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Tan YJ, Jin Y, Zhou J, Yang YF. Lipid droplets in pathogen infection and host immunity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:449-464. [PMID: 37993536 PMCID: PMC10834987 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the hub of cellular lipid metabolism, lipid droplets (LDs) have been linked to a variety of biological processes. During pathogen infection, the biogenesis, composition, and functions of LDs are tightly regulated. The accumulation of LDs has been described as a hallmark of pathogen infection and is thought to be driven by pathogens for their own benefit. Recent studies have revealed that LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators contribute to effective immunological responses to pathogen infection by promoting host stress tolerance and reducing toxicity. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate roles of LDs in governing the replication and assembly of a wide spectrum of pathogens within host cells. We also discuss the regulatory function of LDs in host immunity and highlight the potential for targeting LDs for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yun-Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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2
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Rojas Á, Del Campo JA, Clement S, Lemasson M, García-Valdecasas M, Gil-Gómez A, Ranchal I, Bartosch B, Bautista JD, Rosenberg AR, Negro F, Romero-Gómez M. Effect of Quercetin on Hepatitis C Virus Life Cycle: From Viral to Host Targets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31777. [PMID: 27546480 PMCID: PMC4992894 DOI: 10.1038/srep31777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid, which has been shown to have anti hepatitis C virus (HCV) properties. However, the exact mechanisms whereby quercetin impacts the HCV life cycle are not fully understood. We assessed the effect of quercetin on different steps of the HCV life cycle in Huh-7.5 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) infected with HCVcc. In both cell types, quercetin significantly decreased i) the viral genome replication; ii) the production of infectious HCV particles and iii) the specific infectivity of the newly produced viral particles (by 85% and 92%, Huh7.5 and PHH respectively). In addition, when applied directly on HCV particles, quercetin reduced their infectivity by 65%, suggesting that it affects the virion integrity. Interestingly, the HCV-induced up-regulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and the typical localization of the HCV core protein to the surface of lipid droplets, known to be mediated by DGAT, were both prevented by quercetin. In conclusion, quercetin appears to have direct and host-mediated antiviral effects against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Rojas
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose A Del Campo
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sophie Clement
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marta García-Valdecasas
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isidora Ranchal
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Inserm U1052, Cancer Research Centre, University of Lyon, France DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), Lyon, France
| | - Juan D Bautista
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Eslam M, Mangia A, Berg T, Chan HLY, Irving WL, Dore GJ, Abate ML, Bugianesi E, Adams LA, Najim MAM, Miele L, Weltman M, Mollison L, Cheng W, Riordan S, Fischer J, Romero-Gomez M, Spengler U, Nattermann J, Rahme A, Sheridan D, Booth DR, McLeod D, Powell E, Liddle C, Douglas MW, van der Poorten D, George J. Diverse impacts of the rs58542926 E167K variant in TM6SF2 on viral and metabolic liver disease phenotypes. Hepatology 2016; 64:34-46. [PMID: 26822232 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A genome-wide exome association study has identified the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) rs58542926 variant encoding an E167K substitution as a genetic determinant of hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The roles of this variant across a spectrum of liver diseases and pathologies and on serum lipids comparing viral hepatitis to NAFLD and viral load in chronic viral hepatitis, as well as its intrahepatic molecular signature, have not been well characterized. We undertook detailed analyses in 3260 subjects with viral and nonviral liver diseases and in healthy controls. Serum inflammatory markers and hepatic expression of TM6SF2 and genes regulating lipid metabolism were assessed in a subset with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The rs58542926 T allele was more prevalent in 502 NAFLD patients than controls (P = 0.02) but not different in cohorts with CHC (n = 2023) and chronic hepatitis B (n = 507). The T allele was associated with alterations in serum lipids and hepatic steatosis in all diseases and with reduced hepatic TM6SF2 and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. Interestingly, the substitution was associated with reduced CHC viral load but increased hepatitis B virus DNA. The rs58542926 T allele had no effect on inflammation, impacted ≥F2 fibrosis in CHC and NAFLD assessed cross-sectionally (odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.87, and odds ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.03-2.52, respectively; P < 0.03 for both), but had no effect on fibrosis progression in 1174 patients with CHC and a known duration of infection. CONCLUSION The TM6SF2 E167K substitution promotes steatosis and lipid abnormalities in part by altering TM6SF2 and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression and differentially impacts CHC and chronic hepatitis B viral load, while effects on fibrosis are marginal. (Hepatology 2016;64:34-46).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alessandra Mangia
- Division of Hepatology, Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Thomas Berg
- Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Lik Yuen Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William L Irving
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastroenterology and the Liver, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gregory J Dore
- Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Lorena Abate
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Leon A Adams
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mustafa A M Najim
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Miele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Weltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay Mollison
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Royal Perth Hospital, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janett Fischer
- Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases and CIBERehd, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Antony Rahme
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Sheridan
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University, UK
| | - David R Booth
- Institute of Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Hospital and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duncan McLeod
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Powell
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - David van der Poorten
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Branche E, Conzelmann S, Parisot C, Bedert L, Lévy PL, Bartosch B, Clément S, Negro F. Hepatitis C Virus Increases Occludin Expression via the Upregulation of Adipose Differentiation-Related Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146000. [PMID: 26731658 PMCID: PMC4701191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle is closely associated with lipid metabolism. In particular, HCV assembly initiates at the surface of lipid droplets. To further understand the role of lipid droplets in HCV life cycle, we assessed the relationship between HCV and the adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein. Different steps of HCV life cycle were assessed in HCV-infected human Huh-7 hepatoma cells overexpressing ADRP upon transduction with a lentiviral vector. HCV infection increased ADRP mRNA and protein expression levels by 2- and 1.5-fold, respectively. The overexpression of ADRP led to an increase of (i) the surface of lipid droplets, (ii) the total cellular neutral lipid content (2.5- and 5-fold increase of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, respectively), (iii) the cellular free cholesterol level (5-fold) and (iv) the HCV particle production and infectivity (by 2- and 3.5-fold, respectively). The investigation of different steps of the HCV life cycle indicated that the ADRP overexpression, while not affecting the viral replication, promoted both virion egress and entry (~12-fold), the latter possibly via an increase of its receptor occludin. Moreover, HCV infection induces an increase of both ADRP and occludin expression. In HCV infected cells, the occludin upregulation was fully prevented by the ADRP silencing, suggesting a specific, ADRP-dependent mechanism. Finally, in HCV-infected human livers, occludin and ADRP mRNA expression levels correlated with each other. Alltogether, these findings show that HCV induces ADRP, which in turns appears to confer a favorable environment to viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Branche
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Conzelmann
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clotilde Parisot
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ludmila Bedert
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre L. Lévy
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Birke Bartosch
- CRCL, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Clément
- Divisions of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (FN); (SC)
| | - Francesco Negro
- Divisions of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (FN); (SC)
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5
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Abstract
CGL (Congenital generalized lipodystrophy) is a genetic disorder characterized by near complete loss of adipose tissue along with increased ectopic fat storage in other organs including liver and muscle. Of the four CGL types, BSCL2 (Berardinelli-Seip Congenital lipodystrophy type 2), resulting from mutations in the BSCL2/seipin gene, exhibits the most severe lipodystrophic phenotype with loss of both metabolic and mechanical adipose depots. The majority of Seipin mutations cause C-terminal truncations, along with a handful of point mutations. Seipin localizes to the ER and is composed of a conserved region including a luminal loop and two transmembrane domains, plus cytosolic N- and C-termini. Animal models deficient in seipin recapitulate the human lipodystrophic phenotype. Cells isolated from seipin knockout mouse models also exhibit impaired adipogenesis. Mechanistically, seipin appears to function as a scaffolding protein to bring together interacting partners essential for lipid metabolism and LD (lipid droplet) formation during adipocyte development. Moreover, cell line and genetic studies indicate that seipin functions in a cell-autonomous manner. Here we will provide a brief overview of the genetic association of the CGLs, and focus on the current understanding of differential contributions of distinct seipin domains to lipid storage and adipogenesis. We will also discuss the roles of seipin-interacting partners, including lipin 1 and 14-3-3β, in mediating seipin-dependent regulation of cellular pathways such as actin cytoskeletal remodelling.
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6
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Goossens N, Negro F. Is genotype 3 of the hepatitis C virus the new villain? Hepatology 2014; 59:2403-12. [PMID: 24155107 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genotype 3 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been long considered an easy-to-treat infection, with higher cure rates (∼70%) than other viral genotypes with the standard combination of pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin. However, the relative insensitivity of this genotype to most protease inhibitors and the recent unexpected data on decreased effectiveness of sofosbuvir have raised questions on how to achieve universal cure, a goal that seems reasonable for other genotypes. In addition, increasing clinical and experimental data show that HCV genotype 3 may be associated not only with severe steatosis, but also with accelerated fibrosis progression rate and increased oncogenesis. CONCLUSION Currently available data suggest that we should increase our efforts to understand the virology and pathogenesis of HCV genotype 3, aiming at better and more potent, genotype-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Gallo P, Vincentis AD, Galati G, Picardi A. Hepatitis C virus and metabolic disorder interactions towards liver damage and atherosclerosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2825-2838. [PMID: 24659875 PMCID: PMC3961987 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of liver disease worldwide, and alterations of glucose metabolism have reached pandemic proportions in western countries. However, the frequent coexistence between these two conditions is more than simply coincidental, since HCV can induce insulin resistance through several mechanisms. Indeed, the virus interferes with insulin signaling both directly and indirectly, inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the entire viral life cycle has strict interconnections with lipid metabolism, and HCV is responsible for a “viral” steatosis which is frequently superimposed to a “metabolic” one. Several evidences suggest that HCV-induced metabolic disorders contribute both to the evolution of liver fibrosis and, likely, to the progression of the other disorders which are typically associated with altered metabolism, in particular atherosclerosis. In the present review, we will examine in depth the links between HCV infection and insulin resistance, liver steatosis and diabetes, and analyze the impact of these interactions on the progression of liver fibrosis and atherosclerosis. Special attention will be focused on the highly debated topic of the relationship between HCV infection and cardiovascular disease. The available clinical literature on this item will be broadly reviewed and all the mechanisms possibly implied will be discussed.
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