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Imae K, Saito Y, Kizaki H, Ryuno H, Mao H, Miyashita A, Suzuki Y, Sekimizu K, Kaito C. Novel Nucleoside Diphosphatase Contributes to Staphylococcus aureus Virulence. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18608-18619. [PMID: 27422825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified SA1684 as a Staphylococcus aureus virulence gene using a silkworm infection model. The SA1684 gene product carried the DUF402 domain, which is found in RNA-binding proteins, and had amino acid sequence similarity with a nucleoside diphosphatase, Streptomyces coelicolor SC4828 protein. The SA1684-deletion mutant exhibited drastically decreased virulence, in which the LD50 against silkworms was more than 10 times that of the parent strain. The SA1684-deletion mutant also exhibited decreased exotoxin production and colony-spreading ability. Purified SA1684 protein had Mn(2+)- or Co(2+)-dependent hydrolyzing activity against nucleoside diphosphates. Alanine substitutions of Tyr-88, Asp-106, and Asp-123/Glu-124, which are conserved between SA1684 and SC4828, diminished the nucleoside diphosphatase activity. Introduction of the wild-type SA1684 gene restored the hemolysin production of the SA1684-deletion mutant, whereas none of the alanine-substituted SA1684 mutant genes restored the hemolysin production. RNA sequence analysis revealed that SA1684 is required for the expression of the virulence regulatory genes agr, sarZ, and sarX, as well as metabolic genes involved in glycolysis and fermentation pathways. These findings suggest that the novel nucleoside diphosphatase SA1684 links metabolic pathways and virulence gene expression and plays an important role in S. aureus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Imae
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Yuki Saito
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Hayato Kizaki
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Hiroki Ryuno
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Han Mao
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Atsushi Miyashita
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- the Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Chikara Kaito
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
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BangaSingh KK, Nisha M, Lau HY, Ravichandran M, Salleh MZ. Alteration in apyrase enzyme attenuated virulence of Shigella flexneri. Microb Pathog 2015; 91:123-8. [PMID: 26706344 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Virulence of Shigella is attributed to the genes presence in chromosome or in the megaplasmid. The apy gene which is located in the megaplasmid of Shigella species encodes for apyrase enzyme, a pathogenesis-associated enzyme causing mitochondrial damage and host cell death. In this study we constructed an apy mutant of Shigella flexneri by insertional activation using a kanamycin resistant gene cassette. The wild type apy gene of S. flexneri 2a was PCR amplified, cloned and mutated with insertion of kanamycin resistant gene cassette (aphA). The mutated construct (apy: aphA) was subcloned into a conjugative suicidal vector (pWM91) at the unique Sma1 and Sac1 sites. The mutation of the wild apy gene in the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The mutated construct was introduced into wild type S. flexneri 2a by conjugation with Escherichia coli. After undergoing homologous recombination, the wild apy gene was deleted from the construct using the sucrose selection method. Non-functional activity of the apyrase enzyme in the constructed strain by colorimetric test indicated the successful mutation of the apyrase enzyme. This strain with mutated apy gene was evaluated for its protective efficacy using the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model. The strain was Sereny negative and it elicited a significant protection following challenge with wild S. flexneri strain. This apy mutant strain will form a base for the development of a vaccine target for shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirnpal Kaur BangaSingh
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Mehru Nisha
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hut Yee Lau
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Zaki Salleh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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Analysis on the interaction domain of VirG and apyrase by pull-down assay. Molecules 2014; 19:18090-101. [PMID: 25379645 PMCID: PMC6271496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
VirG is outer membrane protein of Shigella and affects the spread of Shigella. Recently it has been reported that apyrase influences the location of VirG, although the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The site of interaction between apyrase and VirG is the focus of our research. First we constructed recombinant plasmid pHIS-phoN2 and pS-(v1-1102, v53-758, v759-1102, v53-319, v320-507, v507-758) by denaturation-renaturation, the phoN2:kan mutant of Shigella flexneri 5a M90T by a modified version of the lambda red recombination protocol originally described by Datsenko and Wanner and the complemented strain M90TΔphoN2/pET24a(PhisphoN2). Second, the recombinant plasmid pHIS-phoN2 and the pS-(v1-1102, v53-758, v759-1102, v53-319, v320-507, v507-758) were transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) and induced to express the fusion proteins. Third, the fusion proteins were purified and the interaction of VirG and apyrase was identified by pull-down. Fourth, VirG was divided and the interaction site of apyrase and VirG was determined. Finally, how apyrase affects the function of VirG was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Accordingly, the results provided the data supporting the fact that apyrase combines with the α-domain of VirG to influence the function of VirG.
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Scribano D, Petrucca A, Pompili M, Ambrosi C, Bruni E, Zagaglia C, Prosseda G, Nencioni L, Casalino M, Polticelli F, Nicoletti M. Polar localization of PhoN2, a periplasmic virulence-associated factor of Shigella flexneri, is required for proper IcsA exposition at the old bacterial pole. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90230. [PMID: 24587292 PMCID: PMC3937361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper protein localization is critical for bacterial virulence. PhoN2 is a virulence-associated ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase) involved in IcsA-mediated actin-based motility of S. flexneri. Herein, by analyzing a ΔphoN2 mutant of the S. flexneri strain M90T and by generating phoN2::HA fusions, we show that PhoN2, is a periplasmic protein that strictly localizes at the bacterial poles, with a strong preference for the old pole, the pole where IcsA is exposed, and that it is required for proper IcsA exposition. PhoN2-HA was found to be polarly localized both when phoN2::HA was ectopically expressed in a Escherichia coli K-12 strain and in a S. flexneri virulence plasmid-cured mutant, indicating a conserved mechanism of PhoN2 polar delivery across species and that neither IcsA nor the expression of other virulence-plasmid encoded genes are involved in this process. To assess whether PhoN2 and IcsA may interact, two-hybrid and cross-linking experiments were performed. While no evidence was found of a PhoN2-IcsA interaction, unexpectedly the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) was shown to bind PhoN2-HA through its periplasmic-exposed C-terminal domain. Therefore, to identify PhoN2 domains involved in its periplasmic polar delivery as well as in the interaction with OmpA, a deletion and a set of specific amino acid substitutions were generated. Analysis of these mutants indicated that neither the (183)PAPAP(187) motif of OmpA, nor the N-terminal polyproline (43)PPPP(46) motif and the Y155 residue of PhoN2 are involved in this interaction while P45, P46 and Y155 residues were found to be critical for the correct folding and stability of the protein. The relative rapid degradation of these amino acid-substituted recombinant proteins was found to be due to unknown S. flexneri-specific protease(s). A model depicting how the PhoN2-OmpA interaction may contribute to proper polar IcsA exposition in S. flexneri is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Scribano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Monica Pompili
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bruni
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Università Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università di “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
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Abstract
Undecaprenyl phosphate (C55-P) is an essential 55-carbon long-chain isoprene lipidinvolved in the biogenesis of bacterial cell wall carbohydrate polymers: peptidoglycan, O antigen, teichoic acids, and other cell surface polymers. It functions as a lipid carrier that allows the traffic of sugar intermediates across the plasma membrane, towards the periplasm,where the polymerization of the different cellwall components occurs. At the end of these processes, the lipid is released in a pyrophosphate form (C55-PP). C55-P arises from the dephosphorylation of C55-PP, which itself originates from either a recycling event or a de novo synthesis. In Escherichia coli, the formation of C55-PP is catalyzed by the essential UppS synthase, a soluble cis-prenyltransferase, whichadds eight isoprene units ontofarnesyl pyrophosphate. Severalapo- and halo-UppSthree-dimensional structures have provided a high level of understanding of this enzymatic step. The following dephosphorylationstep is required before the lipid carrier can accept a sugar unit at the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. Four integralmembrane proteins have been shown to catalyzethis reaction in E. coli:BacA and three members of the PAP2 super-family:YbjG, LpxT, and PgpB. None of these enzymes is essential,but the simultaneous inactivation of bacA, ybjG, and pgpB genes gave rise to a lethal phenotype, raising the question of the relevance of such a redundancy of activity. It was alsorecently shown that LpxTcatalyzes the specific transfer of the phosphate group arising from C55-PP to the lipidA moiety of lipopolysaccharides, leading to a lipid-A 1-diphosphate form whichaccounts for one-third of the total lipidA in wild-type E. coli cells. The active sites of LpxT, PgpB,andYbjG were shown to face the periplasm, suggesting that PAP2 enzymes arerather involved in C55-PP recycling. These recent discoveries have opened the way to the elucidation of the functional and structural characterization of these different phosphatases.
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Santapaola D, Del Chierico F, Petrucca A, Uzzau S, Casalino M, Colonna B, Sessa R, Berlutti F, Nicoletti M. Apyrase, the product of the virulence plasmid-encoded phoN2 (apy) gene of Shigella flexneri, is necessary for proper unipolar IcsA localization and for efficient intercellular spread. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:1620-7. [PMID: 16452446 PMCID: PMC1367242 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.4.1620-1627.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role in virulence of the Shigella flexneri ospB-phoN2 operon has been evaluated. Here we confirm that OspB is an effector and show that apyrase, the product of phoN2, may be a virulence factor, since it is required for efficient intercellular spreading. Apyrase may be important in a deoxynucleoside triphosphate-hydrolyzing activity-independent manner, suggesting that it may act as an interaction partner in the process of IcsA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santapaola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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