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Guo Q, Zhu S, Wang D, Li X, Zhu H, Song Y, Liu X, Xiao F, Zhao H, Lu H, Xiao J, Yu L, Wang W, He Y, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Xu W, Yan D. Genetic characterization and molecular evolution of type 3 vaccine-derived polioviruses from an immunodeficient patient in China. Virus Res 2023; 334:199177. [PMID: 37479187 PMCID: PMC10388201 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, a case of immunodeficiency vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) was identified in Jiangxi Province, China. In this study, we purified 14 type 3 original viral isolates from this case and characterized the molecular evolution of these iVDPVs for 298 days. Genetic variants were found in most of the original viral isolates, with complex genetic and evolutionary relationships among the variants. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on the P1 region showed that these iVDPVs were classified into lineage A and B. The dominant lineage B represents a major trend in virus evolution. The nucleotide substitution rate at the third codon position (3CP) estimated by the BEAST program was 1.76 × 10-2 substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 1.23-2.39 × 10-2). The initial OPV dose was given dating back to March 2013, which was close to the time of the last OPV vaccination, suggesting that OPV infection may have originated with the last dose of vaccine. Recombinant analysis showed that these iVDPVs were inter-vaccine recombinants with two recombination patterns, S3/S2/S1 and S3/S2/S3/S2/S1. Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that key nucleotide sites (C472U, C2034U, U2493C) associated with the attenuated phenotype of Sabin 3 have been replaced. Temperature sensitivity test showed that all tested strains were temperature-sensitive, except for the variant Day11-5. Interestingly, we observed that the variant Day11-5 temperature resistance properties may be associated with the Lys to Met substitution at the VP2-162 site. Serological test and whole genome sequence analysis showed that the seropositivity rate remained high, and mutations in the antigenic sites did not significantly alter neutralization ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China; Da Zhou Vocational College of Chinese Medicine, Dazhou, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Hehe Zhao
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Liheng Yu
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yun He
- School of Public Health and Management, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Jichen Li
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- National Polio Laboratory, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosecurity, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China.
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Polio and Its Epidemiology. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Kitamura K, Shimizu H. Outbreaks of Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus in the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, 2000-2021. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 75:431-444. [PMID: 36047174 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) has maintained the polio-free status for more than two decades. At the global level, there were only 6 confirmed polio cases due to wild type 1 poliovirus in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Malawi in 2021, therefore, the risk of the importation of wild poliovirus from the endemic countries to the WPR is considerably lower than ever before. On the other hand, the risk of polio outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) still cannot be ignored even in the WPR. Since late 2010s, cVDPV outbreaks in the WPR have appeared to be more extensive in frequency and magnitude. Moreover, the emergence of concomitant polio outbreaks of type 1 and type 2 cVDPVs in the Philippines and Malaysia during 2019-2020 has highlighted the remaining risk of cVDPV outbreaks in high-risk areas and/or communities in the WPR. The previous cVDPV outbreaks in the WPR have been rapidly and effectively controlled, however, the future risk of polio outbreaks associated with cVDPVs needs to be reconsidered and polio immunization and surveillance strategies should be updated accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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Lokugamage N, Ikegami T. Genetic stability of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine during serial passages in culture cells. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:20. [PMID: 29167748 PMCID: PMC5627234 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to Africa which affects both ruminants and humans. RVF causes serious damage to the livestock industry and is also a threat to public health. The Rift Valley fever virus has a segmented negative-stranded RNA genome consisting of Large (L)-, Medium (M)-, and Small (S)-segments. The live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine is immunogenic in livestock and humans, and is conditionally licensed for veterinary use in the U.S. The MP-12 strain encodes 23 mutations (nine amino acid substitutions) and is attenuated through a combination of mutations in the L-, M-, and S-segments. Among them, the M-U795C, M-A3564G, and L-G3104A mutations contribute to viral attenuation through the L- and M-segments. The M-U795C, M-A3564G, L-U533C, and L-G3750A mutations are also independently responsible for temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype. We hypothesized that a serial passage of the MP-12 vaccine in culture cells causes reversions of the MP-12 genome. The MP-12 vaccine and recombinant rMP12-ΔNSs16/198 were serially passaged 25 times. Droplet digital PCR analysis revealed that the reversion occurred at L-G3750A during passages of MP-12 in Vero or MRC-5 cells. The reversion also occurred at M-A3564G and L-U533C of rMP12-ΔNSs16/198 in Vero cells. Reversion mutations were not found in MP-12 or the variant, rMP12-TOSNSs, in the brains of mice with encephalitis. This study characterized genetic stability of the MP-12 vaccine and the potential risk of reversion mutation at the L-G3750A ts mutation after excessive viral passages in culture cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandadeva Lokugamage
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- The Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555 USA
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Liu J, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Xia L, Guo C, Yang H, Luo N, He Z, Ma S. Characterization of four vaccine-related polioviruses including two intertypic type 3/type 2 recombinants associated with aseptic encephalitis. Virol J 2016; 13:162. [PMID: 27677968 PMCID: PMC5039789 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Four vaccine-related polioviruses (VRPV) were isolated from aseptic encephalitis cases in Yunnan, China in 2010. The genomic sequences of these VRPVs were investigated to gain a better understanding of their molecular characteristics. Methods Molecular typing was performed by amplification and sequencing of the VP1 region. The genomic sequences of the four VRPV3 strains were compared to vaccine strain and wild strain sequences to study genetic drift and recombination. Results All four isolates could be entirely neutralized by polyclonal poliovirus 3 (PV3) antisera but not by PV1 and PV2 antisera and displayed a temperature-sensitive phenotype. The genomic sequences of all four isolates contained two Sabin 3-specific attenuating mutations at nucleotides 472(C → T) and 2034(C → T), but a third Sabin 3-specific attenuating mutation at position 2493 (T → C) had reverted back to a T. Recombination analyses showed RF108/YN/CHN/2010 and RF134/YN/CHN/2010 strain recombined with Sabin 2 at the 3′-end of the 2C to 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) and at the 5′-end of the 3D to 3′-UTR, respectively. Conclusion Four VRPV3 strains including two type 3/type 2 intertypic recombinants were identified. The recombination of Sabin vaccine strains with other Sabin serotypes or human enterovirus C species could be a critical factor in the potential of emerging viruses and related disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is essential to be persistent in the surveillance of EVs (including PV). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0615-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhui Xia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Luo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.
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Woodman A, Arnold JJ, Cameron CE, Evans DJ. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the role of the viral polymerase in enterovirus recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6883-95. [PMID: 27317698 PMCID: PMC5001610 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination in single-strand, positive-sense RNA viruses is a poorly understand mechanism responsible for generating extensive genetic change and novel phenotypes. By moving a critical cis-acting replication element (CRE) from the polyprotein coding region to the 3′ non-coding region we have further developed a cell-based assay (the 3′CRE-REP assay) to yield recombinants throughout the non-structural coding region of poliovirus from dually transfected cells. We have additionally developed a defined biochemical assay in which the only protein present is the poliovirus RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which recapitulates the strand transfer events of the recombination process. We have used both assays to investigate the role of the polymerase fidelity and nucleotide turnover rates in recombination. Our results, of both poliovirus intertypic and intratypic recombination in the CRE-REP assay and using a range of polymerase variants in the biochemical assay, demonstrate that RdRp fidelity is a fundamental determinant of recombination frequency. High fidelity polymerases exhibit reduced recombination and low fidelity polymerases exhibit increased recombination in both assays. These studies provide the basis for the analysis of poliovirus recombination throughout the non-structural region of the virus genome and provide a defined biochemical assay to further dissect this important evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Woodman
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 201 Althouse Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 201 Althouse Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 201 Althouse Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David J Evans
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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Cassemiro KMSDM, Burlandy FM, Barbosa MRF, Chen Q, Jorba J, Hachich EM, Sato MIZ, Burns CC, da Silva EE. Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of a Highly Evolved Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Isolated from Seawater in Brazil, 2014. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152251. [PMID: 27019095 PMCID: PMC4809597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), differing from the Sabin 2 strain at 8.6% (78/903) of VP1 nucleotide positions, was isolated from seawater collected from a seaport in São Paulo State, Brazil. The P1/capsid region is related to the Sabin 2 strain, but sequences within the 5'-untranslated region and downstream of the P1 region were derived from recombination with other members of Human Enterovirus Species C (HEV-C). The two known attenuating mutations had reverted to wild-type (A481G in the 5'-UTR and Ile143Thr in VP1). The VDPV isolate had lost the temperature sensitive phenotype and had accumulated amino acid substitutions in neutralizing antigenic (NAg) sites 3a and 3b. The date of the initiating OPV dose, estimated from the number of synonymous substitutions in the capsid region, was approximately 8.5 years before seawater sampling, a finding consistent with a long time of virus replication and possible transmission among several individuals. Although no closely related type 2 VDPVs were detected in Brazil or elsewhere, this VDPV was found in an area with a mobile population, where conditions may favor both viral infection and spread. Environmental surveillance serves as an important tool for sensitive and early detection of circulating poliovirus in the final stages of global polio eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda M. Burlandy
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mikaela R. F. Barbosa
- Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of São Paulo State, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Qi Chen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of Americaa
| | - Jaume Jorba
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of Americaa
| | - Elayse M. Hachich
- Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of São Paulo State, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I. Z. Sato
- Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of São Paulo State, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cara C. Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of Americaa
| | - Edson E. da Silva
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Limited and localized outbreak of newly emergent type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Sichuan, China. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1012-8. [PMID: 24850620 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00196-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
From August 2011 to February 2012, an outbreak caused by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) occurred in Aba County, Sichuan, China. During the outbreak, four type 2 VDPVs (≥0.6% nucleotide divergence in the VP1 region relative to the Sabin 2 strain) were isolated from 3 patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and one close contact. In addition, a type 2 pre-VDPV (0.3% to 0.5% divergence from Sabin 2) that was genetically related to these type 2 VDPVs was isolated from another AFP patient. These 4 patients were all unimmunized children 0.7 to 1.1 years old. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the 4 VDPV isolates differed from Sabin 2 by 0.7% to 1.2% in nucleotides in the VP1 region and shared 5 nucleotide substitutions with the pre-VDPV. All 5 isolates were closely related, and all were S2/S3/S2/S3 recombinants sharing common recombination crossover sites. Although the two major determinants of attenuation and temperature sensitivity phenotype of Sabin 2 (A481 in the 5' untranslated region and Ile143 in the VP1 protein) had reverted in all 5 isolates, one VDPV (strain CHN16017) still retained the temperature sensitivity phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the third coding position of the complete P1 coding region suggested that the cVDPVs circulated locally for about 7 months following the initiating oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose. Our findings reinforce the point that cVDPVs can emerge and spread in isolated communities with immunity gaps and highlight the emergence risks of type 2 cVDPVs accompanying the trivalent OPV used. To solve this issue, it is recommended that type 2 OPV be removed from the trivalent OPV or that inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) be used instead.
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Zhang Y, Hong M, Sun Q, Zhu S, Tsewang, Li X, Yan D, Wang D, Xu W. Molecular typing and characterization of a new serotype of human enterovirus (EV-B111) identified in China. Virus Res 2014; 183:75-80. [PMID: 24503225 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular methods, based on sequencing the region encoding the complete VP1 or P1 protein, have enabled the rapid identification of new enterovirus serotypes. In the present study, the complete genome of a newly discovered enterovirus serotype, strain Q0011/XZ/CHN/2000 (hereafter referred to as Q0011), was sequenced and analyzed. The virus, isolated from a stool sample from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis in the Tibet region of China in 2000, was characterized by amplicon sequencing and comparison to a GenBank database of enterovirus nucleotide sequences. The nucleotide sequence encoding the complete VP1 capsid protein is most closely related to the sequences of viruses within the species enterovirus B (EV-B), but is less than 72.1% identical to the homologous sequences of the recognized human enterovirus serotypes, with the greatest homology to EV-B101 and echovirus 32. Moreover, the deduced amino acid sequence of the complete VP1 region is less than 84.7% identical to those of the recognized serotypes, suggesting that the strain is a new serotype of enterovirus within EV-B. The virus was characterized as a new enterovirus type, named EV-B111, by the Picornaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Low positive rate and titer of neutralizing antibody against EV-B111 were found in the Tibet region of China. Nearly 50% of children ≤5 years had no neutralizing antibody against EV-B111. So the extent of transmission and the exposure of the population to this new EV are very limited. This is the first identification of a new serotype of human enterovirus in China, and strain Q0011 was designated the prototype strain of EV-B111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsewang
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Tao Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu A, Lin X, Yoshida H, Xiong P, Zhu S, Wang S, Yan D, Song L, Wang H, Cui N, Xu W. Isolation and characterization of a type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus from environmental surveillance in China, 2012. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83975. [PMID: 24386319 PMCID: PMC3873410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of poliovirus on sewage has been conducted in Shandong Province, China since 2008. A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) with 7 mutations in VP1 coding region was isolated from the sewage collected in the city of Jinan in December 2012. The complete genome sequencing analysis of this isolate revealed 25 nucleotide substitutions, 7 of which resulted in amino acid alteration. No evidence of recombination with other poliovirus serotypes was observed. The virus did not lose temperature sensitive phenotype at 40°C. An estimation based on the evolution rate of the P1 coding region suggested that evolution time of this strain might be 160–176 days. VP1 sequence analysis revealed that this VDPV strain is of no close relationship with other local type 2 polioviruses (n = 66) from sewage collected between May 2012 and June 2013, suggesting the lack of its circulation in the local population. The person who excreted the virus was not known and no closely related virus was isolated in local population via acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. By far this is the first report of VDPV isolated from sewage in China, and these results underscore the value of environmental surveillance in the polio surveillance system even in countries with high rates of OPV coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Tao
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AX); (WX)
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiromu Yoshida
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ping Xiong
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suting Wang
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Song
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Cui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AX); (WX)
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11
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Human Enterovirus 85 (HEV85) Recombinant with an Unknown New Serotype HEV-B Donor Sequence Isolated from a Child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:genomeA00015-12. [PMID: 23405286 PMCID: PMC3556829 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00015-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A Chinese human enterovirus 85 (HEV85) isolate, HTYT-ARL-AFP02F/XJ/CHN/2011, was isolated from a stool specimen of a child with acute flaccid paralysis in Xinjiang, China, in 2011. The complete genome sequence revealed that a natural intertypic recombination event had occurred between HEV85 and a previously undescribed serotype of HEV-B.
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12
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13
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Complete genome sequence of two coxsackievirus A1 strains that were cytotoxic to human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. J Virol 2012; 86:10228-9. [PMID: 22923792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01567-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A1 (CVA1) belongs to human enterovirus species C within the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales. Two Chinese CVA1 isolates, HT-THLH02F/XJ/CHN/2011 and KS-ZPH01F/XJ/CHN/2011, were isolated from stool specimens of two healthy children in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of China. They were found to elicit cytopathic effects in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, and complete genome sequences of these two CVA1 isolates revealed that natural intertypic recombination events occurred between CVA1 and CVA22.
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14
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Hong M, Li X, Zhu S, Yan D, Wang D, An H, Tsewang, Han J, Xu W. Isolation and characterization of a Chinese strain of human enterovirus 74 from a healthy child in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1593-8. [PMID: 22576315 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 74 (HEV74) is a recently described serotype within the species Human enterovirus B (HEV-B). Few nucleotide sequences of HEV74 are available, and only one complete genome sequence (the prototype strain) has been published. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of an HEV74 strain isolated from a healthy child during a stool survey in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The results indicated that HEV74 may be a prevalent and common enterovirus type, and that HEV74 is globally distributed, especially in Asia. Sequence analysis revealed high variability among HEV74 strains and indicated frequent recombination within HEV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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15
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Molecular characterization of human enteroviruses in the Central African Republic: uncovering wide diversity and identification of a new human enterovirus A71 genogroup. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1650-8. [PMID: 22337981 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06657-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (HEV) are among the most common viruses infecting humans. Their circulation has been widely studied in most parts of the world but not in sub-Saharan Africa, where poliomyelitis remains prevalent. We report here the molecular characterization of 98 nonpoliovirus (non-PV) HEV strains isolated from 93 randomly selected cell culture-positive supernatants from stool samples collected from 1997 through 2006 from children with acute flaccid paralysis living in the Central African Republic (CAR). The isolates were typed by sequencing the VP1 coding region and sequenced further in the VP2 coding region, and phylogenetic studies were carried out. Among the 98 VP1 sequences, 3, 74, 18, and 3 were found to belong to the HEV-A, -B, -C, and -D species, respectively. Overall, 42 types were detected. In most cases, the VP2 type was correlated with that of the VP1 region. Some of the isolates belonged to lineages that also contain viruses isolated in distant countries, while others belonged to lineages containing viruses isolated only in Africa. In particular, one isolate (type EV-A71) did not fall into any of the genogroups already described, indicating the existence of a previously unknown genogroup for this type. These results illustrate the considerable diversity of HEV isolates from the stools of paralyzed children in the CAR. The presence of diverse HEV-C types makes recombination between poliovirus and other HEV-C species possible and could promote the emergence of recombinant vaccine-derived polioviruses similar to those that have been implicated in repeated poliomyelitis outbreaks in several developing countries.
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16
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Abstract
Even students who reject evolution are often willing to consider cases in which evolutionary biology contributes to, or undermines, biomedical interventions. Moreover the intersection of evolutionary biology and biomedicine is fascinating in its own right. This review offers an overview of the ways in which evolution has impacted the design and deployment of live-attenuated virus vaccines, with subsections that may be useful as lecture material or as the basis for case studies in classes at a variety of levels. Live- attenuated virus vaccines have been modified in ways that restrain their replication in a host, so that infection (vaccination) produces immunity but not disease. Applied evolution, in the form of serial passage in novel host cells, is a "classical" method to generate live-attenuated viruses. However many live-attenuated vaccines exhibit reversion to virulence through back-mutation of attenuating mutations, compensatory mutations elsewhere in the genome, recombination or reassortment, or changes in quasispecies diversity. Additionally the combination of multiple live-attenuated strains may result in competition or facilitation between individual vaccine viruses, resulting in undesirable increases in virulence or decreases in immunogenicity. Genetic engineering informed by evolutionary thinking has led to a number of novel approaches to generate live-attenuated virus vaccines that contain substantial safeguards against reversion to virulence and that ameliorate interference among multiple vaccine strains. Finally, vaccines have the potential to shape the evolution of their wild type counterparts in counter-productive ways; at the extreme vaccine-driven eradication of a virus may create an empty niche that promotes the emergence of new viral pathogens.
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Guo W, Wang H, Zhu S, Wang D, Bai R, Li X, Yan D, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Tan X, An H, Xu A, Xu W. Emergence and transmission pathways of rapidly evolving evolutionary branch C4a strains of human enterovirus 71 in the Central Plain of China. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27895. [PMID: 22125635 PMCID: PMC3220707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large-scale outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred repeatedly in the Central Plain of China (Shandong, Anhui, and Henan provinces) from 2007 until now. These epidemics have increased in size and severity each year and are a major public health concern in mainland China. Principal Findings Phylogenetic analysis was performed and a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo tree was constructed based on the complete VP1 sequences of HEV71 isolates. These analyses showed that the HFMD epidemic in the Central Plain of China was caused by at least 5 chains of HEV71 transmission and that the virus continued to circulate and evolve over the winter seasons between outbreaks. Between 1998 and 2010, there were 2 stages of HEV71 circulation in mainland China, with a shift from evolutionary branch C4b to C4a in 2003–2004. The evolution rate of C4a HEV71 was 4.99×10-3 substitutions per site per year, faster than the mean of all HEV71 genotypes. The most recent common ancestor estimates for the Chinese clusters dated to October 1994 and November 1993 for the C4a and C4b evolutionary branches, respectively. Compared with all C4a HEV71 strains, a nucleotide substitution in all C4b HEV71 genome (A to C reversion at nt2503 in the VP1 coding region, which caused amino acid substitution of VP1–10: Gln to His) had reverted. Conclusions The data suggest that C4a HEV71 strains introduced into the Central Plain of China are responsible for the recent outbreaks. The relationships among HEV71 isolates determined from the combined sequence and epidemiological data reveal the underlying seasonal dynamics of HEV71 circulation. At least 5 HEV71 lineages circulated in the Central Plain of China from 2007 to 2009, and the Shandong and Anhui lineages were found to have passed through a genetic bottleneck during the low-transmission winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jitao Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanshen Guo
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyin Bai
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Taishan Medical University, Taishan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingle Li
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Tan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqiu An
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Recombination between poliovirus and coxsackie A viruses of species C: a model of viral genetic plasticity and emergence. Viruses 2011; 3:1460-84. [PMID: 21994791 PMCID: PMC3185806 DOI: 10.3390/v3081460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination in RNA viruses was discovered many years ago for poliovirus (PV), an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, and studied using PV or other picornaviruses as models. Recently, recombination was shown to be a general phenomenon between different types of enteroviruses of the same species. In particular, the interest for this mechanism of genetic plasticity was renewed with the emergence of pathogenic recombinant circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), which were implicated in poliomyelitis outbreaks in several regions of the world with insufficient vaccination coverage. Most of these cVDPVs had mosaic genomes constituted of mutated poliovaccine capsid sequences and part or all of the non-structural sequences from other human enteroviruses of species C (HEV-C), in particular coxsackie A viruses. A study in Madagascar showed that recombinant cVDPVs had been co-circulating in a small population of children with many different HEV-C types. This viral ecosystem showed a surprising and extensive biodiversity associated to several types and recombinant genotypes, indicating that intertypic genetic recombination was not only a mechanism of evolution for HEV-C, but an usual mode of genetic plasticity shaping viral diversity. Results suggested that recombination may be, in conjunction with mutations, implicated in the phenotypic diversity of enterovirus strains and in the emergence of new pathogenic strains. Nevertheless, little is known about the rules and mechanisms which govern genetic exchanges between HEV-C types, as well as about the importance of intertypic recombination in generating phenotypic variation. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms of evolution of PV, in particular recombination events leading to the emergence of recombinant cVDPVs.
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Natural type 3/type 2 intertypic vaccine-related poliovirus recombinants with the first crossover sites within the VP1 capsid coding region. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15300. [PMID: 21203565 PMCID: PMC3006203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ten uncommon natural type 3/type 2 intertypic poliovirus recombinants were isolated from stool specimens from nine acute flaccid paralysis case patients and one healthy vaccinee in China from 2001 to 2008. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Complete genomic sequences revealed their vaccine-related genomic features and showed that their first crossover sites were randomly distributed in the 3' end of the VP1 coding region. The length of donor Sabin 2 sequences ranged from 55 to 136 nucleotides, which is the longest donor sequence reported in the literature for this type of poliovirus recombination. The recombination resulted in the introduction of Sabin 2 neutralizing antigenic site 3a (NAg3a) into a Sabin 3 genomic background in the VP1 coding region, which may have been altered by some of the type 3-specific antigenic properties, but had not acquired any type 2-specific characterizations. NAg3a of the Sabin 3 strain seems atypical; other wild-type poliovirus isolates that have circulated in recent years have sequences of NAg3a more like the Sabin 2 strain. CONCLUSIONS 10 natural type 3/type 2 intertypic VP1 capsid-recombinant polioviruses, in which the first crossover sites were found to be in the VP1 coding region, were isolated and characterized. In spite of the complete replacement of NAg3a by type 2-specific amino acids, the serotypes of the recombinants were not altered, and they were totally neutralized by polyclonal type 3 antisera but not at all by type 2 antisera. It is possible that recent type 3 wild poliovirus isolates may be a recombinant having NAg3a sequences derived from another strain during between 1967 and 1980, and the type 3/type 2 recombination events in the 3' end of the VP1 coding region may result in a higher fitness.
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Tao Z, Wang H, Xu A, Zhang Y, Song L, Zhu S, Li Y, Yan D, Liu G, Yoshida H, Liu Y, Feng L, Chosa T, Xu W. Isolation of a recombinant type 3/type 2 poliovirus with a chimeric capsid VP1 from sewage in Shandong, China. Virus Res 2010; 150:56-60. [PMID: 20206214 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The genetic and phenotypic characterization of poliovirus strain P3/Jinan/1/09, isolated from sewage sample in Jinan city, Shandong province, China, was described. The strain had a Sabin type 3/type 2/type 3 recombinant genome, with the first crossover site located in capsid VP1 coding region between nucleotide positions 3293 and 3294 (numbering according to Sabin 3), and the second crossover site in 3D region between positions 6374 and 6378. The recombinant had introduced six Sabin 2-derived amino acids into the carboxyl terminus of Sabin 3 VP1 capsid protein. The complete genome of the isolate revealed eight nucleotide substitutions in Sabin 3 region with two substitutions resulting in amino acid alteration, and two missense substitutions in the Sabin 2 region. An estimation based on the evolution rate of the P1 coding region of Sabin 3 background suggested that evolution time of strain P3/Jinan/1/09 might be 76-80 days. The person who excreted the recombinant was not known and no evidence was obtained for its circulation in population via acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. The virus showed Sabin 3 serological characterization in neutralization test, and it did not lose temperature sensitivity phenotype at 40 degrees C. The significance of environmental surveillance and the presence of natural capsid recombinant poliovirus strain in the context of the global polio eradication initiative are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Tao
- Division of EPI, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
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