tetrahydrobiopterin in fungi as a cofactor for PAH, which is similar to its function in higher life forms, is suggested. This study establishes a novel scheme for the fungal degradation of an aromatic substance (phenylalanine) and suggests that the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system is functionally significant in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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