1
|
Santoshi M, Bansia H, Hussain M, Jha AK, Nagaraja V. Identification of a 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a key enzyme involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1164-1181. [PMID: 38676355 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis, caused by dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), poses a threat to global health through the incubation of undiagnosed infections within the community. Dormant Mtb, which is phenotypically tolerant to antibiotics, accumulates triacylglycerol (TAG) utilizing fatty acids obtained from macrophage lipid droplets. TAG is vital to mycobacteria, serving as a cell envelope component and energy reservoir during latency. TAG synthesis occurs by sequential acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate, wherein the second acylation step is catalyzed by acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), resulting in the production of phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for the synthesis of TAG and various phospholipids. Here, we have characterized a putative acyltransferase of Mtb encoded by Rv3816c. We found that Rv3816c has all four characteristic motifs of AGPAT, exists as a membrane-bound enzyme, and functions as 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. The enzyme could transfer the acyl group to acylglycerol-3-phosphate (LPA) from monounsaturated fatty acyl-coenzyme A of chain length 16 or 18 to produce PA. Complementation of Escherichia coli PlsC mutant in vivo by Rv3816c confirmed that it functions as AGPAT. Its active site mutants, H43A and D48A, were incapable of transferring the acyl group to LPA in vitro and were not able to rescue the growth defect of E. coli PlsC mutant in vivo. Identifying Rv3816c as AGPAT and comparing its properties with other AGPAT homologs is not only a step toward understanding the TAG biosynthesis in mycobacteria but has the potential to explore it as a drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Santoshi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harsh Bansia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Abodh Kumar Jha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vasilopoulos G, Heflik L, Czolkoss S, Heinrichs F, Kleetz J, Yesilyurt C, Tischler D, Westhoff P, Exterkate M, Aktas M, Narberhaus F. Characterization of multiple lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris. FEBS J 2024; 291:705-721. [PMID: 37943159 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is the precursor of most phospholipids like phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. In bacteria, its biosynthesis begins with the acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is further acylated to PA by the PlsC enzyme. Some bacteria, like the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris, use a similar pathway to acylate lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylcholine (PC). Previous studies assigned two acyltransferases to PC formation. Here, we set out to study their activity and found a second much more prominent function of these enzymes in LPA to PA conversion. This PlsC-like activity was supported by the functional complementation of a temperature-sensitive plsC-deficient Escherichia coli strain. Biocomputational analysis revealed two further PlsC homologs in X. campestris. The cellular levels of the four PlsC-like proteins varied with respect to growth phase and growth temperature. To address the question whether these enzymes have redundant or specific functions, we purified two recombinant, detergent-solubilized enzymes in their active form, which enabled the first direct biochemical comparison of PlsC isoenzymes from the same organism. Overlapping but not identical acyl acceptor and acyl donor preferences suggest redundant and specialized functions of the X. campestris PlsC enzymes. The altered fatty acid composition in plsC mutant strains further supports the functional differentiation of these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Vasilopoulos
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Heflik
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Czolkoss
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Heinrichs
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Kleetz
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Cansel Yesilyurt
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Philipp Westhoff
- Metabolomics and Metabolism Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence for Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marten Exterkate
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Membrane Biogenesis and Lipidomics, Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meriyem Aktas
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Franz Narberhaus
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
You L, Połońska A, Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz K, Richard F, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Banaś A, Hu H, Pan Y, Hao X, Jin H, Allen AE, Amato A, Gong Y. Two plastidial lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases differentially mediate the biosynthesis of membrane lipids and triacylglycerols in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1543-1558. [PMID: 38031462 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) catalyze the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA), a central metabolite in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms for glycerolipid biosynthesis. Phaeodactylum tricornutum contains at least two plastid-localized LPAATs (ptATS2a and ptATS2b), but their roles in lipid synthesis remain unknown. Both ptATS2a and ptATS2b could complement the high temperature sensitivity of the bacterial plsC mutant deficient in LPAAT. In vitro enzyme assays showed that they prefer lysophosphatidic acid over other lysophospholipids. ptATS2a is localized in the plastid inner envelope membrane and CRISPR/Cas9-generated ptATS2a mutants showed compromised cell growth, significantly changed plastid and extra-plastidial membrane lipids at nitrogen-replete condition and reduced triacylglycerols (TAGs) under nitrogen-depleted condition. ptATS2b is localized in thylakoid membranes and its knockout led to reduced growth rate and TAG content but slightly altered molecular composition of membrane lipids. The changes in glycerolipid profiles are consistent with the role of both LPAATs in the sn-2 acylation of sn-1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate substrates harboring 20:5 at the sn-1 position. Our findings suggest that both LPAATs are important for membrane lipids and TAG biosynthesis in P. tricornutum and further highlight that 20:5-Lyso-PA is likely involved in the massive import of 20:5 back to the plastid to feed plastid glycerolipid syntheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie You
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ada Połońska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of UG and MUG, Gdansk, 80-307, Poland
| | | | - Fabien Richard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, INRAE, Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité mixte de recherche 5168, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, INRAE, Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité mixte de recherche 5168, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, INRAE, Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité mixte de recherche 5168, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of UG and MUG, Gdansk, 80-307, Poland
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yufang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiahui Hao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hu Jin
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, INRAE, Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité mixte de recherche 5168, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong H, Cronan JE. Suppressor mutants demonstrate the metabolic plasticity of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001400. [PMID: 37818937 PMCID: PMC10634369 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has two aerobic pathways for synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), DesA and DesB plus the oxygen independent FabAB pathway. The DesA desaturase acts on saturated acyl chains of membrane phospholipid bilayers whereas the substrates of the DesB desaturase are thought to be long chain saturated acyl-CoA thioesters derived from exogeneous saturated fatty acids that are required to support DesB-dependent growth. Under suitable aerobic conditions either of these membrane-bound desaturates can support growth of P. aeruginosa ∆fabA strains lacking the oxygen independent FabAB pathway. We previously studied function of the desA desaturase of P. putida in a P. aeruginosa ∆fabA ∆desA strain that required supplementation with a UFA for growth and noted bypass suppression of the P. aeruginosa ∆fabA ∆desA strain that restored UFA synthesis. We report three genes encoding lipid metabolism proteins that give rise to suppressor strains that bypass loss of the DesA and oxygen independent FabAB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Dong
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - John E. Cronan
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogawa T, Kuboshima M, Suwanawat N, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T. Division of the role and physiological impact of multiple lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase paralogs. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:241. [PMID: 36203164 PMCID: PMC9541089 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) is a phospholipid biosynthesis enzyme that introduces a particular set of fatty acids at the sn-2 position of phospholipids. Many bacteria have multiple LPAAT paralogs, and these enzymes are considered to have different fatty acid selectivities and to produce diverse phospholipids with distinct fatty acid compositions. This feature is advantageous for controlling the physicochemical properties of lipid membranes to maintain membrane integrity in response to the environment. However, it remains unclear how LPAAT paralogs are functionally differentiated and biologically significant. Results To better understand the division of roles of the LPAAT paralogs, we analyzed the functions of two LPAAT paralogs, PlsC4 and PlsC5, from the psychrotrophic bacterium Shewanella livingstonensis Ac10. As for their enzymatic function, lipid analysis of plsC4- and plsC5-inactivated mutants revealed that PlsC4 prefers iso-tridecanoic acid (C12-chain length, methyl-branched), whereas PlsC5 prefers palmitoleic acid (C16-chain length, monounsaturated). Regarding the physiological role, we found that plsC4, not plsC5, contributes to tolerance to cold stress. Using bioinformatics analysis, we demonstrated that orthologs of PlsC4/PlsC5 and their close relatives, constituting a new clade of LPAATs, are present in many γ-proteobacteria. We also found that LPAATs of this clade are phylogenetically distant from principal LPAATs, such as PlsC1 of S. livingstonensis Ac10, which are universally conserved among bacteria, suggesting the presence of functionally differentiated LPAATs in these bacteria. Conclusions PlsC4 and PlsC5, which are LPAAT paralogs of S. livingstonensis Ac10, play different roles in phospholipid production and bacterial physiology. An enzyme belonging to PlsC4/PlsC5 subfamilies and their close relatives are present, in addition to principal LPAATs, in many γ-proteobacteria, suggesting that the division of roles is more common than previously thought. Thus, both principal LPAATs and PlsC4/PlsC5-related enzymes should be considered to decipher the metabolism and physiology of bacterial cell membranes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02641-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Misaki Kuboshima
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nittikarn Suwanawat
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen G, Harwood JL, Lemieux MJ, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: Properties, physiological roles, metabolic engineering and intentional control. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101181. [PMID: 35820474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in membrane-bound DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of livestock traits is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaya B, Doñas C, Wuggenig P, Diaz OE, Morales RA, Melhem H, Hernández PP, Kaymak T, Das S, Hruz P, Franc Y, Geier F, Ayata CK, Villablanca EJ, Niess JH. Lysophosphatidic Acid-Mediated GPR35 Signaling in CX3CR1 + Macrophages Regulates Intestinal Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107979. [PMID: 32755573 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) are associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. However, the mechanisms by which GPR35 modulates intestinal immune homeostasis remain undefined. Here, integrating zebrafish and mouse experimental models, we demonstrate that intestinal Gpr35 expression is microbiota dependent and enhanced upon inflammation. Moreover, murine GPR35+ colonic macrophages are characterized by enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We identify lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a potential endogenous ligand produced during intestinal inflammation, acting through GPR35 to induce tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) expression in macrophages. Mice lacking Gpr35 in CX3CR1+ macrophages aggravate colitis when exposed to dextran sodium sulfate, which is associated with decreased transcript levels of the corticosterone-generating gene Cyp11b1 and macrophage-derived Tnf. Administration of TNF in these mice restores Cyp11b1 expression and intestinal corticosterone production and ameliorates DSS-induced colitis. Our findings indicate that LPA signals through GPR35 in CX3CR1+ macrophages to maintain TNF-mediated intestinal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berna Kaya
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Doñas
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Wuggenig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oscar E Diaz
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hassan Melhem
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pedro P Hernández
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934/CNRS UMR3215, Development and Homeostasis of Mucosal Tissues Group, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tanay Kaymak
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Srustidhar Das
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petr Hruz
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Franc
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Korcan Ayata
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Hendrik Niess
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rieusset L, Rey M, Muller D, Vacheron J, Gerin F, Dubost A, Comte G, Prigent-Combaret C. Secondary metabolites from plant-associated Pseudomonas are overproduced in biofilm. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1562-1580. [PMID: 33000552 PMCID: PMC7415375 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant rhizosphere soil houses complex microbial communities in which microorganisms are often involved in intraspecies as well as interspecies and inter-kingdom signalling networks. Some members of these networks can improve plant health thanks to an important diversity of bioactive secondary metabolites. In this competitive environment, the ability to form biofilms may provide major advantages to microorganisms. With the aim of highlighting the impact of bacterial lifestyle on secondary metabolites production, we performed a metabolomic analysis on four fluorescent Pseudomonas strains cultivated in planktonic and biofilm colony conditions. The untargeted metabolomic analysis led to the detection of hundreds of secondary metabolites in culture extracts. Comparison between biofilm and planktonic conditions showed that bacterial lifestyle is a key factor influencing Pseudomonas metabolome. More than 50% of the detected metabolites were differentially produced according to planktonic or biofilm lifestyles, with the four Pseudomonas strains overproducing several secondary metabolites in biofilm conditions. In parallel, metabolomic analysis associated with genomic prediction and a molecular networking approach enabled us to evaluate the impact of bacterial lifestyle on chemically identified secondary metabolites, more precisely involved in microbial interactions and plant-growth promotion. Notably, this work highlights the major effect of biofilm lifestyle on acyl-homoserine lactone and phenazine production in P. chlororaphis strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rieusset
- CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Marjolaine Rey
- CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Daniel Muller
- CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Jordan Vacheron
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Florence Gerin
- CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Gilles Comte
- CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Claire Prigent-Combaret
- CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ogawa T, Suwanawat N, Toyotake Y, Watanabe B, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB8 displays substrate promiscuity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1831-1838. [PMID: 32456605 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1771169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase is a phospholipid biosynthetic enzyme that introduces a fatty acyl group into the sn-2 position of phospholipids. Its substrate selectivity is physiologically important in defining the physicochemical properties of lipid membranes and modulating membrane protein function. However, it remains unclear how these enzymes recognize various fatty acids. Successful purification of bacterial lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (PlsCs) was recently reported and has paved a path for the detailed analysis of their reaction mechanisms. Here, we purified and characterized PlsC from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB8. This integral membrane protein remained active even after solubilization and purification and showed reactivity toward saturated, unsaturated, and methyl-branched fatty acids, although branched-chain acyl groups are the major constituent of phospholipids of this bacterium. Multiple sequence alignment revealed the N-terminal end of the enzyme to be shorter than that of PlsCs with defined substrate selectivity, suggesting that the shortened N-terminus confers substrate promiscuity. ABBREVIATIONS ACP: acyl carrier protein; CAPS: N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid; CoA: coenzyme A; CYMAL-6: 6-cyclohexyl-1-hexyl-β-D-maltoside; DDM: n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside; DTNB: 5,5´-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; G3P: glycerol 3-phosphate; HEPES: N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N´-2-ethanesulfonic acid; LPA: lysophosphatidic acid; MS: mass spectrometry; PA: phosphatidic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Toyotake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toyotake Y, Nishiyama M, Yokoyama F, Ogawa T, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T. A Novel Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase of Escherichia coli Produces Membrane Phospholipids with a cis-vaccenoyl Group and Is Related to Flagellar Formation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E745. [PMID: 32403425 PMCID: PMC7277886 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) introduces fatty acyl groups into the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids (PLs). Various bacteria produce multiple LPAATs, whereas it is believed that Escherichia coli produces only one essential LPAAT homolog, PlsC-the deletion of which is lethal. However, we found that E. coli possesses another LPAAT homolog named YihG. Here, we show that overexpression of YihG in E. coli carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in plsC allowed its growth at non-permissive temperatures. Analysis of the fatty acyl composition of PLs from the yihG-deletion mutant (∆yihG) revealed that endogenous YihG introduces the cis-vaccenoyl group into the sn-2 position of PLs. Loss of YihG did not affect cell growth or morphology, but ∆yihG cells swam well in liquid medium in contrast to wild-type cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that FliC was highly expressed in ∆yihG cells, and this phenotype was suppressed by expression of recombinant YihG in ∆yihG cells. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the flagellar structure was observed only in ∆yihG cells. These results suggest that YihG has specific functions related to flagellar formation through modulation of the fatty acyl composition of membrane PLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Toyotake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Fumiaki Yokoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Genome Analysis of Dasineura jujubifolia Toursvirus 2, A Novel Ascovirus. Virol Sin 2019; 35:134-142. [PMID: 31784872 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, ascoviruses have only been identified from Lepidoptera host insects and their transmission vectors-endoparasitic wasps. Here, we reported the first finding of a complete novel ascovirus genome from a Diptera insect, Dasineura jujubifolia. Initially, sequence fragments with homology to ascoviruses were incidentally identified during metagenomic sequencing of the mitochondria of D. jujubifolia (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) which is a major pest on Ziziphus jujuba. Then a full circular viral genome was assembled from the metagenomic data, which has an A+T percentage of 74% and contains 142,600 bp with 141 open reading frames (ORFs). Among the 141 ORFs, 37 were conserved in all sequenced ascoviruses (core genes) including proteins predicted to participate in DNA replication, gene transcription, protein modification, virus assembly, lipid metabolism and apoptosis. Multi-gene families including those encode for baculovirus repeated open reading frames (BROs), myristylated membrane proteins, RING/U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were found in the virus genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the newly identified virus belongs to genus Toursvirus of Ascoviridae, and is therefore named as Dasineura jujubifolia toursvirus 2 (DjTV-2a). The virus becomes the second reported species of the genus after Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus 1 (DpTV-1a). The genome arrangement of DjTV-2a is quite different from that of DpTV-1a, suggesting these two viruses separated in an early time of evolution. The results suggest that the ascoviruses may infect a much broader range of hosts than our previous knowledge, and shed lights on the evolution of ascoviruses and particularly on that of the toursviruses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang X, Zhu J, Cai Z, Lao Y, Jin H, Yu K, Zhang B, Zhou J. Profiles of quorum sensing (QS)-related sequences in phycospheric microorganisms during a marine dinoflagellate bloom, as determined by a metagenomic approach. Microbiol Res 2018; 217:1-13. [PMID: 30384903 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The complicated relationships among environmental microorganisms are regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Understanding QS-based signals could shed light on the interactions between microbial communities in certain environments. Although QS characteristics have been widely discussed, few studies have been conducted on the role of QS in phycospheric microorganisms. Here, we used metagenomics to examine the profile of AI-1 (AinS, HdtS, LuxI) and AI-2 (LuxS) autoinducers from a deeply sequenced microbial database, obtained from a complete dinoflagellate bloom. A total of 3001 putative AI-1 homologs and 130 AI-2 homologs were identified. The predominant member among the AI groups was HdtS. The abundance of HdtS, AinS, and LuxS increased as the bloom developed, whereas the abundance of LuxI showed the opposite trend. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HdtS and LuxI synthase originated mainly from alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria, whereas AinS synthase originated solely from Vibrionales. In comparison to AI-1, the sequences related to AI-2 (LuxS) demonstrated a much wider taxonomic coverage. Some significant correlations were found between dominant species and QS signals. In addition to the QS, we also performed parallel analysis of the quorum quenching (QQ) sequences. In comparison to QS, the relative abundance of QQ signals was lower; however, an obvious frequency correlation was observed. These results suggested that QS and QQ signals co-participate in regulating microbial communities during an algal bloom. These data helped to reveal the characteristic behavior of algal symbiotic bacteria, and facilitated a better understanding of microbial dynamics during an algal bloom event from a chemical ecological perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqing Huang
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianming Zhu
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongmin Lao
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Yu
- The Division of Environment and Energy, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Peking University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- The Division of Environment and Energy, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Peking University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ogawa T, Tanaka A, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T. Purification and characterization of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase with a substrate preference for polyunsaturated fatty acyl donors from the eicosapentaenoic acid-producing bacterium Shewanella livingstonensis Ac10. J Biochem 2018; 164:33-39. [PMID: 29415144 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (designated as PlsC in bacteria) catalyzes the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid and is responsible for the de novo production of phosphatidic acid, a precursor for the synthesis of various membrane glycerophospholipids. Because PlsC is an integral membrane protein, it is generally difficult to solubilize it without causing its inactivation, which has been hampering its biochemical characterization despite its ubiquitous presence and physiological importance. Most biochemical studies of PlsC have been carried out using crude membrane preparations or intact cells. In this study, we succeeded in solubilization and purification of a recombinant PlsC in its active form from the eicosapentaenoic acid-producing bacterium Shewanella livingstonensis Ac10 using 6-cyclohexyl-1-hexyl-β-d-maltoside as the detergent. We characterized the purified enzyme and found that it has a substrate preference for the acyl donors with a polyunsaturated fatty acyl group, such as eicosapentaenoyl group. These results provide a new method for purification of the PlsC family enzyme and demonstrate the occurrence of a new PlsC with unique substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Asako Tanaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Toyotake Y, Cho HN, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T. A novel 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase homolog for the synthesis of membrane phospholipids with a branched-chain fatty acyl group in Shewanella livingstonensis Ac10. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:704-709. [PMID: 29678574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1-Acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (PlsC) plays an essential role in the formation of phosphatidic acid, a precursor of various membrane phospholipids (PLs), in bacteria by catalyzing the introduction of an acyl group into the sn-2 position of lysophosphatidic acid. Various bacteria produce more than one PlsC. However, the physiological significance of the occurrence of multiple PlsCs is poorly understood. A psychrotrophic bacterium, Shewanella livingstonensis Ac10, which produces eicosapentaenoic acid at low temperatures, has five putative PlsCs (PlsC1-5). We previously showed that PlsC1 is responsible for the production of PLs containing an eicosapentaenoyl group. Here, we characterized another putative PlsC of this bacterium named PlsC4. We generated a plsC4-disrupted mutant and found that PLs containing 13:0 found in the parental strain were almost completely absent in the mutant. The loss of these PLs was suppressed by introduction of a plsC4-expression plasmid. PLs containing 15:0 were also drastically decreased by plsC4 disruption. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acyl methyl esters derived from PLs of the parental strain showed that the 13:0 and 15:0 groups were an 11-methyllauroyl group and a 13-methylmyristoyl group, respectively. Phospholipase A2 treatment revealed that these fatty acyl groups were linked to the sn-2 position of PLs. Thus, PlsC4 is a new type of PlsC homolog that is responsible for the synthesis of PLs containing a branched-chain fatty acyl group at the sn-2 position and plays a clearly different role from that of PlsC1 in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Toyotake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hyun-Nam Cho
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Doberva M, Stien D, Sorres J, Hue N, Sanchez-Ferandin S, Eparvier V, Ferandin Y, Lebaron P, Lami R. Large Diversity and Original Structures of Acyl-Homoserine Lactones in Strain MOLA 401, a Marine Rhodobacteraceae Bacterium. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1152. [PMID: 28690598 PMCID: PMC5479921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a density-dependent mechanism allowing bacteria to synchronize their physiological activities, mediated by a wide range of signaling molecules including N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). Production of AHL has been identified in various marine strains of Proteobacteria. However, the chemical diversity of these molecules still needs to be further explored. In this study, we examined the diversity of AHLs produced by strain MOLA 401, a marine Alphaproteobacterium that belongs to the ubiquitous Rhodobacteraceae family. We combined an original biosensors-based guided screening of extract microfractions with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), High Resolution MS/MS and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. This approach revealed the unsuspected capacity of a single Rhodobacteraceae strain to synthesize 20 different compounds, which are most likely AHLs. Also, some of these AHLs possessed original features that have never been previously observed, including long (up to 19 carbons) and poly-hydroxylated acyl side chains, revealing new molecular adaptations of QS to planktonic life and a larger molecular diversity than expected of molecules involved in cell–cell signaling within a single strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Doberva
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire OcéanologiqueBanyuls/Mer, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire OcéanologiqueBanyuls/Mer, France
| | - Jonathan Sorres
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire OcéanologiqueBanyuls/Mer, France
| | - Nathalie Hue
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Université Paris-SudGif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Sanchez-Ferandin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire OcéanologiqueBanyuls/Mer, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Université Paris-SudGif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yoan Ferandin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire OcéanologiqueBanyuls/Mer, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire OcéanologiqueBanyuls/Mer, France
| | - Raphaël Lami
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire OcéanologiqueBanyuls/Mer, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bauer JS, Hauck N, Christof L, Mehnaz S, Gust B, Gross H. The Systematic Investigation of the Quorum Sensing System of the Biocontrol Strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca PB-St2 Unveils aurI to Be a Biosynthetic Origin for 3-Oxo-Homoserine Lactones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167002. [PMID: 27861617 PMCID: PMC5115851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The shoot endophytic biocontrol strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca PB-St2 produces a wide range of exoproducts, including enzymes and antibiotics. The production of exoproducts is commonly tightly regulated. In order to get a deeper insight into the regulatory network of PB-St2, the strain was systematically investigated regarding its quorum sensing systems, both on the genetic and metabolic level. The genome analysis of PB-St2 revealed the presence of four putative acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) biosynthesis genes: phzI, csaI, aurI, and hdtS. LC-MS/MS analyses of the crude supernatant extracts demonstrated that PB-St2 produces eight AHLs. In addition, the concentration of all AHL derivatives was quantified time-resolved in parallel over a period of 42 h during the growth of P. aurantiaca PB-St2, resulting in production curves, which showed differences regarding the maximum levels of the AHLs (14.6 nM– 1.75 μM) and the production period. Cloning and heterologous overexpression of all identified AHL synthase genes in Escherichia coli proved the functionality of the resulting synthases PhzI, CsaI, and AurI. A clear AHL production pattern was assigned to each of these three AHL synthases, while the HdtS synthase did not lead to any AHL production. Furthermore, the heterologous expression study demonstrated unequivocally and for the first time that AurI directs the synthesis of two 3-oxo-AHLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith S. Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nils Hauck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Christof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Samina Mehnaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang J, Shi Y, Zeng G, Gu Y, Chen G, Shi L, Hu Y, Tang B, Zhou J. Acyl-homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing and quorum quenching hold promise to determine the performance of biological wastewater treatments: An overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:137-151. [PMID: 27213243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication process between cells, in which bacteria secrete and sense the specific chemicals, and regulate gene expression in response to population density. Quorum quenching (QQ) blocks QS system, and inhibits gene expression mediating bacterial behaviors. Given the extensive research of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signals, existences and effects of AHL-based QS and QQ in biological wastewater treatments are being subject to high concern. This review summarizes AHL structure, synthesis mode, degradation mechanisms, analytical methods, environmental factors, AHL-based QS and QQ mechanisms. The existences and roles of AHL-based QS and QQ in biomembrane processes, activated sludge processes and membrane bioreactors are summarized and discussed, and corresponding exogenous regulation strategy by selective enhancement of AHL-based QS or QQ coexisting in biological wastewater treatments is suggested. Such strategies including the addition of AHL signals, AHL-producing bacteria as well as quorum quenching enzyme or bacteria can effectively improve wastewater treatment performance without killing or limiting bacterial survival and growth. This review will present the theoretical and practical cognition for bacterial AHL-based QS and QQ, suggest the feasibility of exogenous regulation strategies in biological wastewater treatments, and provide useful information to scientists and engineers who work in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.
| | - Yahui Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yanling Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Guiqiu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Lixiu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yi Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Bi Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin L, Dai S, Tian B, Li T, Yu J, Liu C, Wang L, Xu H, Zhao Y, Hua Y. DqsIR quorum sensing-mediated gene regulation of the extremophilic bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans in response to oxidative stress. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:527-41. [PMID: 26789904 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that AHLs can be employed by Deinococcus radiodurans, which belongs to the unique phylum Deinococcus-Thermus and is known for its cellular resistance to environmental stresses. An AHL-mediated quorum-sensing system (DqsI/DqsR) was identified in D. radiodurans. We found that under non-stress conditions, the AHL level was "shielded" by quorum quenching enzymes, whereas AHLs accumulated when D. radiodurans was exposed to oxidative stress. Upon exposure to H2 O2 , AHL synthetic enzymes (DqsI) were immediately induced, while the expression of quorum-quenching enzymes began to increase approximately 30 min after exposure to H2 O2 , as shown by time-course analyses of gene expression. Both dqsI mutant (DMDqsI) and dqsR mutant (MDqsR) were more sensitive to oxidative stress compared with the wild-type strain. Exogenous AHLs (5 μM) could completely restore the survival fraction of DMDqsI under oxidative stress. RNA-seq analysis showed that a number of genes involved in stress-response, cellular cleansing, and DNA repair had altered transcriptional levels in MDqsR. The DqsR, acting as a regulator of quorum sensing, controls gene expression along with AHLs. Hence, the DqsIR-mediated quorum sensing that mediates gene regulation is an adaptive strategy for D. radiodurans in response to oxidative stresses and is conserved in the extremophilic Deinococcus bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shang Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangliu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khatib A, Arhab Y, Bentebibel A, Abousalham A, Noiriel A. Reassessing the Potential Activities of Plant CGI-58 Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145806. [PMID: 26745266 PMCID: PMC4706320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) is a widespread protein found in animals and plants. This protein has been shown to participate in lipolysis in mice and humans by activating Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the initial enzyme responsible for the triacylglycerol (TAG) catabolism cascade. Human mutation of CGI-58 is the cause of Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, an orphan disease characterized by a systemic accumulation of TAG which engenders tissue disorders. The CGI-58 protein has also been shown to participate in neutral lipid metabolism in plants and, in this case, a mutation again provokes TAG accumulation. Although its roles as an ATGL coactivator and in lipid metabolism are quite clear, the catalytic activity of CGI-58 is still in question. The acyltransferase activities of CGI-58 have been speculated about, reported or even dismissed and experimental evidence that CGI-58 expressed in E. coli possesses an unambiguous catalytic activity is still lacking. To address this problem, we developed a new set of plasmids and site-directed mutants to elucidate the in vivo effects of CGI-58 expression on lipid metabolism in E. coli. By analyzing the lipid composition in selected E. coli strains expressing CGI-58 proteins, and by reinvestigating enzymatic tests with adequate controls, we show here that recombinant plant CGI-58 has none of the proposed activities previously described. Recombinant plant and mouse CGI-58 both lack acyltransferase activity towards either lysophosphatidylglycerol or lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidic acid and recombinant plant CGI-58 does not catalyze TAG or phospholipid hydrolysis. However, expression of recombinant plant CGI-58, but not mouse CGI-58, led to a decrease in phosphatidylglycerol in all strains of E. coli tested, and a mutation of the putative catalytic residues restored a wild-type phenotype. The potential activities of plant CGI-58 are subsequently discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Khatib
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS, Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yani Arhab
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS, Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Assia Bentebibel
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS, Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdelkarim Abousalham
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS, Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS, Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Identification of Genes Important in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola Plant Colonisation Using In Vitro Screening of Transposon Libraries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137355. [PMID: 26325299 PMCID: PMC4556710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) colonises the surface of common bean plants before moving into the interior of plant tissue, via wounds and stomata. In the intercellular spaces the pathogen proliferates in the apoplastic fluid and forms microcolonies (biofilms) around plant cells. If the pathogen can suppress the plant’s natural resistance response, it will cause halo blight disease. The process of resistance suppression is fairly well understood, but the mechanisms used by the pathogen in colonisation are less clear. We hypothesised that we could apply in vitro genetic screens to look for changes in motility, colony formation, and adhesion, which are proxies for infection, microcolony formation and cell adhesion. We made transposon (Tn) mutant libraries of Pph strains 1448A and 1302A and found 106/1920 mutants exhibited alterations in colony morphology, motility and biofilm formation. Identification of the insertion point of the Tn identified within the genome highlighted, as expected, a number of altered motility mutants bearing mutations in genes encoding various parts of the flagellum. Genes involved in nutrient biosynthesis, membrane associated proteins, and a number of conserved hypothetical protein (CHP) genes were also identified. A mutation of one CHP gene caused a positive increase in in planta bacterial growth. This rapid and inexpensive screening method allows the discovery of genes important for in vitro traits that can be correlated to roles in the plant interaction.
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen S, Lei Y, Xu X, Huang J, Jiang H, Wang J, Cheng Z, Zhang J, Song Y, Liao B, Li Y. The Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Gene AhLPAT2 Increases the Lipid Content of Transgenic Arabidopsis Seeds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136170. [PMID: 26302041 PMCID: PMC4547709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT), which converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to phosphatidic acid (PA), catalyzes the addition of fatty acyl moieties to the sn-2 position of the LPA glycerol backbone in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. We recently reported the cloning and temporal-spatial expression of a peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AhLPAT2gene, showing that an increase in AhLPAT2 transcript levels was closely correlated with an increase in seed oil levels. However, the function of the enzyme encoded by the AhLPAT2 gene remains unclear. Here, we report that AhLPAT2 transcript levels were consistently higher in the seeds of a high-oil cultivar than in those of a low-oil cultivar across different seed developmental stages. Seed-specific overexpression of AhLPAT2 in Arabidopsis results in a higher percentage of oil in the seeds and greater-than-average seed weight in the transgenic plants compared with the wild-type plants, leading to a significant increase in total oil yield per plant. The total fatty acid (FA) content and the proportion of unsaturated FAs also increased. In the developing siliques of AhLPAT2-overexpressing plants, the expression levels of genes encoding crucial enzymes involved in de novo FA synthesis, acetyl-CoA subunit (AtBCCP2) and acyl carrier protein 1 (AtACP1) were elevated. AhLPAT2 overexpression also promoted the expression of several key genes related to TAG assembly, sucrose metabolism, and glycolysis. These results demonstrate that the expression of AhLPAT2 plays an important role in glycerolipid production in peanuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silong Chen
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Cereal and Oil Crop Institute, HebeiAcademy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and the Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the ChineseAcademy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Xu
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Cereal and Oil Crop Institute, HebeiAcademy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and the Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the ChineseAcademy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and the Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the ChineseAcademy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Cereal and Oil Crop Institute, HebeiAcademy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zengshu Cheng
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Cereal and Oil Crop Institute, HebeiAcademy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Cereal and Oil Crop Institute, HebeiAcademy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yahui Song
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Cereal and Oil Crop Institute, HebeiAcademy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and the Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the ChineseAcademy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (BSL); (YRL)
| | - Yurong Li
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Cereal and Oil Crop Institute, HebeiAcademy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail: (BSL); (YRL)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kondakova T, D'Heygère F, Feuilloley MJ, Orange N, Heipieper HJ, Duclairoir Poc C. Glycerophospholipid synthesis and functions in Pseudomonas. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:27-42. [PMID: 26148574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pseudomonas is one of the most heterogeneous groups of eubacteria, presents in all major natural environments and in wide range of associations with plants and animals. The wide distribution of these bacteria is due to the use of specific mechanisms to adapt to environmental modifications. Generally, bacterial adaptation is only considered under the aspect of genes and protein expression, but lipids also play a pivotal role in bacterial functioning and homeostasis. This review resumes the mechanisms and regulations of pseudomonal glycerophospholipid synthesis, and the roles of glycerophospholipids in bacterial metabolism and homeostasis. Recently discovered specific pathways of P. aeruginosa lipid synthesis indicate the lineage dependent mechanisms of fatty acids homeostasis. Pseudomonas glycerophospholipids ensure structure functions and play important roles in bacterial adaptation to environmental modifications. The lipidome of Pseudomonas contains a typical eukaryotic glycerophospholipid--phosphatidylcholine -, which is involved in bacteria-host interactions. The ability of Pseudomonas to exploit eukaryotic lipids shows specific and original strategies developed by these microorganisms to succeed in their infectious process. All compiled data provide the demonstration of the importance of studying the Pseudomonas lipidome to inhibit the infectious potential of these highly versatile germs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kondakova
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - François D'Heygère
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR4301, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Marc J Feuilloley
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Nicole Orange
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Hermann J Heipieper
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cécile Duclairoir Poc
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vanoirbeek K, Aertsen A, Michiels CW. Role of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in psychrotrophy and stress tolerance of Serratia plymuthica RVH1. Res Microbiol 2014; 166:28-37. [PMID: 25446612 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A mutant with a transposon insertion just upstream of the lysophosphatidic acid acyltansferase gene plsC was isolated in a screen for mutants affected in growth at low temperature of the psychrotroph Serratia plymuthica RVH1. This mutant had lost its ability to grow at 4 °C and was severely affected in growth at 10 °C, but showed only slightly reduced growth at 30 °C. Fatty acid analysis of membrane extracts showed that the ratio of C16:1/C18:1 fatty acids was six-to sevenfold reduced in the mutant, although the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was unaffected. The homeoviscous adaptation ability of the mutant was also unaffected. Growth and fatty acid composition were mostly restored by overexpressing plsC on a plasmid. Supplementation of C16:1 (palmitoleic acid) into the growth medium partially rescued low temperature growth, indicating that a balanced ratio of the two main unsaturated fatty acids is required for psychrotrophy. The mutant was significantly more strongly inactivated by high pressure treatment at 250 MPa, but not at higher pressures. It also showed reduced growth at low pH, but not at increased NaCl concentrations. This work provides novel information on the role of membrane fatty acid composition in stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Vanoirbeek
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Abram Aertsen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chris W Michiels
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kimura N. Metagenomic approaches to understanding phylogenetic diversity in quorum sensing. Virulence 2014; 5:433-42. [PMID: 24429899 DOI: 10.4161/viru.27850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing, a form of cell-cell communication among bacteria, allows bacteria to synchronize their behaviors at the population level in order to control behaviors such as luminescence, biofilm formation, signal turnover, pigment production, antibiotics production, swarming, and virulence. A better understanding of quorum-sensing systems will provide us with greater insight into the complex interaction mechanisms used widely in the Bacteria and even the Archaea domain in the environment. Metagenomics, the use of culture-independent sequencing to study the genomic material of microorganisms, has the potential to provide direct information about the quorum-sensing systems in uncultured bacteria. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge of quorum sensing focused on phylogenetic diversity, and presents examples of studies that have used metagenomic techniques. Future technologies potentially related to quorum-sensing systems are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutada Kimura
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lindner SE, Sartain MJ, Hayes K, Harupa A, Moritz RL, Kappe SHI, Vaughan AM. Enzymes involved in plastid-targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis are essential for Plasmodium yoelii liver-stage development. Mol Microbiol 2014; 91:679-93. [PMID: 24330260 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasites scavenge nutrients from their host but also harbour enzymatic pathways for de novo macromolecule synthesis. One such pathway is apicoplast-targeted type II fatty acid synthesis, which is essential for late liver-stage development in rodent malaria. It is likely that fatty acids synthesized in the apicoplast are ultimately incorporated into membrane phospholipids necessary for exoerythrocytic merozoite formation. We hypothesized that these synthesized fatty acids are being utilized for apicoplast-targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis, the phospholipid precursor. Phosphatidic acid is typically synthesized in a three-step reaction utilizing three enzymes: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. The Plasmodium genome is predicted to harbour genes for both apicoplast- and cytosol/endoplasmic reticulum-targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis. Our research shows that apicoplast-targeted Plasmodium yoelii glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase are expressed only during liver-stage development and deletion of the encoding genes resulted in late liver-stage growth arrest and lack of merozoite differentiation. However, the predicted apicoplast-targeted lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene was refractory to deletion and was expressed solely in the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the parasite life cycle. Our results suggest that P. yoelii has an incomplete apicoplast-targeted phosphatidic acid synthesis pathway that is essential for liver-stage maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Lindner
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yeom DH, Kim SK, Lee MN, Lee JH. Pleiotropic effects of acyltransferases on various virulence-related phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genes Cells 2013; 18:682-93. [PMID: 23848169 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen causing various infections, expresses various virulence factors under the control of quorum sensing (QS), a cell density-sensing mechanism. Because the major signal molecules of QS are acyl homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs), acyltransferases, the enzymes that act upon acyl group transfer could affect the QS signaling and QS-related virulence phenotypes. In this study, we overexpressed acyltransferases of P. aeruginosa and screened them for the activity influencing the QS and QS-related virulence phenotypes. Among seven acyltransferases tested in this study, two acyltransferases, PA3984 (apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase) and PA2537 (putative acyltransferase), significantly affected both growth of P. aeruginosa and the activity of LasR, a major QS regulator, when overexpressed. These acyltransferases also reduced virulence and swarming motility of P. aeruginosa. The other acyltransferase, PA3646 (UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxylauroyl] glucosamine N-acyltransferase), reduced the LasR activity, swarming motility, protease production and virulence without any influence on growth. These effects by PA3646 over-expression were caused by less production of QS signal. PA3644 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase) enhanced biofilm formation and swarming motility with no effect on the growth and QS activity. These results suggest that acyltransferases may be an important factor regulating the cellular activity about virulence-related phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doo Hwan Yeom
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Research Building 537, San 30, Jangjun-Dong, Geumjung-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Phosphatidic acid synthesis in bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:495-502. [PMID: 22981714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane phospholipid synthesis is a vital facet of bacterial physiology. Although the spectrum of phospholipid headgroup structures produced by bacteria is large, the key precursor to all of these molecules is phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Glycerol-3-phosphate derived from the glycolysis via glycerol-phosphate synthase is the universal source for the glycerol backbone of PtdOH. There are two distinct families of enzymes responsible for the acylation of the 1-position of glycerol-3-phosphate. The PlsB acyltransferase was discovered in Escherichia coli, and homologs are present in many eukaryotes. This protein family primarily uses acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) endproducts of fatty acid synthesis as acyl donors, but may also use acyl-CoA derived from exogenous fatty acids. The second protein family, PlsY, is more widely distributed in bacteria and utilizes the unique acyl donor, acyl-phosphate, which is produced from acyl-ACP by the enzyme PlsX. The acylation of the 2-position is carried out by members of the PlsC protein family. All PlsCs use acyl-ACP as the acyl donor, although the PlsCs of the γ-proteobacteria also may use acyl-CoA. Phospholipid headgroups are precursors in the biosynthesis of other membrane-associated molecules and the diacylglycerol product of these reactions is converted to PtdOH by one of two distinct families of lipid kinases. The central importance of the de novo and recycling pathways to PtdOH in cell physiology suggest that these enzymes are suitable targets for the development of antibacterial therapeutics in Gram-positive pathogens. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fernández-Piñar R, Cámara M, Soriano MI, Dubern JF, Heeb S, Ramos JL, Espinosa-Urgel M. PpoR, an orphan LuxR-family protein of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, modulates competitive fitness and surface motility independently of N-acylhomoserine lactones. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:79-85. [PMID: 23761234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 does not produce any of the common molecules involved in quorum sensing signalling described in other bacteria. However, as is the case in other microorganisms, the genome of this strain contains an open reading frame (PP_4647) coding for a transcriptional regulator belonging to the LuxR protein family. In this article, we present evidence indicating that this protein, named PpoR, modulates swarming motility in KT2440 and plays a role in the survival of this strain in the presence of potential competitors. These functions appear to be independent of known N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), since we show that P. putida KT2440 does not produce significant quantities of these molecules under any condition tested and PpoR does not influence the expression of quorum sensing-dependent promoters even in the presence of exogenous AHLs. A ppoR mutant shows increased sensitivity to the iron chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl, while iron supplementation compensates the fitness loss of the mutant in competition with other Pseudomonas. All these data suggest that PpoR participates in both inter- and intraspecific processes relevant to the fitness of P. putida related to iron acquisition, and not necessarily mediated by canonical quorum sensing signal molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Fernández-Piñar
- Department of Environmental Protection. Estación Experimental del Zaidín. CSIC. Profesor Albareda, 1. Granada, Spain. School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mair E A Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Geiger O, González-Silva N, López-Lara IM, Sohlenkamp C. Amino acid-containing membrane lipids in bacteria. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
31
|
A shotgun lipidomics study of a putative lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase (PlsC) in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2873-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
32
|
Two dissimilar N-acyl-homoserine lactone acylases of Pseudomonas syringae influence colony and biofilm morphology. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:45-53. [PMID: 18997027 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01723-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant aerial surfaces comprise a complex habitat for microorganisms, and many plant-associated bacteria, such as the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, exhibit density-dependent survival on leaves by utilizing quorum sensing (QS). QS is often mediated by diffusible signals called N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), and P. syringae utilizes N-3-oxo-hexanoyl-dl-homoserine lactone (3OC6HSL) to control traits influencing epiphytic fitness and virulence. The P. syringae pathovar syringae B728a genome sequence revealed two putative AHL acylases, termed HacA (Psyr_1971) and HacB (Psyr_4858), which are N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases that inactivate AHLs by cleaving their amide bonds. HacA is a secreted AHL acylase that degrades only long-chain (C > or = 8) AHLs, while HacB is not secreted and degrades all tested AHLs. Targeted disruptions of hacA, hacB, and hacA and hacB together do not alter endogenous 3OC6HSL levels under the tested conditions. Surprisingly, targeted disruptions of hacA alone and hacA and hacB together confer complementable phenotypes that are very similar to autoaggregative phenotypes seen in other species. While AHL acylases might enable P. syringae B728a to degrade signals of competing species and block expression of their QS-dependent traits, these enzymes also play fundamental roles in biofilm formation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang YM, Rock CO. Thematic review series: Glycerolipids. Acyltransferases in bacterial glycerophospholipid synthesis. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1867-74. [PMID: 18369234 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800005-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid biosynthesis is a vital facet of bacterial physiology that begins with the synthesis of the fatty acids by a soluble type II fatty acid synthase. The bacterial glycerol-phosphate acyltransferases utilize the completed fatty acid chains to form the first membrane phospholipid and thus play a critical role in the regulation of membrane biogenesis. The first bacterial acyltransferase described was PlsB, a glycerol-phosphate acyltransferase. PlsB is a key regulatory point that coordinates membrane phospholipid formation with cell growth and macromolecular synthesis. Phosphatidic acid is then produced by PlsC, a 1-acylglycerol-phosphate acyltransferase. These two acyltransferases use thioesters of either CoA or acyl carrier protein (ACP) as the acyl donors and have homologs that perform the same reactions in higher organisms. However, the most prevalent glycerol-phosphate acyltransferase in the bacterial world is PlsY, which uses a recently discovered acyl-phosphate fatty acid intermediate as an acyl donor. This unique activated fatty acid is formed from the acyl-ACP end products of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway by PlsX, an acyl-ACP:phosphate transacylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Williams P. Quorum sensing, communication and cross-kingdom signalling in the bacterial world. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:3923-3938. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/012856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Williams
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rhodobacter capsulatus OlsA is a bifunctional enzyme active in both ornithine lipid and phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8564-74. [PMID: 17921310 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01121-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rhodobacter capsulatus genome contains three genes (olsA [plsC138], plsC316, and plsC3498) that are annotated as lysophosphatidic acid (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate) acyltransferase (AGPAT). Of these genes, olsA was previously shown to be an O-acyltransferase in the second step of ornithine lipid biosynthesis, which is important for optimal steady-state levels of c-type cytochromes (S. Aygun-Sunar, S. Mandaci, H.-G. Koch, I. V. J. Murray, H. Goldfine, and F. Daldal. Mol. Microbiol. 61:418-435, 2006). The roles of the remaining plsC316 and plsC3498 genes remained unknown. In this work, these genes were cloned, and chromosomal insertion-deletion mutations inactivating them were obtained to define their function. Characterization of these mutants indicated that, unlike the Escherichia coli plsC, neither plsC316 nor plsC3498 was essential in R. capsulatus. In contrast, no plsC316 olsA double mutant could be isolated, indicating that an intact copy of either olsA or plsC316 was required for R. capsulatus growth under the conditions tested. Compared to OlsA null mutants, PlsC316 null mutants contained ornithine lipid and had no c-type cytochrome-related phenotype. However, they exhibited slight growth impairment and highly altered total fatty acid and phospholipid profiles. Heterologous expression in an E. coli plsC(Ts) mutant of either R. capsulatus plsC316 or olsA gene products supported growth at a nonpermissive temperature, exhibited AGPAT activity in vitro, and restored phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. The more vigorous AGPAT activity displayed by PlsC316 suggested that plsC316 encodes the main AGPAT required for glycerophospholipid synthesis in R. capsulatus, while olsA acts as an alternative AGPAT that is specific for ornithine lipid synthesis. This study therefore revealed for the first time that some OlsA enzymes, like the enzyme of R. capsulatus, are bifunctional and involved in both membrane ornithine lipid and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rivas M, Seeger M, Jedlicki E, Holmes DS. Second acyl homoserine lactone production system in the extreme acidophile Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3225-31. [PMID: 17351095 PMCID: PMC1907126 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02948-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidophilic proteobacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is involved in the industrial biorecovery of copper. It is found in acidic environments in biofilms and is important in the biogeochemical cycling of metals and nutrients. Its genome contains a cluster of four genes, glyQ, glysS, gph, and act, that are predicted to encode the alpha and beta subunits of glycine tRNA synthetase, a phosphatase, and an acyltransferase, respectively (GenBank accession no. DQ149607). act, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, produces acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) principally of chain length C14 according to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry measurements. The AHLs have biological activity as shown by in vivo studies using the reporter strain Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm41 SinI-. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) experiments indicate that the four genes are expressed as a single transcript, demonstrating that they constitute an operon. According to semiquantitative RT-PCR results, act is expressed more highly when A. ferrooxidans is grown in medium containing iron than when it is grown in medium containing sulfur. Since AHLs are important intercellular signaling molecules used by many bacteria to monitor their population density in quorum-sensing control of gene expression, this result suggests that A. ferrooxidans has two quorum-sensing systems, one based on Act, as described herein, and the other based on a Lux-like quorum-sensing system, reported previously. The latter system was shown to be upregulated in A. ferrooxidans grown in sulfur medium, suggesting that the two quorum-sensing systems respond to different environmental signals that may be related to their abilities to colonize and use different solid sulfur- and iron-containing minerals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Rivas
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu Y, Labedan B, Glansdorff N. Surprising arginine biosynthesis: a reappraisal of the enzymology and evolution of the pathway in microorganisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:36-47. [PMID: 17347518 PMCID: PMC1847373 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00032-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major aspects of the pathway of de novo arginine biosynthesis via acetylated intermediates in microorganisms must be revised in light of recent enzymatic and genomic investigations. The enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), which used to be considered responsible for the first committed step of the pathway, is present in a limited number of bacterial phyla only and is absent from Archaea. In many Bacteria, shorter proteins related to the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase family appear to acetylate l-glutamate; some are clearly similar to the C-terminal, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) binding domain of classical NAGS, while others are more distantly related. Short NAGSs can be single gene products, as in Mycobacterium spp. and Thermus spp., or fused to the enzyme catalyzing the last step of the pathway (argininosuccinase), as in members of the Alteromonas-Vibrio group. How these proteins bind glutamate remains to be determined. In some Bacteria, a bifunctional ornithine acetyltransferase (i.e., using both acetylornithine and acetyl-CoA as donors of the acetyl group) accounts for glutamate acetylation. In many Archaea, the enzyme responsible for glutamate acetylation remains elusive, but possible connections with a novel lysine biosynthetic pathway arose recently from genomic investigations. In some Proteobacteria (notably Xanthomonadaceae) and Bacteroidetes, the carbamoylation step of the pathway appears to involve N-acetylornithine or N-succinylornithine rather than ornithine. The product N-acetylcitrulline is deacetylated by an enzyme that is also involved in the provision of ornithine from acetylornithine; this is an important metabolic function, as ornithine itself can become essential as a source of other metabolites. This review insists on the biochemical and evolutionary implications of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Université Paris Sud, Bâtiment 400, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bideshi DK, Demattei MV, Rouleux-Bonnin F, Stasiak K, Tan Y, Bigot S, Bigot Y, Federici BA. Genomic sequence of Spodoptera frugiperda Ascovirus 1a, an enveloped, double-stranded DNA insect virus that manipulates apoptosis for viral reproduction. J Virol 2006; 80:11791-805. [PMID: 16987980 PMCID: PMC1642580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01639-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascoviruses (family Ascoviridae) are double-stranded DNA viruses with circular genomes that attack lepidopterans, where they produce large, enveloped virions, 150 by 400 nm, and cause a chronic, fatal disease with a cytopathology resembling that of apoptosis. After infection, host cell DNA is degraded, the nucleus fragments, and the cell then cleaves into large virion-containing vesicles. These vesicles and virions circulate in the hemolymph, where they are acquired by parasitic wasps during oviposition and subsequently transmitted to new hosts. To develop a better understanding of ascovirus biology, we sequenced the genome of the type species Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a (SfAV-1a). The genome consisted of 156,922 bp, with a G+C ratio of 49.2%, and contained 123 putative open reading frames coding for a variety of enzymes and virion structural proteins, of which tentative functions were assigned to 44. Among the most interesting enzymes, due to their potential role in apoptosis and viral vesicle formation, were a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and especially several enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including a fatty acid elongase, a sphingomyelinase, a phosphate acyltransferase, and a patatin-like phospholipase. Comparison of SfAV-1a proteins with those of other viruses showed that 10% were orthologs of Chilo iridescent virus proteins, the highest correspondence with any virus, providing further evidence that ascoviruses evolved from a lepidopteran iridovirus. The SfAV-1a genome sequence will facilitate the determination of how ascoviruses manipulate apoptosis to generate the novel virion-containing vesicles characteristic of these viruses and enable study of their origin and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|