A previously uncharacterized tetratricopeptide-repeat-containing protein is involved in cell envelope function in Rhizobium leguminosarum

A conserved hub protein for coordinating peptidoglycan turnover that activates cell division amidases in Acinetobacter baumannii

Gram-negative bacteria produce a multilayered cell envelope in which their peptidoglycan is sandwiched between two membranes, an inner membrane made of glycerophospholipids and an asymmetric outer membrane with glycerophospholipids in the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet. The Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane contains lipooligosaccharide (LOS), a variant of LPS lacking O-antigen. LPS/LOS is typically essential, but A. baumannii can survive without LOS. Previously, we found that the peptidoglycan biogenesis protein NlpD becomes essential during LOS-deficiency. NlpD is typically redundant and is one of the cell's amidase activators for regulating peptidoglycan degradation, a process critical for cell division. We found that NlpD is essential under these conditions because a second putative amidase activator, termed WthA (cell w all turnover h ub protein A ), no longer functions in LOS-deficient cells. Mutants lacking WthA had severe cell division defects and were synthetically sick with loss of NlpD. Both Acinetobacter WthA and NlpD were found to activate an amidase activity of Oxa51, a chromosomally encoded β -lactamase. Further, WthA is homologous to Pseudomonas LbcA that impacts two other classes of peptidoglycan degradation enzymes, endopeptidases and lytic transglycosylases. WthA/LbcA homologs were identified across Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Chlorobiota, suggesting they belong to a conserved family involved in regulation of peptidoglycan turnover. While Acinetobacter WthA may share functions of Pseudomonas LbcA, we found no evidence that LbcA is an amidase activator. Altogether, we have identified a missing player in Acinetobacter peptidoglycan biogenesis, a conserved hub protein that regulates multiple peptidoglycan turnover enzymes including cell division amidases.

Significance Statement

Peptidoglycan is a rigid layer that provides structural support to bacterial cells. Peptidoglycan must be degraded to make room for new synthesis and for cells to divide, a process termed turnover. Turnover enzymes are tightly regulated to prevent their activities from lysing the cell. The critical pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii was missing known peptidoglycan amidases, a class of turnover enzymes, and the key activator that controls their activity during cell division. We have identified WthA as having a role in cell division most likely as an amidase activator. WthA homologs were widely distributed in bacteria and the closely related LbcA in Pseudomonas impacts two other types of turnover enzymes. We explore the possible functions of this new family of proteins that serves as a hub for impacting peptidoglycan turnover.

Brucella Periplasmic Protein EipB Is a Molecular Determinant of Cell Envelope Integrity and Virulence

The Gram-negative cell envelope is a remarkable structure with core components that include an inner membrane, an outer membrane, and a peptidoglycan layer in the periplasmic space between. Multiple molecular systems function to maintain integrity of this essential barrier between the interior of the cell and its surrounding environment. We show that a conserved DUF1849 family protein, EipB, is secreted to the periplasmic space of Brucella species, a monophyletic group of intracellular pathogens. In the periplasm, EipB folds into an unusual 14-stranded β-spiral structure that resembles the LolA and LolB lipoprotein delivery system, though the overall fold of EipB is distinct from LolA/LolB. Deletion of eipB results in defects in Brucella cell envelope integrity in vitro and in maintenance of spleen colonization in a mouse model of Brucella abortus infection. Transposon disruption of ttpA, which encodes a periplasmic protein containing tetratricopeptide repeats, is synthetically lethal with eipB deletion. ttpA is a reported virulence determinant in Brucella, and our studies of ttpA deletion and overexpression strains provide evidence that this gene also contributes to cell envelope function. We conclude that eipB and ttpA function in the Brucella periplasmic space to maintain cell envelope integrity, which facilitates survival in a mammalian host.IMPORTANCE Brucella species cause brucellosis, a global zoonosis. A gene encoding a conserved DUF1849-family protein, which we have named EipB, is present in all sequenced Brucella and several other genera in the class Alphaproteobacteria The manuscript provides the first functional and structural characterization of a DUF1849 protein. We show that EipB is secreted to the periplasm where it forms a spiral-shaped antiparallel β protein that is a determinant of cell envelope integrity in vitro and virulence in an animal model of disease. eipB genetically interacts with ttpA, which also encodes a periplasmic protein. We propose that EipB and TtpA function as part of a system required for cell envelope homeostasis in select Alphaproteobacteria.

Characterization of the inner membrane protein BB0173 from Borrelia burgdorferi

BACKGROUND

The bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of the most commonly reported arthropod-borne illness in the United States, Lyme disease. A family of proteins containing von Willebrand Factor A (VWFA) domains adjacent to a MoxR AAA+ ATPase have been found to be highly conserved in the genus Borrelia. Previously, a VWFA domain containing protein of B. burgdorferi, BB0172, was determined to be an outer membrane protein capable of binding integrin α3β1. In this study, the characterization of a new VWFA domain containing membrane protein, BB0173, is evaluated in order to define the location and topology of this multi-spanning membrane protein. In addition, functional predictions are made.

RESULTS

Our results show that BB0173, in contrast to BB0172, is an inner membrane protein, in which the VWFA domain is exposed to the periplasmic space. Further, BB0173 was predicted to have an aerotolerance regulator domain, and expression of BB0173 and the surrounding genes was evaluated under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions, revealing that these genes are downregulated under aerobic conditions. Since the VWFA domain containing proteins of B. burgdorferi are highly conserved, they are likely required for survival of the pathogen through sensing diverse environmental oxygen conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Presently, the complex mechanisms that B. burgdorferi uses to detect and respond to environmental changes are not completely understood. However, studying the mechanisms that allow B. burgdorferi to survive in the highly disparate environments of the tick vector and mammalian host could allow for the development of novel methods of preventing acquisition, survival, or transmission of the spirochete. In this regard, a putative membrane protein, BB0173, was characterized. BB0173 was found to be highly conserved across pathogenic Borrelia, and additionally contains several truly transmembrane domains, and a Bacteroides aerotolerance-like domain. The presence of these functional domains and the highly conserved nature of this protein, strongly suggests a required function of BB0173 in the survival of B. burgdorferi.