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Hodgson JJ, Passarelli AL, Krell PJ. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Autographa Californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Chitinase and Cathepsin Genes Enhances Virulence. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020503. [PMID: 36851718 PMCID: PMC9965964 DOI: 10.3390/v15020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The baculoviral chitinase (CHIA) and cathepsin (V-CATH) enzymes promote terminal insect host liquefaction, which aids viral progeny dissemination. Recombinant Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-derived viruses were previously generated with reprogrammed chiA transcription by replacing the native promoter with the AcMNPV polyhedrin (polh) or core protein (p6.9) promoter sequences, but of both these chiA-reprogrammed viruses lacked v-cath transcription and V-CATH enzymatic activity. Here, we report that dual p6.9/polh promoter reprogramming of the adjacent chiA/v-cath genes resulted in modulated temporal transcription of both genes without impacting infectious budded virus production. These promoter changes increased CHIA and V-CATH enzyme activities in infected Spodoptera frugiperda-derived cultured cells and Trichoplusia ni larvae. In addition, larvae infected with the dual reprogrammed virus had earlier mortalities and liquefaction. This recombinant baculovirus, lacking exogenous genomic elements and increased chiA/v-cath expression levels, may be desirable for and amenable to producing enhanced baculovirus-based biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hodgson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | | | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Yu H, Ou-Yang YY, Yang CJ, Li N, Nakai M, Huang GH. 3H-31, A Non-structural Protein of Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h, Inhibits the Host Larval Cathepsin and Chitinase Activities. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1036-1051. [PMID: 33830433 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
3h-31 of Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h) is a highly conserved gene of ascoviruses. As an early gene of HvAV-3h, 3h-31 codes for a non-structural protein (3H-31) of HvAV-3h. In the study, 3h-31 was initially transcribed and expressed at 3 h post-infection (hpi) in the infected Spodoptera exigua fat body cells (SeFB). 3h-31 was further inserted into the bacmid of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) to generate an infectious baculovirus (AcMNPV-31). In vivo experiments showed that budded virus production and viral DNA replication decreased with the expression of 3H-31, and lucent tubular structures were found around the virogenic stroma in the AcMNPV-31-infected SeFB cells. In vivo, both LD50 and LD90 values of AcMNPV-31 were significantly higher than those of the wild-type AcMNPV (AcMNPV-wt) in third instar S. exigua larvae. An interesting finding was that the liquefaction of the larvae killed by the infection of AcMNPV-31 was delayed. Chitinase and cathepsin activities of AcMNPV-31-infected larvae were significantly lower than those of AcMNPV-wt-infected larvae. The possible regulatory function of the chitinase and cathepsin for 3H-31 was further confirmed by RNAi, which showed that larval cathepsin activity was significantly upregulated, but chitinase activity was not significantly changed due to the RNAi of 3h-31. Based on the obtained results, we assumed that the function of 3H-31 was associated with the inhibition of host larval chitinase and cathepsin activities, so as to restrain the hosts in their larval stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yi-Yi Ou-Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chang-Jin Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ni Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Guo-Hua Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Hodgson JJ, Krell PJ, Passarelli AL. Mature viral cathepsin is required for release of viral occlusion bodies from Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus-infected cells. Virology 2021; 556:23-32. [PMID: 33540271 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus-infected larvae release progeny viral occlusion bodies (OBs) to enable cyclical virus transmission to new hosts. The alphabaculovirus chitinase and cathepsin enzymes cause terminal liquefaction of host insect cadavers, aiding OB dispersal. The mechanism of cell lysis required to release the OBs is unclear but here we show Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus cathepsin protease activity is required for efficient release of the host tissue-degrading chitinase and cathepsin enzymes and critical for release of progeny OBs from virus-infected cells. Comparisons between viruses containing or lacking cathepsin indicate that cathepsin was necessary for OB release into cultured cell media or hemolymph of insects. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of cysteine protease activity in cells during infection blocked maturation of active cathepsin and OB release from infected cells. Together, these results suggest an important link between baculovirus-induced cell lysis, the concomitant maturation of cathepsin, and cellular release of chitinase, cathepsin and progeny OBs from cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hodgson
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Ishimwe E, Hodgson JJ, Clem RJ, Passarelli AL. Reaching the melting point: Degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors involved in baculovirus infection and dissemination. Virology 2015; 479-480:637-49. [PMID: 25724418 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus infection of a host insect involves several steps, beginning with initiation of virus infection in the midgut, followed by dissemination of infection from the midgut to other tissues in the insect, and finally culminating in "melting" or liquefaction of the host, which allows for horizontal spread of infection to other insects. While all of the viral gene products are involved in ultimately reaching this dramatic infection endpoint, this review focuses on two particular types of baculovirus-encoded proteins: degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors. Neither of these types of proteins is commonly found in other virus families, but they both play important roles in baculovirus infection. The types of degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors encoded by baculoviruses are discussed, as are the roles of these proteins in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egide Ishimwe
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Hodgson
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States
| | - Rollie J Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States.
| | - A Lorena Passarelli
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States.
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Role of interactions between Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus procathepsin and chitinase chitin-binding or active-site domains in viral cathepsin processing. J Virol 2013; 87:3471-83. [PMID: 23302896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01937-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus chitinase (CHIA) to viral cathepsin protease progenitor (proV-CATH) governs cellular/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) coretention of CHIA and proV-CATH, thus coordinating simultaneous cellular release of both host tissue-degrading enzymes upon host cell death. CHIA is a proposed proV-CATH folding chaperone because insertional inactivation of chiA causes production of proV-CATH aggregates that are incompetent for proteolytic maturation into active V-CATH enzyme. We wanted to determine whether the N-terminal chitin-binding domain (CBD, 149 residues) and C-terminal CHIA active-site domain (ASD, 402 residues) of CHIA bind to proV-CATH independently of one another and whether either domain is dispensable for CHIA's putative proV-CATH folding chaperone activity. We demonstrate that N-terminally green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused CHIA, ASD, and CBD each colocalize with proV-CATH-RFP in ER-like patterns and that both ASD and CBD independently associate with proV-CATH in vivo using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and in vitro using reciprocal nickel-histidine pulldown assays. Altogether, the data from colocalization, BiFC, and reciprocal copurification analyses suggest specific and independent interactions between proV-CATH and both domains of CHIA. These data also demonstrate that either CHIA domain is dispensable for normal proV-CATH processing. Furthermore, in contrast to prior evidence suggesting that a lack of chiA expression causes proV-CATH to become aggregated, insoluble, and unable to mature into V-CATH, a chiA deletion bacmid virus we engineered to express just v-cath produced soluble proV-CATH that was prematurely secreted from cells and proteolytically matured into active V-CATH enzyme.
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Hodgson JJ, Arif BM, Krell PJ. Interaction of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus cathepsin protease progenitor (proV-CATH) with insect baculovirus chitinase as a mechanism for proV-CATH cellular retention. J Virol 2011; 85:3918-29. [PMID: 21289117 PMCID: PMC3126136 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02165-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect baculovirus chitinase (CHIA) and cathepsin protease (V-CATH) enzymes cause terminal host insect liquefaction, enhancing the dissemination of progeny virions away from the host cadavers. Regulated and delayed cellular release of these host tissue-degrading enzymes ensures that liquefaction starts only after optimal viral replication has occurred. Baculoviral CHIA remains intracellular due to its C-terminal KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention motif. However, the mechanism for cellular retention of the inactive V-CATH progenitor (proV-CATH) has not yet been determined. Signal peptide cleavage occurs upon cotranslational ER import of the v-cath-expressed protein, and ER-resident CHIA is needed for the folding of proV-CATH. Although this implies that CHIA and proV-CATH bind each other in the ER, the putative CHIA-proV-CATH interaction has not been experimentally verified. We demonstrate that the amino-terminal 22 amino acids (aa) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) preproV-CATH are responsible for the entry of proV-CATH into the ER. Furthermore, the CHIA-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and proV-CATH-red fluorescent protein (RFP) fusion proteins colocalize in the ER. Using monomeric RFP (mRFP)-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), we determined that CHIA and proV-CATH interact directly with each other in the ER during virus replication. Moreover, reciprocal Ni/His pulldowns of His-tagged proteins confirmed the CHIA-proV-CATH interaction biochemically. The reciprocal copurification of CHIA and proV-CATH suggests a specific CHIA-proV-CATH interaction and corroborates our BiFC data. Deletion of the CHIA KDEL motif allowed for premature CHIA secretion from cells, and proV-CATH was similarly prematurely secreted from cells along with ΔKDEL-CHIA. These data suggest that CHIA and proV-CATH interact directly with each other and that this interaction aids the cellular retention of proV-CATH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Hodgson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1
| | - Basil M. Arif
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Peter J. Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1
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