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Kant S, Liu L, Vazquez-Torres A. The methylglyoxal pathway is a sink for glutathione in Salmonella experiencing oxidative stress. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011441. [PMID: 37267419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella suffer the cytotoxicity of reactive oxygen species generated by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in the innate host response. Periplasmic superoxide dismutases, catalases and hydroperoxidases detoxify superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesized in the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells. Glutathione also helps Salmonella combat the phagocyte NADPH oxidase; however, the molecular mechanisms by which this low-molecular-weight thiol promotes resistance of Salmonella to oxidative stress are currently unknown. We report herein that Salmonella undergoing oxidative stress transcriptionally and functionally activate the methylglyoxal pathway that branches off from glycolysis. Activation of the methylglyoxal pathway consumes a substantial proportion of the glutathione reducing power in Salmonella following exposure to H2O2. The methylglyoxal pathway enables Salmonella to balance glucose utilization with aerobic respiratory outputs. Salmonella take advantage of the metabolic flexibility associated with the glutathione-consuming methylglyoxal pathway to resist reactive oxygen species generated by the enzymatic activity of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in macrophages and mice. Taken together, glutathione fosters oxidative stress resistance in Salmonella against the antimicrobial actions of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase by promoting the methylglyoxal pathway, an offshoot metabolic adaptation of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Kant
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lin Liu
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andres Vazquez-Torres
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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2
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Karmakar K, Chakraborty S, Kumar JR, Nath U, Nataraja KN, Chakravortty D. Role of lactoyl-glutathione lyase of Salmonella in the colonization of plants under salinity stress. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104045. [PMID: 36842715 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella, a foodborne human pathogen, can colonize the members of the kingdom Plantae. However, the basis of the persistence of Salmonella in plants is largely unknown. Plants encounter various biotic and abiotic stress agents in soil. We conjectured that methylglyoxal (MG), one of the common metabolites that accumulate in plants during both biotic and abiotic stress, plays a role in regulating the plant-Salmonella interaction. The interaction of Salmonella Typhimurium with plants under salinity stress was investigated. It was observed that wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium can efficiently colonize the root, but mutant bacteria lacking MG detoxifying enzyme, lactoyl-glutathione lyase (Lgl), showed lower colonization in roots exclusively under salinity stress. This colonization defect is due to the poor viability of the mutated bacterial strains under these conditions. This is the first report to prove the role of MG-detoxification genes in the colonization of stressed plants and highlights the possible involvement of metabolic genes in the evolution of the plant-associated life of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapudeep Karmakar
- Regional Research Station, Terai Zone, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar-736165, India.
| | - Sangeeta Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Jyothsna R Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Karaba N Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Adjunct Faculty, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science and Educational Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
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3
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Metabolic Shades of S-D-Lactoylglutathione. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11051005. [PMID: 35624868 PMCID: PMC9138017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
S-D-lactoylglutathione (SDL) is an intermediate of the glutathione-dependent metabolism of methylglyoxal (MGO) by glyoxalases. MGO is an electrophilic compound that is inevitably produced in conjunction with glucose breakdown and is essentially metabolized via the glyoxalase route. In the last decades, MGO metabolism and its cytotoxic effects have been under active investigation, while almost nothing is known about SDL. This article seeks to fill the gap by presenting an overview of the chemistry, biochemistry, physiological role and clinical importance of SDL. The effects of intracellular SDL are investigated in three main directions: as a substrate for post-translational protein modifications, as a reservoir for mitochondrial reduced glutathione and as an energy currency. In essence, all three approaches point to one direction, namely, a metabolism-related regulatory role, enhancing the cellular defense against insults. It is also suggested that an increased plasma concentration of SDL or its metabolites may possibly serve as marker molecules in hemolytic states, particularly when the cause of hemolysis is a disturbance of the pay-off phase of the glycolytic chain. Finally, SDL could also represent a useful marker in such metabolic disorders as diabetes mellitus or ketotic states, in which its formation is expected to be enhanced. Despite the lack of clear-cut evidence underlying the clinical and experimental findings, the investigation of SDL metabolism is a promising field of research.
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4
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Combining Whole-Genome Sequencing and Multimodel Phenotyping To Identify Genetic Predictors of Salmonella Virulence. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00293-20. [PMID: 32522778 PMCID: PMC7289705 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00293-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella comprises more than 2,600 serovars. Very few environmental and uncommon serovars have been characterized for their potential role in virulence and human infections. A complementary in vitro and in vivo systematic high-throughput analysis of virulence was used to elucidate the association between genetic and phenotypic variations across Salmonella isolates. The goal was to develop a strategy for the classification of isolates as a benchmark and predict virulence levels of isolates. Thirty-five phylogenetically distant strains of unknown virulence were selected from the Salmonella Foodborne Syst-OMICS (SalFoS) collection, representing 34 different serovars isolated from various sources. Isolates were evaluated for virulence in 4 complementary models of infection to compare virulence traits with the genomics data, including interactions with human intestinal epithelial cells, human macrophages, and amoeba. In vivo testing was conducted using the mouse model of Salmonella systemic infection. Significant correlations were identified between the different models. We identified a collection of novel hypothetical and conserved proteins associated with isolates that generate a high burden. We also showed that blind prediction of virulence of 33 additional strains based on the pan-genome was high in the mouse model of systemic infection (82% agreement) and in the human epithelial cell model (74% agreement). These complementary approaches enabled us to define virulence potential in different isolates and present a novel strategy for risk assessment of specific strains and for better monitoring and source tracking during outbreaks.IMPORTANCE Salmonella species are bacteria that are a major source of foodborne disease through contamination of a diversity of foods, including meat, eggs, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. More than 2,600 different Salmonella enterica serovars have been identified, and only a few of them are associated with illness in humans. Despite the fact that they are genetically closely related, there is enormous variation in the virulence of different isolates of Salmonella enterica Identification of foodborne pathogens is a lengthy process based on microbiological, biochemical, and immunological methods. Here, we worked toward new ways of integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) approaches into food safety practices. We used WGS to build associations between virulence and genetic diversity within 83 Salmonella isolates representing 77 different Salmonella serovars. Our work demonstrates the potential of combining a genomics approach and virulence tests to improve the diagnostics and assess risk of human illness associated with specific Salmonella isolates.
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5
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Song X, Zhang H, Liu X, Yuan J, Wang P, Lv R, Yang B, Huang D, Jiang L. The putative transcriptional regulator STM14_3563 facilitates Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenicity by activating virulence-related genes. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:381-390. [PMID: 31832871 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important gram-negative intracellular pathogen that infects humans and animals. More than 50 putative regulatory proteins have been identified in the S. Typhimurium genome, but few have been clearly defined. In this study, the physiological function and regulatory role of STM14_3563, which encodes a ParD family putative transcriptional regulator in S. Typhimurium, were investigated. Macrophage replication assays and mice experiments revealed that S. Typhimurium showed reduced growth in murine macrophages and attenuated virulence in mice owing to deletion of STM14_3563 gene. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data showed that STM14_3563 exerts wide-ranging effects on gene expression in S. Typhimurium. STM14_3563 activates the expression of several genes encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-6, SPI-12, and SPI-13, which are required for intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium. Additionally, the global transcriptional regulator Fis was found to directly activate STM14_3563 expression by binding to the STM14_3563 promoter. These results indicate that STM14_3563 is involved in the regulation of a variety of virulence-related genes in S. Typhimurium that contribute to its growth in macrophages and virulence in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Peisheng Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Runxia Lv
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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6
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Gogoi M, Ravikumar V, Dixit NM, Chakravortty D. Salmonella escapes antigen presentation through K63 ubiquitination mediated endosomal proteolysis of MHC II via modulation of endosomal acidification in dendritic cells. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4775126. [PMID: 29293966 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell response is vital for successful clearance of Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Efficient antigen presentation is crucial for effective CD4+ T-cell response. Previous study has reported that Salmonella abrogates antigen presentation capacity of dendritic cells in order to escape host adaptive immune response. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism of Salmonella-mediated downregulation of the total cellular Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II pool in dendritic cells. Infected dendritic cells show upregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase, MARCH1 expression and K63-linked ubiquitination of MHC II. Salmonella infection also enhances the internalisation of ubiquitin-tagged MHC II molecules that are subsequently degraded by endosomal proteases. In addition, Salmonella regulates the activation of endosomal proteases by lowering the pH of endosomes. In infected dendritic cells, Salmonella delays NOX2 recruitment to the phagosomes thereby preventing its alkalinisation. NOX2 is a significant part of innate immune response against pathogens as it is responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. In this study, we have demonstrated how Salmonella evades MHC II-mediated adaptive immune response in dendritic cells through enhanced endosomal proteolysis. To escape host CD4+T response, Salmonella delays NOX2 recruitment, an innate immune response element to the phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gogoi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Visweswaran Ravikumar
- Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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7
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Espinoza RA, Silva-Valenzuela CA, Amaya FA, Urrutia ÍM, Contreras I, Santiviago CA. Differential roles for pathogenicity islands SPI-13 and SPI-8 in the interaction of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhi with murine and human macrophages. Biol Res 2017; 50:5. [PMID: 28202086 PMCID: PMC5311848 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-13 is conserved in many serovars of S. enterica, including S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Gallinarum. However, it is absent in typhoid serovars such as S. Typhi and Paratyphi A, which carry SPI-8 at the same genomic location. Because the interaction with macrophages is a critical step in Salmonella pathogenicity, in this study we investigated the role played by SPI-13 and SPI-8 in the interaction of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhi with cultured murine (RAW264.7) and human (THP-1) macrophages. Results
Our results showed that SPI-13 was required for internalization of S. Enteritidis in murine but not human macrophages. On the other hand, SPI-8 was not required for the interaction of S. Typhi with human or murine macrophages. Of note, the presence of an intact copy of SPI-13 in a S. Typhi mutant carrying a deletion of SPI-8 did not improve its ability to be internalized by, or survive in human or murine macrophages. Conclusions Altogether, our results point out to different roles for SPI-13 and SPI-8 during Salmonella infection. While SPI-13 contributes to the interaction of S. Enteritidis with murine macrophages, SPI-8 is not required in the interaction of S. Typhi with murine or human macrophages. We hypothesized that typhoid serovars have lost SPI-13 and maintained SPI-8 to improve their fitness during another phase of human infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-017-0109-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia A Silva-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Fernando A Amaya
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ítalo M Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inés Contreras
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos A Santiviago
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Menanteau‐Ledouble S, El‐Matbouli M. Antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida specifically induced in vivo in Oncorhynchus mykiss. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1015-1019. [PMID: 26661507 PMCID: PMC4950343 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Menanteau‐Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - M El‐Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
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9
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Menanteau-Ledouble S, Kumar G, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M. Aeromonas salmonicida: updates on an old acquaintance. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:49-68. [PMID: 27304870 DOI: 10.3354/dao03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is the oldest known infectious agent to be linked to fish disease and constitutes a major bacterial pathogen of fish, in particular of salmonids. This bacterium can be found almost worldwide in both marine and freshwater environments and has been divided into several sub-species. In this review, we present the most recent developments concerning our understanding of this pathogen, including how the characterization of new isolates from non-salmonid hosts suggests a more nuanced picture of the importance of the so‑called 'atypical isolates'. We also describe the clinical presentation regarding the infection across several fish species and discuss what is known about the virulence of A. salmonicida and, in particular, the role that the type 3 secretion system might play in suppressing the immune response of its hosts. Finally, isolates have displayed varied levels of antibiotic resistance. Hence, we review a number of solutions that have been developed both to prevent outbreaks and to treat them once they occur, including the application of pre- and probiotic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Elder JR, Chiok KL, Paul NC, Haldorson G, Guard J, Shah DH. The Salmonella pathogenicity island 13 contributes to pathogenesis in streptomycin pre-treated mice but not in day-old chickens. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:16. [PMID: 27141235 PMCID: PMC4852409 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a human and animal pathogen that causes gastroenteritis characterized by inflammatory diarrhea and occasionally an invasive systemic infection. Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) are horizontally acquired genomic segments known to contribute to Salmonella pathogenesis. The objective of the current study was to determine the contribution of SPI-13 to S. Enteritidis pathogenesis. METHODS We deleted the entire SPI-13 (∆SPI-13) from the genome of S. Enteritidis CDC_2010K_0968 strain isolated from a human patient during the 2010 egg-associated outbreak in the US. The kinetics of infection of the wild-type parent and the ∆SPI-13 were compared in orally challenged day-old chickens and streptomycin pre-treated mice. The degree of intestinal inflammation and the survival of mutant strain within the avian (HD11) and murine (RAW264.7) macrophages were also determined. RESULTS The deletion of the SPI-13 resulted in impaired infection kinetics of S. Enteritidis in streptomycin pre-treated mice which was characterized by significantly lower (P < 0.05) viable counts in the ceca, liver and spleen, impaired ability to induce intestinal inflammation and reduced survival within murine macrophages. Conversely, there were no significant differences in the infection kinetics of ∆SPI-13 in day-old chickens in any of the organs tested and the survival of ∆SPI-13 within chicken macrophages remained unaltered. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that SPI-13 contributes to the pathogenesis of S. Enteritidis in streptomycin pre-treated mice but not in day-old chickens and raises the possibility that SPI-13 may play a role in pathogenesis and the host adaptation/restriction of Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Elder
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040 USA
| | - Kim Lam Chiok
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040 USA
| | - Narayan C Paul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040 USA
| | - Gary Haldorson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040 USA
| | - Jean Guard
- Egg Quality and Safety Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040 USA ; Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040 USA
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11
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Zhang MM, Ong CLY, Walker MJ, McEwan AG. Defence against methylglyoxal in Group A Streptococcus: a role for Glyoxylase I in bacterial virulence and survival in neutrophils? Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv122. [PMID: 26702634 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal is a dicarbonyl compound that acts as a toxic electrophile in biological systems. Methylglyoxal is produced in certain bacteria as a byproduct of glycolysis through methylglyoxal synthase. Like many bacteria, Group A Streptococcus (GAS), a Gram-positive human pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases, uses a two-step glyoxalase system to remove methylglyoxal. However, bioinformatic analysis revealed that no homologue of methylglyoxal synthase is present in GAS, suggesting that the role of the glyoxalase system is to detoxify methylglyoxal produced by the host. In this study, we investigated the role of methylglyoxal detoxification in the pathogenesis of GAS. A mutant (5448ΔgloA), deficient in glyoxylase I (S-lactoylglutathione lyase), was constructed and tested for susceptibility to methylglyoxal, human neutrophil survival and virulence in a murine model of infection. 5448ΔgloA was more sensitive to methylglyoxal and was also more susceptible to human neutrophil killing. Inhibition of neutrophil myeloperoxidase rescued the gloA-deficient mutant indicating that this enzyme was required for methylglyoxal production. Furthermore, the 5448ΔgloA mutant was slower at disseminating into the blood in the murine model. These data suggest that neutrophils produce methylglyoxal as an antimicrobial agent during bacterial infection, and the glyoxalase system is part of the GAS defence against the innate immune system during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- May M Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cheryl-lynn Y Ong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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12
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Srikumar S, Kröger C, Hébrard M, Colgan A, Owen SV, Sivasankaran SK, Cameron ADS, Hokamp K, Hinton JCD. RNA-seq Brings New Insights to the Intra-Macrophage Transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005262. [PMID: 26561851 PMCID: PMC4643027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is arguably the world’s best-understood bacterial pathogen. However, crucial details about the genetic programs used by the bacterium to survive and replicate in macrophages have remained obscure because of the challenge of studying gene expression of intracellular pathogens during infection. Here, we report the use of deep sequencing (RNA-seq) to reveal the transcriptional architecture and gene activity of Salmonella during infection of murine macrophages, providing new insights into the strategies used by the pathogen to survive in a bactericidal immune cell. We characterized 3583 transcriptional start sites that are active within macrophages, and highlight 11 of these as candidates for the delivery of heterologous antigens from Salmonella vaccine strains. A majority (88%) of the 280 S. Typhimurium sRNAs were expressed inside macrophages, and SPI13 and SPI2 were the most highly expressed pathogenicity islands. We identified 31 S. Typhimurium genes that were strongly up-regulated inside macrophages but expressed at very low levels during in vitro growth. The SalComMac online resource allows the visualisation of every transcript expressed during bacterial replication within mammalian cells. This primary transcriptome of intra-macrophage S.-Typhimurium describes the transcriptional start sites and the transcripts responsible for virulence traits, and catalogues the sRNAs that may play a role in the regulation of gene expression during infection. The burden of Salmonellosis remains unacceptably high throughout the world and control measures have had limited success. Because Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from the wider environment to animals and humans, the bacteria encounter diverse environments that include food, water, plant surfaces and the extracellular and intracellular phases of infection of eukaryotic hosts. An intricate transcriptional network has evolved to respond to a variety of environmental signals and control the “right time/ right place” expression of virulence genes. To understand how transcription is rewired during intracellular infection, we determined the primary transcriptome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium within murine macrophages. We report the coding genes, sRNAs and transcriptional start sites that are expressed within macrophages at 8 hours after infection, and use these to infer gene function. We identified gene promoters that are specifically expressed within macrophages and could drive the intracellular delivery of antigens by S. Typhimurium vaccine strains. These data contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms used by Salmonella to regulate virulence gene expression whilst replicating inside mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabarinath Srikumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Kröger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Magali Hébrard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Colgan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siân V. Owen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sathesh K. Sivasankaran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Chakraborty S, Gogoi M, Chakravortty D. Lactoylglutathione lyase, a critical enzyme in methylglyoxal detoxification, contributes to survival of Salmonella in the nutrient rich environment. Virulence 2015; 6:50-65. [PMID: 25517857 PMCID: PMC4603430 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.983791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase I which is synonymously known as lactoylglutathione lyase is a critical enzyme in methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification. We assessed the STM3117 encoded lactoylglutathione lyase (Lgl) of Salmonella Typhimurium, which is known to function as a virulence factor, due in part to its ability to detoxify methylglyoxal. We found that STM3117 encoded Lgl isomerises the hemithioacetal adduct of MG and glutathione (GSH) into S-lactoylglutathione. Lgl was observed to be an outer membrane bound protein with maximum expression at the exponential growth phase. The deletion mutant of S. Typhimurium (Δlgl) exhibited a notable growth inhibition coupled with oxidative DNA damage and membrane disruptions, in accordance with the growth arrest phenomenon associated with typical glyoxalase I deletion. However, growth in glucose minimal medium did not result in any inhibition. Endogenous expression of recombinant Lgl in serovar Typhi led to an increased resistance and growth in presence of external MG. Being a metalloprotein, Lgl was found to get activated maximally by Co(2+) ion followed by Ni(2+), while Zn(2+) did not activate the enzyme and this could be attributed to the geometry of the particular protein-metal complex attained in the catalytically active state. Our results offer an insight on the pivotal role of the virulence associated and horizontally acquired STM3117 gene in non-typhoidal serovars with direct correlation of its activity in lending survival advantage to Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India
| | - Mayuri Gogoi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India
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14
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Reiger M, Lassak J, Jung K. Deciphering the role of the type II glyoxalase isoenzyme YcbL (GlxII-2) in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 362:1-7. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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15
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Chakraborty S, Karmakar K, Chakravortty D. Cells producing their own nemesis: Understanding methylglyoxal metabolism. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:667-78. [PMID: 25380137 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Kapudeep Karmakar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
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