1
|
Costa A, Resentini F, Buratti S, Bonza MC. Plant Ca 2+-ATPases: From biochemistry to signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119508. [PMID: 37290725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-ATPases are ATP-dependent enzymes that transport Ca2+ ions against their electrochemical gradient playing the fundamental biological function of keeping the free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the submicromolar range to prevent cytotoxic effects. In plants, type IIB autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACAs) are localised both at the plasma membrane and at the endomembranes including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and tonoplast and their activity is primarily regulated by Ca2+-dependent mechanisms. Instead, type IIA ER-type Ca2+-ATPases (ECAs) are present mainly at the ER and Golgi Apparatus membranes and are active at resting Ca2+. Whereas research in plants has historically focused on the biochemical characterization of these pumps, more recently the attention has been also addressed on the physiological roles played by the different isoforms. This review aims to highlight the main biochemical properties of both type IIB and type IIA Ca2+ pumps and their involvement in the shaping of cellular Ca2+ dynamics induced by different stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Resentini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Buratti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Bonza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Potapov S, Krasnopeev A, Tikhonova I, Podlesnaya G, Gorshkova A, Belykh O. The Viral Fraction Metatranscriptomes of Lake Baikal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1937. [PMID: 36296212 PMCID: PMC9611531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article characterises viral fraction metatranscriptomes (smaller than 0.2 µm) from the pelagic zone of oligotrophic Lake Baikal (Russia). The study revealed the dominance of transcripts of DNA viruses: bacteriophages and algal viruses. We identified transcripts similar to Pithovirus sibericum, a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) isolated from the permafrost region of Eastern Siberia. Among the families detected were RNA viruses assigned to Retroviridae, Metaviridae, Potyviridae, Astroviridae, and Closteroviridae. Using the PHROG, SEED subsystems databases, and the VOGDB, we indicated that the bulk of transcripts belong to the functional replication of viruses. In a comparative unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, the transcripts from Lake Baikal formed a separate cluster included in the clade with transcripts from other freshwater lakes, as well as marine and oceanic waters, while there was no separation based on the trophic state of the water bodies, the size of the plankton fraction, or salinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Potapov
- Limnological Institute SB RAS, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sürmen MG, Sürmen S, Cansız D, Ünal İ, Üstündağ ÜV, Alturfan AA, Büyükkayhan D, Emekli-Alturfan E. Amelioration of rotenone-induced alterations in energy/redox system, stress response and cytoskeleton proteins by octanoic acid in zebrafish: A proteomic study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23024. [PMID: 35218269 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone is used to generate Parkinson's disease (PD)-like symptoms in experimental animals. Octanoic acid (C8), is the principal fatty acid of medium-chain triglycerides in ketogenic diets. Beneficial effects of ketogenic diets were shown in PD. We applied proteomic methods to reveal the effects of octanoic acid in rotenone toxicity in zebrafish to gain information on the use of ketogenic diets in PD. Zebrafish were exposed to 5 μg/ml rotenone and octanoic acid (20 and 60 mg/ml) for 30 days. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed. Raw files were analyzed by Proteome Discoverer 2.4 software, peptide lists were searched against Danio rerio proteins. STRING database was used for protein annotations or interactions. 2317 unique proteins were quantified, 302 proteins were differentially expressed. Proteins involved in cell organization, biogenesis, transport, response to stimulus were most frequently expressed. Our study is first to report that the alterations in the expressions of proteins related to energy and redox system, stress response, and cytoskeleton proteins caused by rotenone exposure were normalized by octanoic acid treatment in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University-Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Department Medipol University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ünsal V Üstündağ
- Department Medipol University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet A Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Büyükkayhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wenzhong L, Hualan L. COVID-19: the CaMKII-like system of S protein drives membrane fusion and induces syncytial multinucleated giant cells. Immunol Res 2021; 69:496-519. [PMID: 34410575 PMCID: PMC8374125 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 S protein on the membrane of infected cells can promote receptor-dependent syncytia formation, relating to extensive tissue damage and lymphocyte elimination. In this case, it is challenging to obtain neutralizing antibodies and prevent them through antibodies effectively. Considering that, in the current study, structural domain search methods are adopted to analyze the SARS-CoV-2 S protein to find the fusion mechanism. The results show that after the EF-hand domain of S protein bound to calcium ions, S2 protein had CaMKII protein activities. Besides, the CaMKII_AD domain of S2 changed S2 conformation, facilitating the formation of HR1-HR2 six-helix bundles. Apart from that, the Ca2+-ATPase of S2 pumped calcium ions from the virus cytoplasm to help membrane fusion, while motor structures of S drove the CaATP_NAI and CaMKII_AD domains to extend to the outside and combined the viral membrane and the cell membrane, thus forming a calcium bridge. Furthermore, the phospholipid-flipping-ATPase released water, triggering lipid mixing and fusion and generating fusion pores. Then, motor structures promoted fusion pore extension, followed by the cytoplasmic contents of the virus being discharged into the cell cytoplasm. After that, the membrane of the virus slid onto the cell membrane along the flowing membrane on the gap of the three CaATP_NAI. At last, the HR1-HR2 hexamer would fall into the cytoplasm or stay on the cell membrane. Therefore, the CaMKII_like system of S protein facilitated membrane fusion for further inducing syncytial multinucleated giant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wenzhong
- grid.412605.40000 0004 1798 1351School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643002 China ,grid.413041.30000 0004 1808 3369School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000 China
| | - Li Hualan
- grid.413041.30000 0004 1808 3369School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pan J, Li Z, Wang Q, Guan Y, Li X, Huangfu Y, Meng F, Li J, Dai S, Liu W. Phosphoproteomic Profiling Reveals Early Salt-Responsive Mechanisms in Two Foxtail Millet Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712257. [PMID: 34616412 PMCID: PMC8488109 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Excess soluble salts in saline soils are harmful to most plants. Understanding the biochemical responses to salts in plants and studying the salt tolerance-associated genetic resources in nature will contribute to the improvement of salt tolerance in crops. As an emerging model crop, foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) has been regarded as a novel species for stress resistance investigation. Here, the dynamic proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling of two foxtail millet varieties of An04 and Yugu2 with contrasting salt tolerance characteristics were investigated under salt stress. In total, 10,366 sites representing to 2,862 proteins were detected and quantified. There were 759 and 990 sites corresponding to 484 and 633 proteins identified under salinity in An04 and Yugu2, respectively, and 1,264 and 1,131 phosphorylation sites corresponding to 789 and 731 proteins were identified between these two varieties before and after salt stress, respectively. The differentially-regulated phosphoproteins (DRPPs) were mainly involved in signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, translation, ion transport, and metabolism processes. Yugu2 possessed signal perception and transduction capabilities more rapidly and had a more intense response compared with An04 upon salinity. The sucrose metabolism pathway, in particularly, might play a vital role in salt response in foxtail millet, which not only provides UDP-glucose for the cellulose synthesis and energy production, but also promotes flavonoid related synthesis to enhance the salt tolerance ability. Over-expressing the phospho-mimic sucrose synthase (SuS) (SuS S10D ) in soybean roots enhanced salt tolerance compared with over-expressing SuS lines. The knowledge of this research will shed light on elucidating the mechanisms of salt response, and pave the way for crop varieties innovation and cultivation under salinity and stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaowen Pan
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Guan
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yongguan Huangfu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanhua Meng
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinling Li
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shaojun Dai,
| | - Wei Liu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Wei Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun TW, Yang CL, Kao TT, Wang TH, Lai MW, Ku C. Host Range and Coding Potential of Eukaryotic Giant Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E1337. [PMID: 33233432 PMCID: PMC7700475 DOI: 10.3390/v12111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant viruses are a group of eukaryotic double-stranded DNA viruses with large virion and genome size that challenged the traditional view of virus. Newly isolated strains and sequenced genomes in the last two decades have substantially advanced our knowledge of their host diversity, gene functions, and evolutionary history. Giant viruses are now known to infect hosts from all major supergroups in the eukaryotic tree of life, which predominantly comprises microbial organisms. The seven well-recognized viral clades (taxonomic families) have drastically different host range. Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae, both with notable intrafamilial genome variation and high abundance in environmental samples, have members that infect the most diverse eukaryotic lineages. Laboratory experiments and comparative genomics have shed light on the unprecedented functional potential of giant viruses, encoding proteins for genetic information flow, energy metabolism, synthesis of biomolecules, membrane transport, and sensing that allow for sophisticated control of intracellular conditions and cell-environment interactions. Evolutionary genomics can illuminate how current and past hosts shape viral gene repertoires, although it becomes more obscure with divergent sequences and deep phylogenies. Continued works to characterize giant viruses from marine and other environments will further contribute to our understanding of their host range, coding potential, and virus-host coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Wang Sun
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Tzu-Tong Kao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Tzu-Haw Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Chuan Ku
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Etten JL, Agarkova IV, Dunigan DD. Chloroviruses. Viruses 2019; 12:E20. [PMID: 31878033 PMCID: PMC7019647 DOI: 10.3390/v12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroviruses are large dsDNA, plaque-forming viruses that infect certain chlorella-like green algae; the algae are normally mutualistic endosymbionts of protists and metazoans and are often referred to as zoochlorellae. The viruses are ubiquitous in inland aqueous environments throughout the world and occasionally single types reach titers of thousands of plaque-forming units per ml of native water. The viruses are icosahedral in shape with a spike structure located at one of the vertices. They contain an internal membrane that is required for infectivity. The viral genomes are 290 to 370 kb in size, which encode up to 16 tRNAs and 330 to ~415 proteins, including many not previously seen in viruses. Examples include genes encoding DNA restriction and modification enzymes, hyaluronan and chitin biosynthetic enzymes, polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, ion channel and transport proteins, and enzymes involved in the glycan synthesis of the virus major capsid glycoproteins. The proteins encoded by many of these viruses are often the smallest or among the smallest proteins of their class. Consequently, some of the viral proteins are the subject of intensive biochemical and structural investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Van Etten
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA; (I.V.A.); (D.D.D.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genes for Membrane Transport Proteins: Not So Rare in Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090456. [PMID: 30149667 PMCID: PMC6163359 DOI: 10.3390/v10090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Some viruses have genes encoding proteins with membrane transport functions. It is unknown if these types of proteins are rare or are common in viruses. In particular, the evolutionary origin of some of the viral genes is obscure, where other viral proteins have homologs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We searched virus genomes in databases looking for transmembrane proteins with possible transport function. This effort led to the detection of 18 different types of putative membrane transport proteins indicating that they are not a rarity in viral genomes. The most abundant proteins are K+ channels. Their predicted structures vary between different viruses. With a few exceptions, the viral proteins differed significantly from homologs in their current hosts. In some cases the data provide evidence for a recent gene transfer between host and virus, but in other cases the evidence indicates a more complex evolutionary history.
Collapse
|
9
|
Large dsDNA chloroviruses encode diverse membrane transport proteins. Virology 2015; 479-480:38-45. [PMID: 25766639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many large DNA viruses that infect certain isolates of chlorella-like green algae (chloroviruses) are unusual because they often encode a diverse set of membrane transport proteins, including functional K(+) channels and aquaglyceroporins as well as K(+) transporters and calcium transporting ATPases. Some chloroviruses also encode putative ligand-gated-like channel proteins. No one protein is present in all of the chloroviruses that have been sequenced, but the K(+) channel is the most common as only two chloroviruses have been isolated that lack this complete protein. This review describes the properties of these membrane-transporting proteins and suggests possible physiological functions and evolutionary histories for some of them.
Collapse
|
10
|
Thiel G, Moroni A, Blanc G, Van Etten JL. Potassium ion channels: could they have evolved from viruses? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1215-24. [PMID: 23719891 PMCID: PMC3707557 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.219360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of small viral K+ channels suggests that they did not originate from their hosts, but instead could be the source of the postulated pore precursor in the evolution of K+ channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Thiel
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität-Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Etten JL, Dunigan DD. Chloroviruses: not your everyday plant virus. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:1-8. [PMID: 22100667 PMCID: PMC3259250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Viruses infecting higher plants are among the smallest viruses known and typically have four to ten protein-encoding genes. By contrast, many viruses that infect algae (classified in the virus family Phycodnaviridae) are among the largest viruses found to date and have up to 600 protein-encoding genes. This brief review focuses on one group of plaque-forming phycodnaviruses that infect unicellular chlorella-like green algae. The prototype chlorovirus PBCV-1 has more than 400 protein-encoding genes and 11 tRNA genes. About 40% of the PBCV-1 encoded proteins resemble proteins of known function including many that are completely unexpected for a virus. In many respects, chlorovirus infection resembles bacterial infection by tailed bacteriophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Van Etten
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Greiner T, Ramos J, Alvarez MC, Gurnon JR, Kang M, Van Etten JL, Moroni A, Thiel G. Functional HAK/KUP/KT-like potassium transporter encoded by chlorella viruses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:977-986. [PMID: 21848655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella viruses are a source of interesting membrane transport proteins. Here we examine a putative K(+) transporter encoded by virus FR483 and related chlorella viruses. The protein shares sequence and structural features with HAK/KUP/KT-like K(+) transporters from plants, bacteria and fungi. Yeast complementation assays and Rb(+) uptake experiments show that the viral protein, termed HAKCV (high-affinity K(+) transporter of chlorella virus), is functional, with transport characteristics that are similar to those of known K(+) transporters. Expression studies revealed that the protein is expressed as an early gene during viral replication, and proteomics data indicate that it is not packaged in the virion. The function of HAKCV is unclear, but the data refute the hypothesis that the transporter acts as a substitute for viral-encoded K(+) channels during virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Greiner
- Institute of Botany at the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bonza MC, De Michelis MI. The plant Ca2+ -ATPase repertoire: biochemical features and physiological functions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:421-30. [PMID: 21489092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-ATPases are P-type ATPases that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump Ca(2+) from the cytoplasm into intracellular compartments or into the apoplast. Plant cells possess two types of Ca(2+) -pumping ATPase, named ECAs (for ER-type Ca(2+)-ATPase) and ACAs (for auto-inhibited Ca(2+)-ATPase). Each type comprises different isoforms, localised on different membranes. Here, we summarise available knowledge of the biochemical characteristics and the physiological role of plant Ca(2+)-ATPases, greatly improved after gene identification, which allows both biochemical analysis of single isoforms through heterologous expression in yeast and expression profiling and phenotypic analysis of single isoform knock-out mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Bonza
- Dipartimento di Biologia L. Gorini, Università degli Studi di Milano, Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|