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Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) NS1' Enhances the Viral Infection of Dendritic Cells (DCs) and Macrophages in Pig Tonsils. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0114722. [PMID: 35730942 PMCID: PMC9430915 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01147-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are the amplifying hosts of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Currently, the safe and effective live attenuated vaccine made of JEV strain SA14-14-2, which does not express NS1', is widely used in humans and domestic animals to prevent JEV infection. In this study, we constructed the NS1' expression recombinant virus (rA66G) through a single nucleotide mutation in NS2A of JEV strain SA14-14-2. Animal experiments showed that NS1' significantly enhanced JEV infection in pig central nervous system (CNS) and tonsil tissues. Pigs shed virus in oronasal secretions in the JEV rA66G virus inoculation group, indicating that NS1' may facilitate the horizontal transmission of JEV. Additionally, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are the main target cells of JEV infection in pig tonsils, which are an important site of persistent JEV infection. The reduction of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pig tonsils caused by viral infection may create a beneficial environment for persistent JEV infection. These results are of significance for JEV infection in pigs and lay the foundation for future studies of JEV persistent infection in pig tonsils. IMPORTANCE Pigs are amplification hosts for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV can persist in the tonsils for months despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies. The present study shows that NS1' increases JEV infection in pig tonsils. In addition, DCs and macrophages in the tonsils are the target cells for JEV infection, and JEV NS1' promotes virus infection in DCs and macrophages. This study reveals a novel function of JEV NS1' protein and lays the foundation for future studies of JEV persistent infection in pig tonsils.
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Vázquez-Guardado A, Mehta F, Jimenez B, Biswas A, Ray K, Baksh A, Lee S, Saraf N, Seal S, Chanda D. DNA-Modified Plasmonic Sensor for the Direct Detection of Virus Biomarkers from the Blood. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7505-7511. [PMID: 34496209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of viral infections demands early detection strategies to minimize proliferation of the disease. Here, we demonstrate a plasmonic biosensor to detect Dengue virus, which was chosen as a model, via its nonstructural protein NS1 biomarker. The sensor is functionalized with a synthetic single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide and provides high affinity toward NS1 protein present in the virus genome. We demonstrate the detection of NS1 protein at a concentration of 0.1-10 μg/mL in bovine blood using an on-chip microfluidic plasma separator integrated with the plasmonic sensor which covers the clinical threshold of 0.6 μg/mL of high risk of developing Dengue hemorrhagic fever. The conceptual and practical demonstration shows the translation feasibility of these microfluidic optical biosensors for early detection of a wide range of viral infections, providing a rapid clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases directly from minimally processed biological samples at point of care locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Vázquez-Guardado
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Freya Mehta
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Beatriz Jimenez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Aritra Biswas
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Keval Ray
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Aliyah Baksh
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Sang Lee
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Nileshi Saraf
- Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Sudipta Seal
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Debashis Chanda
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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Zhou D, Li Q, Jia F, Zhang L, Wan S, Li Y, Song Y, Chen H, Cao S, Ye J. The Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1' Protein Inhibits Type I IFN Production by Targeting MAVS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1287-1298. [PMID: 31996459 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus that causes severe neurologic disease in humans. NS1' is a NS1-related protein only reported in the Japanese encephalitis serogroup members of Flavivirus It is produced through programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift in NS2A. Our previous study demonstrated that JEV NS1' could antagonize type I IFN (IFN-I) production, but the mechanism is still unclear. In the current study, we found that JEV NS1' inhibits the expression of MAVS, and knockdown of MAVS hampers inhibition of IFN-β induction by NS1', suggesting that JEV NS1' inhibits IFN-I production by targeting MAVS. This finding is further supported by the result of the in vivo assay that showed the similar mortality caused by NS1'-deficient virus and its wild type virus in MAVS-deficient mice. Based on our previous sequencing results of noncoding RNA in JEV-infected cells, microRNA-22 (miR-22) was identified to be a key regulator for MAVS expression during JEV infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that JEV NS1' could induce the expression of miR-22 by increasing the binding of transcriptional factors, CREB and c-Rel, to the promoter elements of miR-22. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which JEV NS1' antagonizes host MAVS by regulating miR-22, thereby inhibiting the IFN-I production and facilitating viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Fan Jia
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shengfeng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yunchuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; .,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
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Bai F, Thompson EA, Vig PJS, Leis AA. Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040193. [PMID: 31623175 PMCID: PMC6963678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in North America. WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease affects all ages, although elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk. WNV neuroinvasive disease has killed over 2300 Americans since WNV entered into the United States in the New York City outbreak of 1999. Despite 20 years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, there are still no approved vaccines or antivirals available for human use. However, rapid progress has been made in both understanding the pathogenesis of WNV and treatment in clinical practices. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV infection in terms of human clinical manifestations, host immune responses, neuroinvasion, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - E Ashley Thompson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - Parminder J S Vig
- Departments of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - A Arturo Leis
- Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1' Protein Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production. Virol Sin 2018; 33:515-523. [PMID: 30542978 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne virus and the major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. NS1', a 52-amino acid C-terminal extension of NS1, is generated with a -1 programmed ribosomal frameshift and is only present in members of the Japanese encephalitis serogroup of flaviviruses. Previous studies demonstrated that NS1' plays a vital role in virulence, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, an NS1' defected (rG66A) virus was generated. We found that rG66A virus was less virulent than its parent virus (pSA14) in wild-type mice. However, similar mortality caused by the two viruses was observed in an IFNAR knockout mouse model. Moreover, we found that rG66A virus induced a greater type I interferon (IFN) response than that by pSA14, and JEV NS1' significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes. Taken together, our results reveal that NS1' plays a vital role in blocking type I IFN production to help JEV evade antiviral immunity and benefit viral replication.
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Rastogi M, Sharma N, Singh SK. Flavivirus NS1: a multifaceted enigmatic viral protein. Virol J 2016; 13:131. [PMID: 27473856 PMCID: PMC4966872 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging arthropod-borne viruses representing an immense global health problem. The prominent viruses of this group include dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus tick borne encephalitis virus and Zika Virus. These are endemic in many parts of the world. They are responsible for the illness ranging from mild flu like symptoms to severe hemorrhagic, neurologic and cognitive manifestations leading to death. NS1 is a highly conserved non-structural protein among flaviviruses, which exist in diverse forms. The intracellular dimer form of NS1 plays role in genome replication, whereas, the secreted hexamer plays role in immune evasion. The secreted NS1 has been identified as a potential diagnostic marker for early detection of the infections caused by flaviviruses. In addition to the diagnostic marker, the importance of NS1 has been reported in the development of therapeutics. NS1 based subunit vaccines are at various stages of development. The structural details and diverse functions of NS1 have been discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Rastogi
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Laboratory of Human Molecular Virology & Immunology, Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Laboratory of Neurovirology and Inflammation Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sunit Kumar Singh
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Laboratory of Human Molecular Virology & Immunology, Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Takamatsu Y, Raekiansyah M, Morita K, Hayasaka D. NS1' Protein Expression in the JaOArS982 Strain of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Does Not Enhance Virulence in Mice. Trop Med Health 2015; 43:233-7. [PMID: 26865825 PMCID: PMC4689610 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2015-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a mouse model, we previously demonstrated that subcutaneous infection with the JaTH160 strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes significantly higher virulence and stronger virus propagation in the brain compared with that of the JaOArS982 strain. We also showed that the JaTH160 strain, but not JaOArS982, expresses the NS1’ protein and that NS1’ enhances JEV production in avian cells and embryonated chicken eggs. In this study, we examined whether NS1’ expression affects virulence in mice infected with the JaOArS982 and JaTH160 strains using the corresponding recombinant viruses S982-IC and JaTH-IC. Expression of the NS1’ protein in S982-IC diminished the mortality in mice, whereas S982-IC viruses without NS1’ caused 40–60% mortality. However, the viral loads in the brains of these mice were not significantly different despite the dvariation in NS1’ expression. JaTH-IC viruses depleted of the NS1’ protein exhibited high mortality levels, similar to those of the virus expressing NS1’. Previous studies showed that the NS1’ protein plays a role in the enhanced virulence of the JEV SA14 strain in mice. However, our current data suggest that NS1’ protein expression in S982-IC reduces, rather than enhances, the mortality in mice. Thus, the effect of NS1’ on pathogenicity in vivo may vary among virus strains. Our data also suggest that the reduced mortality resulting from NS1’ expression in S982-IC is not simply due to viral replication in the brains. Further investigation is needed to uncover the mechanism by which NS1’ affects pathogenicity in JEV-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Muhareva Raekiansyah
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; J-GRID, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Blitvich BJ, Firth AE. Insect-specific flaviviruses: a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization. Viruses 2015; 7:1927-59. [PMID: 25866904 PMCID: PMC4411683 DOI: 10.3390/v7041927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) discovered in the last decade. Historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due to their inability to infect vertebrate cells. This viewpoint has changed in recent years because some ISFs have been shown to enhance or suppress the replication of medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. Additionally, comparative studies between ISFs and medically important flaviviruses can provide a unique perspective as to why some flaviviruses possess the ability to infect and cause devastating disease in humans while others do not. ISFs have been isolated exclusively from mosquitoes in nature but the detection of ISF-like sequences in sandflies and chironomids indicates that they may also infect other dipterans. ISFs can be divided into two distinct phylogenetic groups. The first group currently consists of approximately 12 viruses and includes cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus and Culex flavivirus. These viruses are phylogenetically distinct from all other known flaviviruses. The second group, which is apparently not monophyletic, currently consists of nine viruses and includes Chaoyang virus, Nounané virus and Lammi virus. These viruses phylogenetically affiliate with mosquito/vertebrate flaviviruses despite their apparent insect-restricted phenotype. This article provides a review of the discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion ability and genomic organization of ISFs. This article also attempts to clarify the ISF nomenclature because some of these viruses have been assigned more than one name due to their simultaneous discoveries by independent research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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