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Shaib H, Aoun P, Ghaddar A, Al Labadi H, Obeid Y. Multidrug Resistance and Plasmid Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Lebanese Broiler Farms. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:8811675. [PMID: 37303775 PMCID: PMC10250091 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8811675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid fingerprints of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from Lebanese broiler chickens. To that end, a total of 30 E. coli isolates were collected from 15 semi-open broiler farms from North Lebanon and Bekaa Valley. Results showed that all the isolates were resistant to at least nine out of 18 evaluated antimicrobial agents. The best-performing antibiotic families were Carbapenems (Imipenem) and Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin) to which only 0.0 and 8.3% of the isolates were resistant, respectively. Fifteen various plasmid profiles were depicted, and all the isolates were found to possess one or multiple plasmids. The plasmid sizes varied from 1.2 to 21.0 kbp, and the most commonly detected plasmid had a size of 5.7 kbp (23.3% of the isolates). There was no significant association between the number of plasmids per isolate and resistance to a particular drug. Nevertheless, the presence of specific plasmids, namely, the 2.2 or 7.7 kbp sized ones, was strongly correlated to Quinolones or Trimethoprim resistance, respectively. Both the 7.7 and 6.8 kbp plasmids showed mild correlation to Amikacin resistance, and the 5.7 kbp plasmid was mildly correlated to Piperacillin-Tazobactam resistance. Our findings highlight the need to revise the list of antimicrobials currently used in Lebanese poultry and associate the presence of specific plasmids to antimicrobial resistance patterns in E. coli isolates. The revealed plasmid profiles could also serve any future epidemiological investigation of poultry disease outbreaks in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Shaib
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Paul Aoun
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Ghaddar
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hamza Al Labadi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Obeid
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Tsaku PA, Ngwai YB, Pennap GRI, Ishaleku D, Ibrahim T, Nkene IH, Abimiku RH. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-production in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02177. [PMID: 31406939 PMCID: PMC6684459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serious clinical concern has been raised globally over the continual evolution of pathogenic microorganisms that are resistant to several chemotherapeutic agents, especially the beta-lactam antibiotics. This study investigated ESBL-production in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi-Nigeria. A total of 200 door handles were sampled and 34 (17.0%) E. coli isolates were identified. The bacterial resistance profile to tested antibiotics was: tetracycline 31 (91.18%), cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime, and augmentin with 28 (82.35%). Streptomycin and ampicillin had 26 (76.47%), while ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin had 16 (47.06%), 14 (41.18%), 12 (35.29%) and 7 (20.59%) resistance profile respectively. Multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) ≥ 0.3 was recorded in 33 (97.06%) of the isolates. A total of 23 resistant phenotypes were observed in this study. The most common resistant phenotype was AMP-AUG-CAZ-CRO-S-CIP-SXT-TE-C with 4 appearances. Fourteen (14) of the isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR), while 9 were extensively resistant (XDR) isolates. Fifteen (15) ESBL-producers were identified out of which bla TEM was identified in 7 of the isolates, while 10 were carriers of bla SHV, and bla CTX-M gene was not detected in any of the test isolates. This study recommends prompt action by all stakeholders in public health to prevent a potential disease burden from a superbug.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Tsaku
- Department of Microbiology, Coal City University, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Y B Ngwai
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - G R I Pennap
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - D Ishaleku
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - T Ibrahim
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - I H Nkene
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - R H Abimiku
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
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Correa MS, Schwambach J, Mann MB, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil from dried leaves of Eucalyptus staigeriana. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000202018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: In recent years, compounds with biological properties produced by plants have received attention as an alternative to control microorganisms. Essential oils extracted from green leaves of Eucalyptus sp. have been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activities, but so far there are no reports of antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from dried leaves of Eucalyptus staigeriana. So, the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from dried leaves of E. staigeriana (EOdlES) and to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of EOdlES against gram-positive and gram-negative, resistance and multiresistant Enterococcus faecalis isolated from food and clinical samples. The characterization of EOdlES was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For this study, 26 bacterial strains were used, which included 11 reference strains and 15 antibiotic resistant and multiresistant E. faecalis strains. Antimicrobial activities of EOdlES against gram-positive and gram-negative were determined using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was evaluated by a microbroth dilution technique. The antibiofilm effects were assessed by microtiter plate method. As a result, 21 compounds were identified, being oxygenated monoterpenes (69.58%) the major chemical family. EOdlES showed only antimicrobial activity against gram-positive strains. E. faecalis resistant and multiresistant strains show the lowest MIC (3.12 to 6.25%), when compared with reference E. faecalis strain. EOdlES has the ability to inhibit the biofilm formation, but little or none ability to inhibit the preformed biofilm. This study demonstrates that EOdlES is a promising alternative to control important foodborne and clinic gram-positive resistant bacteria.
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El-Gendy MMAA, El-Bondkly AMA, Keera AA, Ali AM. WITHDRAWN: Incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in microbial community of cancer patients and evaluation of their resistant pattern. Microb Pathog 2017:S0882-4010(16)30153-X. [PMID: 28735083 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed El-Gendy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer Ali Keera
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal Mohamed Ali
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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El-Gendy MMAA, El-Bondkly AMA, Keera AA, Ali AM. Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Microbial Community of Cancer Patients and Evaluation of Their Resistant Pattern. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Qi L, Li H, Zhang C, Liang B, Li J, Wang L, Du X, Liu X, Qiu S, Song H. Relationship between Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Biofilm-Specific Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:483. [PMID: 27148178 PMCID: PMC4828443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine the relationships between antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and biofilm-specific resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. The tested 272 isolates were collected from several hospitals in China during 2010–2013. Biofilm-forming capacities were evaluated using the crystal violet staining method. Antibiotic resistance/susceptibility profiles to 21 antibiotics were assessed using VITEK 2 system, broth microdilution method or the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) to cefotaxime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin were evaluated using micro dilution assays. Genetic relatedness of the isolates was also analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and plasmid profile. Among all the 272 isolates, 31 were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 166 were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). PFGE typing revealed 167 pattern types and 103 clusters with a similarity of 80%. MDR and XDR isolates built up the main prevalent genotypes. Most of the non-MDR isolates were distributed in a scattered pattern. Additionally, 249 isolates exhibited biofilm formation, among which 63 were stronger biofilm formers than type strain ATCC19606. Population that exhibited more robust biofilm formation likely contained larger proportion of non-MDR isolates. Isolates with higher level of resistance tended to form weaker biofilms. The MBECs for cefotaxime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin showed a positive correlation with corresponding MICs, while the enhancement in resistance occurred independent of the quantity of biofilm biomass produced. Results from this study imply that biofilm acts as a mechanism for bacteria to get a better survival, especially in isolates with resistance level not high enough. Moreover, even though biofilms formed by isolates with high level of resistance are always weak, they could still provide similar level of protection for the isolates. Further explorations genetically would improve our understanding of these processes and provide novel insights in the therapeutics and prevention against A. baumannii biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Qi
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
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Guimarães RA, Lugo Neto DF, Saraiva MDMS, Lima RP, Barros MR, Costa MMD, Oliveira CB, Stipp DT. CARACTERIZAÇÃO FILOGENÉTICA MOLECULAR E RESISTÊNCIA ANTIMICROBIANA DE Escherichia coli ISOLADAS DE CAPRINOS NEONATOS COM DIARREIA. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i433639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A diarreia neonatal determina alterações significativas na conversão alimentar, resultando na queda da produtividade de caprinos. A resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias caracteriza-se como importante problema de saúde pública, assim, a Escherichia coli pode ser caracterizada como importante patógeno por expressar mecanismos de virulência responsáveis por significativas afecções clínicas em seres humanos e animais. O presente estudo avaliou a presença de E. coli em 117 amostras fecais de caprinos e analisou a resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados. Colônias sugestivas foram submetidas a testes bioquímicos, seguido de determinação do grupo genotípico e análise filogenética; posteriormente foram submetidas à prova de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram identificados isolados de E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella sonnei e Enterobacter aerogenes. Isolados de E. coli foram classificados filogeneticamente em B2 (9/39), D (19/39), B1 (7/39) e A (4/29). Os fatores de virulência identificados foram K99 (04/39) e Stx (02/39). À prova de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana, os isolados foram sensíveis a Cloranfenicol, Estreptomicina, Amoxicilina e Ciprofloxacina, sendo todos resistentes à Lincomicina, Vancomicina e Penicilina. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de estabelecimento de protocolos criteriosos para o uso de antimicrobianos, medida fundamental para o aprimoramento da sanidade dos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros.
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Vibet MA, Roux J, Montassier E, Corvec S, Juvin ME, Ngohou C, Lepelletier D, Batard E. Systematic analysis of the relationship between antibiotic use and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in a French hospital: a time series analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26205663 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of hospital use of antibiotics other than cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance among Enterobacteriaceae is poorly known. Our objective was to explore the association between ESBL and hospital use of various classes of antibacterial agents. The relationship between monthly use of 19 classes of antibacterial agents and incidence of nosocomial ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a French hospital was studied between 2007 and 2013. Five antibiotic classes were significantly and independently associated with ESBL resistance. Uses of tetracyclines (link estimate ± SE, 0.0066 ± 0.0033), lincosamides (0.0093 ± 0.0029), and other antibacterial agents (0.0050 ± 0.0023) were associated with an increased incidence, while nitrofurantoin (-0.0188 ± 0.0062) and ticarcillin and piperacillin with or without enzyme inhibitor (-0.0078 ± 0.0031) were associated with a decreased incidence. In a multivariate model including 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate, 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins (0.0019 ± 0.0009) and fluoroquinolones (0.0020 ± 0.0008) were associated with an increased ESBL resistance, whereas amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were not. Hospital use of tetracyclines and lincosamides may promote ESBL resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Nitrofurantoin and ticarcillin and piperacillin with or without enzyme inhibitor should be considered as potential alternatives to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones to control the diffusion of ESBL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Vibet
- INSERM, U657 Pharmaco-épidémiologie et évaluation de l'impact des produits de santé sur les populations, Paris, France
| | - J Roux
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - E Montassier
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000, Nantes, France
- Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Corvec
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000, Nantes, France
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M-E Juvin
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Ngohou
- Health Information Management Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Lepelletier
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000, Nantes, France
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - E Batard
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000, Nantes, France.
- Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Rene D, Isidore JOB, Ali K, Gertrude BT, Hadiza IB, Evariste B, T SB, Asseta K, Cheikna Z, Alfred ST, Nicolas B. Serotyping and antimicrobial resistance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 isolated from children under five years of age with diarrhea in rural Burkina Faso. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Ibrahim IA, Al-Shwaikh RM, Ismaeil MI. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from Tigris River and children diarrhea. Infect Drug Resist 2014; 7:317-22. [PMID: 25473302 PMCID: PMC4251758 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s70684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the virulence factors including hemolysin production, β-lactamase production, and biofilm formation. Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid content of 20 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from feces and Tigris water were screened. Methods Ten clinical and ten environmental E. coli isolates were collected from children diarrhea and swim areas on Tigris River in Baghdad city, Iraq, respectively. The bacterial isolates were identified by cultural characteristics, Gram stain, biochemical tests, and screened for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 serotype. Bacterial E. coli isolates were investigated for hemolysin production, biofilm formation, and β-lactamase production. Antibiotics susceptibility and plasmid content were determined. Results A total of ten clinical and ten water E. coli isolates were studied. Results showed that all E. coli isolates give negative results for latex O157:H7. Virulence factors analysis showed that 6/10 water isolates and 2/10 clinical isolates were hemolytic, 5/10 water isolates and 3/10 clinical isolates were biofilm formation, and 7/10 water isolates and 4/10 clinical isolates were β-lactamase producer. Antibiotics profile showed that all bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant. All E. coli isolates (100%) were resistant to carbenicillin, cefodizime, imipenem, and piperacillin. The plasmid DNA analysis showed that all E. coli isolates contained plasmid with molecular weight range between 4.507 kbp and 5.07 kbp, but clinical isolates contained multiple small and mega plasmids. Conclusion Our study revealed that E. coli isolates from river water exhibit a higher level of hemolysin production, β-lactamase production, and biofilm formation than feces isolates may be due to long adaptation. On the other hand, clinical E. coli isolates from feces showed higher level of antibiotic resistance and have multiple plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Aj Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rana M Al-Shwaikh
- Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mahmoud I Ismaeil
- Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Akingbade O, Balogun S, Ojo D, Akinduti P, Okerentugba PO, Nwanze JC, Okonko IO. Resistant plasmid profile analysis of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:821-8. [PMID: 25834489 PMCID: PMC4370060 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli has become a major threat and cause of many urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Abeokuta, Nigeria. OBJECTIVES This study was carried out to determine the resistant plasmids of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from (Urinary tract infections)UTIs in Abeokuta. METHODS A total of 120 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from urine samples collected from patients attending inpatient and outpatient clinics presenting UTI; with their biodata. Antibiotics susceptibility was performed and multi-drug resistant isolates were selected for plasmid profiling. Plasmids were extracted by the alkaline lysis method, electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel and profiled using a gel-photo documentation system gel. RESULTS Escherichia coli isolates obtained shows high resistance to cloxacillin (92.5%), amoxicillin (90.8%), ampicillin (90.8%), erythromycin (75.8%), cotrimoxazole (70.0%), streptomycin (70.0%) and tetracycline (68.3%) while 85.8% and 84.2% were susceptible to gentamycin and ceftazidime respectively. Sixteen Escherichia coli strains were observed to be resistant to more than two classes of antibiotics. The resistant plasmid DNA was detectable in 6(37.5%) of the 16 multidrug resistant Escherichia coli having single sized plasmids of the same weight 854bp and were all resistant to erythromycin, cefuroxime, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSION This study has highlighted the emergence of multidrug resistant R-plasmids among Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections in Abeokuta, Nigeria. There is a high level of resistance to many antimicrobials that are frequently used in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Akingbade
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - S Balogun
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - D Ojo
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - P Akinduti
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - P O Okerentugba
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East- West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - J C Nwanze
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - I O Okonko
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East- West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Olowe OA, Idris OJ, Taiwo SS. Prevalence of tet genes mediating tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Osun State, Nigeria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:135-40. [PMID: 24265930 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of tetracycline resistance determinants in 203 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from clinical samples at three different hospitals in Nigeria between June 2009 and May 2010 was investigated. The isolates were subjected to standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility to a panel of eight antibiotics was also performed, and resistance genes were detected with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. One hundred and six E. coli isolates (52.2%) were obtained at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital Osogbo, 85 (41.9%) from OAUTHC Ile Ife and 12 (5.9%) from Osun State Hospital Asubiaro Osogbo. Result of the disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test showed 96.1% isolates to be resistant to ampicillin, 77.8% to tetracycline, 37.9% to cotrimoxazole, 38.4% to nalidixic acid, 20.7% to ofloxacin, 17.7% to ceftriaxone, 11.8% to gentamycin, and 2% to nitrofurantoin. One hundred and sixty two (79.9%) isolates had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline ≥ 128 μg/ml. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected tetA gene in 89 (43.8%) isolates, tetB gene in 65 (32.0%), and both tetA and tetB genes in 9 (4.4%) isolates. The study demonstrated a relatively high level of gene mediated antibiotic resistance to tetracycline and other antibiotics in E. coli clinical isolates in Southwest region of Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Olowe
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4400 Osogbo, Osun State Nigeria
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Stanford K, Agopsowicz CA, McAllister TA. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from feces and hides of super-shedders and low-shedding pen-mates in two commercial beef feedlots. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:178. [PMID: 23014060 PMCID: PMC3582550 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cattle shedding at least 104 CFU Escherichia coli O157:H7/g feces are described as super-shedders and have been shown to increase transmission of E. coli O157:H7 to other cattle in feedlots. This study investigated relationships among fecal isolates from super-shedders (n = 162), perineal hide swab isolates (PS) from super-shedders (n = 137) and fecal isolates from low-shedder (< 104 CFU/g feces) pen-mates (n = 496) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A subsample of these fecal isolates (n = 474) was tested for antimicrobial resistance. Isolates of E. coli O157:H7 were obtained from cattle in pens (avg. 181 head) at 2 commercial feedlots in southern Alberta with each steer sampled at entry to the feedlot and prior to slaughter. Results Only 1 steer maintained super-shedder status at both samplings, although approximately 30% of super-shedders in sampling 1 had low-shedder status at sampling 2. A total of 85 restriction endonuclease digestion clusters (REPC; 90% or greater similarity) and 86 unique isolates (< 90% similarity) were detected, with the predominant REPC (30% of isolates) being isolated from cattle in all feedlot pens, although it was not associated with shedding status (super- or low-shedder; P = 0.94). Only 2/21 super-shedders had fecal isolates in the same REPC at both samplings. Fecal and PS isolates from individual super-shedders generally belonged to different REPCs, although fecal isolates of E. coli O157:H7 from super- and low-shedders showed greater similarity (P < 0.001) than those from PS. For 77% of super-shedders, PFGE profiles of super-shedder fecal and PS isolates were distinct from all low-shedder fecal isolates collected in the same pen. A low level of antimicrobial resistance (3.7%) was detected and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance did not differ among super- and low-shedder isolates (P = 0.69), although all super-shedder isolates with antimicrobial resistance (n = 3) were resistant to multiple antimicrobials. Conclusions Super-shedders did not have increased antimicrobial resistance compared to low-shedder pen mates. Our data demonstrated that PFGE profiles of individual super-shedders varied over time and that only 1/162 steers remained a super-shedder at 2 samplings. In these two commercial feedlots, PFGE subtypes of E. coli O157:H7 from fecal isolates of super- and low-shedders were frequently different as were subtypes of fecal and perineal hide isolates from super-shedders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Agriculture Centre, 100-5401 1st Ave, S, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4 V6, Canada.
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14
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Peixoto L, SÁ M, Gordiano L, Costa M. Aeromonas spp.: fatores de virulência e perfis de resistência a antimicrobianos e metais pesados. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572012000300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As bactérias do gênero Aeromonas spp. são considerados como patógenos oportunistas carreadores de múltiplos fatores de virulência. O fenômeno da resistência aos antimicrobianos e metais pesados constitui outro problema, podendo ocorrer por diferentes fatores, dentre eles o uso indiscriminado de agentes antimicrobianos, poluição ambiental e a presença de mecanismos de resistência, como bombas de efluxo, sendo que muitos destes podem ser transmitidos por elementos genéticos móveis como os plasmídeos. O objetivo desse artigo é fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os fatores de virulência, resistência a antimicrobianos e metais pesados, bem como os mecanismos que podem intervir nessa resistência e sua transferência entre bactérias do gênero Aeromonas. Os estudos dos fatores envolvidos no mecanismo de surgimento da resistência, aliado aos estudos de biologia molecular, fornecem subsídios para elaboração de métodos de controle e profilaxia dessas enfermidades de impacto aos organismos aquáticos, seres humanos e meio ambiente.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M.C.A SÁ
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil
| | - L.A Gordiano
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil
| | - M.M. Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil
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15
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Barros MR, Silveira WDD, Araújo JMD, Costa EP, Oliveira AADF, Santos APDS, Silva VAS, Mota RA. Resistência antimicrobiana e perfil plasmidial de Escherichia coli isolada de frangos de corte e poedeiras comerciais no Estado de Pernambuco. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Embora existam linhagens de Escherichia coli não patogênicas para aves, muitas outras possuem a capacidade de causar sérios danos à saúde das mesmas, sendo capazes de ocasionar diferentes tipos de processos infecciosos. As linhagens patogênicas são denominadas Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), possuindo genes relacionados ao processo de patogênese em epissomos (plasmídios) ou no cromossomo. A presença de plasmídios, contendo genes de resistência a antibióticos em linhagens aviárias, patogênicas ou não, indicam a possibilidade de transferência gênica lateral entre diferentes tipos de linhagens facilitando também a transferência de genes de patogenicidade ou virulência. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antibióticos (13) de diferentes amostras (35) de E. coli isoladas de aves comerciais do Estado de Pernambuco apresentando, ou não, sinais clínicos de processos infecciosos e correlacionar esta resistência com a presença de plasmídios. Os testes utilizados demonstraram que 94,28% dos isolados foram resistentes a três ou mais antibióticos, com a lincomicina apresentando o maior percentual de resistência (100%). Na Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) observou-se multirresistência a vários antimicrobianos. A presença de plasmídios foi detecada em 80,0% (28/35) dos isolados, com 16 isolados apresentando plasmídios com peso molecular aproximado de 88 MDa. Também foi verificada a presença de linhagens apresentando plasmídios de vários tamanhos. Concluiu-se que isolados de E. coli resistentes a antimicrobianos utilizados na avicultura estão presentes no Estado de Pernambuco, tanto em frangos de corte quanto em poedeiras comerciais. A presença de plasmídios detectados na maioria dos isolados pode estar associada à resistência aos antimicrobianos e sugere a presença de possíveis genes relacionados à patogenicidade. Monitorar a resistência a antibióticos em bactérias isoladas de animais torna-se um fator determinante para eleição e êxito do tratamento, bem como a possibilidade de eliminação daquelas que possuem plasmídios para se evitar a transferência de genes relacionados à patogenicidade.
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16
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Horizontal gene transfer of stress resistance genes through plasmid transport. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1021-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Mirzaagha P, Louie M, Sharma R, Yanke LJ, Topp E, McAllister TA. Distribution and characterization of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli from feedlot cattle fed subtherapeutic antimicrobials. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:78. [PMID: 21504594 PMCID: PMC3103423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feedlot cattle in North America are routinely fed subtherapeutic levels of antimicrobials to prevent disease and improve the efficiency of growth. This practice has been shown to promote antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in subpopulations of intestinal microflora including Escherichia coli. To date, studies of AMR in feedlot production settings have rarely employed selective isolation, therefore yielding too few AMR isolates to enable characterization of the emergence and nature of AMR in E. coli as an indicator bacterium. E. coli isolates (n = 531) were recovered from 140 cattle that were housed (10 animals/pen) in 14 pens and received no dietary antimicrobials (control - 5 pens, CON), or were intermittently administered subtherapeutic levels of chlortetracycline (5 pens-T), chlortetracycline + sulfamethazine (4 pens-TS), or virginiamycin (5 pens-V) for two separate periods over a 9-month feeding period. Phenotype and genotype of the isolates were determined by susceptibility testing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis and distribution of characterized isolates among housed cattle reported. It was hypothesized that the feeding of subtherapeutic antibiotics would increase the isolation of distinct genotypes of AMR E. coli from cattle. Results Overall, patterns of antimicrobial resistance expressed by E. coli isolates did not change among diet groups (CON vs. antibiotic treatments), however; isolates obtained on selective plates (i.e., MA,MT), exhibited multi-resistance to sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol more frequently when obtained from TS-fed steers than from other treatments. Antibiograms and PFGE patterns suggested that AMR E. coli were readily transferred among steers within pens. Most MT isolates possessed the tet(B) efflux gene (58.2, 53.5, 40.8, and 50.6% of isolates from CON, T, TS, and V steers, respectively) whereas among the MA (ampicillin-resistant) isolates, the tem1-like determinant was predominant (occurring in 50, 66.7, 80.3, and 100% of isolates from CON, T, TS, and V steers, respectively). Conclusions Factors other than, or in addition to subtherapeutic administration of antibiotics influence the establishment and transmission of AMR E. coli among feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasto Mirzaagha
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
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18
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Costa M, Drescher G, Maboni F, Weber S, Schrank A, Vainstein M, Schrank I, Vargas A. Virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and plasmid content of Escherichia coli isolated in swine commercial farms. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates were evaluated. A total of 80 E. coli isolates were evaluated, being 64 from clinical samples (intestinal content and fragments of organs from diarrheic piglets), seven from feces of clinically healthy piglets and sows, and nine environmental samples (five from facilities, two from feed, one from insect, and one from waste). Molecular characterization was performed by PCR detection of fimbriae and toxin genes and plasmid content determination. The isolates were also characterized according to their resistance or sensitivity to the following drugs: ampicillin, trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amikacine, colistin, norfloxacin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, cefalexin, trimethoprim, neomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. From 80 E. coli isolates, 53.8% were classified as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), 2.5% were shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and 43.8% showed a non specific pattern and were unclassified. One fecal isolate from non-diarrheic piglet was classified as ETEC by PCR. Clinical isolates showed resistance mainly for tetracycline and trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole. Plasmidial DNA was observed in 70 isolates, being 78.5% of clinical isolates, 8.57% of non-diarrheic feces, and 12.8% of environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Costa
- UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco
| | - G. Drescher
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco
| | - F Maboni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
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19
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Costa MD, Maboni F, Weber S, Ferronato A, Schrank I, Vargas AD. PATOTIPOS DE ESCHERICHIA COLI NA SUINOCULTURA E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS E NA RESISTÊNCIA AOS ANTIMICROBIANOS. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v76p5092009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A suinocultura moderna tem propiciado a obtenção de índices produtivos positivos, entretanto tem predisposto os suínos a um grande número de doenças. A ocorrência dessas enfermidades estimulou o uso indiscriminado das drogas antimicrobianas na prevenção de infecções.Escherichia coli é um dos principais patógenos da suinocultura e se caracteriza pela alta resistência aos agentes antimicrobianos. A habilidade deste patógeno na transmissão horizontal da resistência aos antimicrobianos decorre de vários mecanismos genéticos e possui sérias implicações à saúde pública. Dentre os problemas associados à disseminação da resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos, podemos citar a contaminação do homem e dos animais por bactérias patogênicas de difícil controle terapêutico, principalmente por meio dos alimentos e de ambiente contaminados. Esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar aspectos relevantes de E. coli relativos ao seu potencial patogênico em suínos e à sua resistência às drogas antimicrobianas. Além disso, também apresenta algumas das alternativas aos usos desses fármacos na suinocultura.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - F. Maboni
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - S.S. Weber
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - I.S. Schrank
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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20
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Nyberg SD, Osterblad M, Hakanen AJ, Löfmark S, Edlund C, Huovinen P, Jalava J. Long-term antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli from human intestinal microbiota after administration of clindamycin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 39:514-20. [PMID: 17577812 DOI: 10.1080/00365540701199790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain better knowledge of how the intestinal microbiota are affected over time after administration of an antimicrobial agent. This study monitored the prevalence and frequencies of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae against 17 antimicrobial agents, during a 2-y period, in consecutive faecal samples collected from 8 healthy volunteers. Four subjects had received 150 mg clindamycin perorally for 7 d, while 4 non-exposed subjects served as a control group. The samples from both groups were cultured and screened for Enterobacteriaceae. The highest incidence of resistance observed was to ampicillin. The ampicillin resistance is due to production of the beta-lactamase TEM-1. The administration of clindamycin had a prolonged impact on the composition of the microbiota, even though enterobacteria are intrinsically resistant to clindamycin; the level of resistance in Escherichia coli isolates was elevated after administration and persisted up to 9 months after administration. After 9 months the susceptibility levels in the exposed group were similar to those at d 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Nyberg
- Laboratory of Human Microbial Ecology, National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland.
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21
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The pattern, association with multidrug-resistance and transferability of plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance inEscherichia coli isolates from the poultry in Iran. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03178318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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22
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Deschamps C, Clermont O, Hipeaux MC, Arlet G, Denamur E, Branger C. Multiple acquisitions of CTX-M plasmids in the rare D2 genotype of Escherichia coli provide evidence for convergent evolution. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1656-1668. [PMID: 19359321 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.023234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) worldwide, mostly in Escherichia coli, causing a major health problem. An epidemiological relationship has been established between a rare genotype of E. coli, the D(2) genotype, and the presence of CTX-M genes. We investigated this striking association by exploring the genetic backgrounds of 18 D(2) genotype CTX-M-producing strains and of the plasmids encoding CTX-M enzymes. The 18 strains had different genetic backgrounds, as assessed by multilocus sequence and O typing, and were associated with various plasmids bearing diverse CTX-M genes. The region encompassing the genetic marker of the D(2) genotype (TSPE4.C2) was not correlated with the presence of CTX-M genes. CTX-M-producing D(2) strains had far fewer virulence factors than a control group of 8 non-ESBL-producing D(2) strains, and an inverse relationship was found between the number of co-resistances associated with the CTX-M gene and the number of virulence factors found in the strain. These findings provide evidence for multiple acquisitions of plasmids carrying CTX-M genes in different D(2) genotype strains. They strongly suggest that convergent evolution has occurred, and indicate that there has been selection for the association of a specific genetic background of the strain and the CTX-M gene. This fine-tuning of the relationship between the D(2) genotype and CTX-M genes presumably increases the fitness of the strain, indicating a role for the host cell in the acquisition and dissemination of CTX-M genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Deschamps
- AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygiène, Colombes, France.,INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Clermont
- INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie Claire Hipeaux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygiène, Colombes, France
| | - Guillaume Arlet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Paris, France.,EA 2392, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Faculté de Médecine, Site Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Paris, France
| | - Erick Denamur
- INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Branger
- AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygiène, Colombes, France.,INSERM U722 and Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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23
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Abstract
The treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated because microorganisms can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. This article discusses the information that is required to predict when antibiotic resistance is likely to emerge in a bacterial population. Indeed, the development of the conceptual and methodological tools required for this type of prediction represents an important goal for microbiological research. To this end, we propose the establishment of methodological guidelines that will allow researchers to predict the emergence of resistance to a new antibiotic before its clinical introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Unidad Asociada al CSIC Resistencia a los Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Jeziorowski A, Gordon DM. Evolution of microcin V and colicin Ia plasmids in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7045-52. [PMID: 17644607 PMCID: PMC2045219 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00243-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Survey results and genotypic characterization of Escherichia coli strains demonstrate that the bacteriocins colicin Ia and microcin V coassociate in a strain more often than would be expected by chance. When these two bacteriocins co-occur, they are encoded on the same conjugative plasmid. Plasmids encoding colicin Ia and microcin V are nonrandomly distributed with respect to the genomic background of the host strain. Characterization of microcin V and colicin Ia nucleotide variation, together with the backbone of plasmids encoding these bacteriocins, indicates that the association has evolved on multiple occasions and involves the movement of the microcin V operon, together with the genes iroNEDCB and iss, onto a nonrandom subset of colicin Ia plasmids. The fitness advantage conferred on cells encoding both colicin Ia and microcin V has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jeziorowski
- School of Botany & Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
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25
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Walk ST, Mladonicky JM, Middleton JA, Heidt AJ, Cunningham JR, Bartlett P, Sato K, Whittam TS. Influence of antibiotic selection on genetic composition of Escherichia coli populations from conventional and organic dairy farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5982-9. [PMID: 17704272 PMCID: PMC2074991 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00709-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread agricultural use of antimicrobials has long been considered a crucial influence on the prevalence of resistant genes and bacterial strains. It has been suggested that antibiotic applications in agricultural settings are a driving force for the development of antimicrobial resistance, and epidemiologic evidence supports the view that there is a direct link between resistant human pathogens, retail produce, farm animals, and farm environments. Despite such concerns, little is understood about the population processes underlying the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance and the reversibility of resistance when antibiotic selective pressure is removed. In this study, hierarchical log-linear modeling was used to assess the association between farm type (conventional versus organic), age of cattle (calf versus cow), bacterial phenotype (resistant versus susceptible), and the genetic composition of Escherichia coli populations (E. coli Reference Collection [ECOR] phylogroup A, B1, B2, or D) among 678 susceptible and resistant strains from a previously published study of 60 matched dairy farms (30 conventional and 30 organic) in Wisconsin. The analysis provides evidence for clonal resistance (ampicillin resistance) and genetic hitchhiking (tetracycline resistance [Tet(r)]), estimated the rate of compositional change from conventional farming to organic farming (mean, 8 years; range, 3 to 15 years), and discovered a significant association between low multidrug resistance, organic farms, and strains of the numerically dominant phylogroup B1. These data suggest that organic farming practices not only change the frequency of resistant strains but also impact the overall population genetic composition of the resident E. coli flora. In addition, the results support the hypothesis that the current prevalence of Tet(r) loci on dairy farms has little to do with the use of this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth T Walk
- Microbial Evolution Laboratory, 165 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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26
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria are an increasing threat to animal and human health. Resistance mechanisms to circumvent the toxic action of antimicrobials have been identified and described for all known antimicrobials currently available for clinical use in human and veterinary medicine. Acquired bacterial antibiotic resistance can result from the mutation of normal cellular genes, the acquisition of foreign resistance genes, or a combination of these two mechanisms. The most common resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria include enzymatic degradation or alteration of the antimicrobial, mutation in the antimicrobial target site, decreased cell wall permeability to antimicrobials, and active efflux of the antimicrobial across the cell membrane. The spread of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons has greatly contributed to the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among several bacterial genera of human and veterinary importance. Antimicrobial resistance genes have been shown to accumulate on mobile elements, leading to a situation where multidrug resistance phenotypes can be transferred to a susceptible recipient via a single genetic event. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial pathogens has severe implications for the future treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in both animals and humans. The versatility with which bacteria adapt to their environment and exchange DNA between different genera highlights the need to implement effective antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs in both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harbottle
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA.
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27
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Lawrence JG. Common themes in the genome strategies of pathogens. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 15:584-8. [PMID: 16188434 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genomes of pathogenic bacteria evolve by large-scale changes in gene inventory. The continual acquisition of genomic islands, which refines their metabolic arsenal, is offset by gene loss. Far from this being a passive deletion of genes no longer useful to pathogens, the removal of genes encoding problematic metabolic process and immunogenic surface antigens might be strongly beneficial. Genomes of virulent eukaryotes show the footprint of similar genomic alterations, including acquisition of genes by lateral transfer, and genome degradation in obligate pathogens. These common features suggest that unicellular pathogens share common strategies for adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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28
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Oteo J, Lázaro E, de Abajo FJ, Baquero F, Campos J. Antimicrobial-resistant invasive Escherichia coli, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:546-53. [PMID: 15829192 PMCID: PMC3320321 DOI: 10.3201/eid1104.040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance System. A network of 32 Spanish hospitals, serving approximately 9.6 million persons, submitted antimicrobial-susceptibility data on 7,098 invasive Escherichia coli species (2001-2003). Resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin was found at rates of 59.9%, 32.6%, 19.3%, 6.8%, and 5.3%, respectively. Resistance to multiple drugs increased from 13.8% in 2001 to 20.6% in 2003 (p <0.0001). Antimicrobial consumption data were obtained from the Spanish National Health System. In spite of decreased cephalosporin and beta-lactam use, overall extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production increased from 1.6% (2001) to 4.1% (2003) (p <0.0001), mainly due to the rising prevalence of cefotaximases. Resistance to ciprofloxacin significantly increased, mostly in community-onset infections, which coincided with a rise in community quinolone use. Cotrimoxazole resistance remained stable at approximately 30%, even though its use was dramatically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Oteo
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Bettelheim KA, Kuzevski A, Gilbert RA, Krause DO, McSweeney CS. The diversity of Escherichia coli serotypes and biotypes in cattle faeces. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:699-709. [PMID: 15715874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the diversity of commensal Escherichia coli populations shed in faeces of cattle fed on different diets. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty Brahman-cross steers were initially fed a high grain (80%) diet and then randomly allocated into three dietary treatment groups, fed 80% grain, roughage, or roughage + 50% molasses. Up to eight different E. coli isolates were selected from primary isolation plates of faecal samples from each animal. Fifty-two distinct serotypes, including nine different VTEC strains, were identified from a total of 474 E. coli isolates. Cattle fed a roughage + molasses diet had greater serotype diversity (30 serotypes identified) than cattle fed roughage or grain (21 and 17 serotypes identified respectively). Cluster analysis showed that serotypes isolated from cattle fed roughage and roughage + molasses diets were more closely associated than serotypes isolated from cattle fed grain. Resistance to one or more of 11 antimicrobial agents was detected among isolates from 20 different serotypes. Whilst only 2.3% of E. coli isolates produced enterohaemolysin, 25% were found to produce alpha-haemolysin. CONCLUSIONS Diverse non-VTEC populations of E. coli serotypes are shed in cattle faeces and diet may affect population diversity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides new information on the serotype diversity and phenotypic traits of predominant E. coli populations in cattle faeces, which could be sources of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bettelheim
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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