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Pinczés D, Fábián A, Palkovics L, Salánki K. Peanut stunt virus movement protein is the limiting factor in Capsicum annuum infection. Virus Res 2022; 319:198879. [PMID: 35882265 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses, with more than 1,200 species of host plants. The host range and economic importance of peanut stunt virus (PSV) are mostly limited to legumes, despite the similar taxonomy and genome structure with CMV. Since no data are available on the background of the limited host range of PSV, RNA 3 recombinant and reassortant viruses were generated (C12P3, P12C3, C12CP3, C12PC3, C12PΔC3) to study their infection phenotype on a common host (Nicotiana benthamiana) and on a selective host (Capsicum annuum cv. Brody). The PSV movement protein (MP) was not able to function with the coat protein (CP) of CMV unless the C-terminal 42 amino acids were deleted from the PSV MP. As a result of the inoculation experiments, MP was considered the protein influencing symptom phenotypes on N. benthamiana and responsible for the host range difference on the pepper. Since plasmodesmata (PD) localization of viral MPs is essential for cell-to-cell movement, subcellular localization of GFP-tagged MPs (CMV-MP-eGFP, PSV-MP-eGFP) was observed. In the case of CMV-MP-eGFP, clear colocalization with PD was detected in both hosts, but PSV-MP-eGFP was not tightly connected to the PD in N. benthamiana and barely localized to the PD in C. annuum epidermal cells. Measuring Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) also supported the visual observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Pinczés
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó Street 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Villányi Street 29-43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Fábián
- Department of Biological Resources, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Brunszvik Street 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - László Palkovics
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, Vár Square 2, H-9200, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Katalin Salánki
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó Street 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Sáray R, Fábián A, Palkovics L, Salánki K. The 28 Ser Amino Acid of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Movement Protein Has a Role in Symptom Formation and Plasmodesmata Localization. Viruses 2021; 13:222. [PMID: 33572676 PMCID: PMC7912182 DOI: 10.3390/v13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus, Bromoviridae) is an economically significant virus infecting important horticultural and field crops. Current knowledge regarding the specific functions of its movement protein (MP) is still incomplete. In the present study, potential post-translational modification sites of its MP were assayed with mutant viruses: MP/S28A, MP/S28D, MP/S120A and MP/S120D. Ser28 was identified as an important factor in viral pathogenicity on Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi, Cucumis sativus and Chenopodium murale. The subcellular localization of GFP-tagged movement proteins was determined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The wild type movement protein fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) (MP-eGFP) greatly colocalized with callose at plasmodesmata, while MP/S28A-eGFP and MP/S28D-eGFP were detected as punctate spots along the cell membrane without callose colocalization. These results underline the importance of phosphorylatable amino acids in symptom formation and provide data regarding the essential factors for plasmodesmata localization of CMV MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Sáray
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Herman Ottó Street 15., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Villányi Street 29-43., H-1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Attila Fábián
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Brunszvik Street 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary;
| | - László Palkovics
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Villányi Street 29-43., H-1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Katalin Salánki
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Herman Ottó Street 15., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary;
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Navarro JA, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V. Key checkpoints in the movement of plant viruses through the host. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:1-64. [PMID: 31439146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses cannot exploit any of the membrane fusion-based routes of entry described for animal viruses. In addition, one of the distinctive structures of plant cells, the cell wall, acts as the first barrier against the invasion of pathogens. To overcome the rigidity of the cell wall, plant viruses normally take advantage of the way of life of different biological vectors. Alternatively, the physical damage caused by environmental stresses can facilitate virus entry. Once inside the cell and taking advantage of the characteristic symplastic continuity of plant cells, viruses need to remodel and/or modify the restricted pore size of the plasmodesmata (channels that connect plant cells). In a successful interaction for the virus, it can reach the vascular tissue to systematically invade the plant. The connections between the different cell types in this path are not designed to allow the passage of molecules with the complexity of viruses. During this process, viruses face different cell barriers that must be overcome to reach the distal parts of the plant. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge about how plant RNA viruses enter plant cells, move between them to reach vascular cells and overcome the different physical and cellular barriers that the phloem imposes. Finally, we update the current research on cellular organelles as key regulator checkpoints in the long-distance movement of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesus A Sanchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
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Gao D, Wang D, Chen K, Huang M, Xie X, Li X. Activation of biochemical factors in CMV-infected tobacco by ningnanmycin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 156:116-122. [PMID: 31027570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant virus with one of the largest host ranges, the widest distribution, and economic importance, and ningnanmycin (NNM) is a commercial antiviral agent. Studies have shown that NNM induces and promotes pathogenesis-related proteins in tobacco mosaic virus-inoculated tobacco. In the present study, the defense enzymes and the biochemical factors of CMV-inoculated tobacco treated with NNM were measured. The biochemical factors of CMV-inoculated tobacco leaves treated with NNM were analyzed. Results showed that the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, polypheuoloxidase, and superoxide in the CMV-inoculated tobacco leaves treated with NNM were higher than those in non-treated tobacco leaves. Furthermore, NNM activated the oxidation-reduction process, metabolic process, and oxidoreductase activity in the CMV-infected tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Maoxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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Salánki K, Gellért Á, Nemes K, Divéki Z, Balázs E. Molecular Modeling for Better Understanding of Cucumovirus Pathology. Adv Virus Res 2018; 102:59-88. [PMID: 30266176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a small RNA virus capable of infecting a wide variety of plant species. The high economic losses due to the CMV infection made this virus a relevant subject of scientific studies, which were further facilitated by the small size of the viral genome. Hence, CMV also became a model organism to investigate the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. All viral functions are dependent on intra- and intermolecular interactions between nucleic acids and proteins of the virus and the host. This review summarizes the recent data on molecular determinants of such interactions. A particular emphasis is given to the results obtained by utilizing molecular-based planning and modeling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Salánki
- MTA ATK, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Gellért
- MTA ATK, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Nemes
- MTA ATK, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Divéki
- MTA ATK, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ervin Balázs
- MTA ATK, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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6
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Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an important virus because of its agricultural impact in the Mediterranean Basin and worldwide, and also as a model for understanding plant-virus interactions. This review focuses on those areas where most progress has been made over the past decade in our understanding of CMV. Clearly, a deep understanding of the role of the recently described CMV 2b gene in suppression of host RNA silencing and viral virulence is the most important discovery. These findings have had an impact well beyond the virus itself, as the 2b gene is an important tool in the studies of eukaryotic gene regulation. Protein 2b was shown to be involved in most of the steps of the virus cycle and to interfere with several basal host defenses. Progress has also been made concerning the mechanisms of virus replication and movement. However, only a few host proteins that interact with viral proteins have been identified, making this an area of research where major efforts are still needed. Another area where major advances have been made is CMV population genetics, where contrasting results were obtained. On the one hand, CMV was shown to be prone to recombination and to show high genetic diversity based on sequence data of different isolates. On the other hand, populations did not exhibit high genetic variability either within plants, or even in a field and the nearby wild plants. The situation was partially clarified with the finding that severe bottlenecks occur during both virus movement within a plant and transmission between plants. Finally, novel studies were undertaken to elucidate mechanisms leading to selection in virus population, according to the host or its environment, opening a new research area in plant-virus coevolution.
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Salánki K, Kiss L, Gellért A, Balázs E. Identification a coat protein region of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) essential for long-distance movement in cucumber. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2279-83. [PMID: 21927896 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To characterise the long-distance movement determinant of cucumoviral coat proteins (CPs), five mutants were engineered into the CMV CP bearing the corresponding tomato aspermy virus (TAV) loops exposed on the surface of the virion. Both viruses can move long-distance in Nicotiana clevelandii, but only CMV can move long-distance in cucumber. Investigation of the CMV chimeras identified three amino acids of the βB-βC loop that were essential for the CMV long-distance movement in cucumber. Introducing these mutations into the TAV CP was not sufficient for long-distance movement, indicating that this is not the sole region causing long-distance movement deficiency.
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Sun L, Ren H, Liu R, Li B, Wu T, Sun F, Liu H, Wang X, Dong H. An h-type thioredoxin functions in tobacco defense responses to two species of viruses and an abiotic oxidative stress. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1470-85. [PMID: 20923353 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-10-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various thioredoxin (Trx) proteins have been identified in plants. However, many of the physiological roles played by these proteins remain to be elucidated. We cloned a TRXh-like gene predicted to encode an h-type Trx in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and designated it NtTRXh3, based on the biochemical activity of the NtTRXh3 protein. Overexpression of NtTRXh3 conferred resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus, both of which showed reduced multiplication and pathogenicity in NtTRXh3-overexpressing plants compared with controls. NtTRXh3 overexpression also enhanced tobacco resistance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat, an herbicide that inhibits the production of reducing equivalents by chloroplasts. The NtTRXh3 protein localized exclusively to chloroplasts in coordination with the maintenance of cellular reducing conditions, which accompanied an elevation in the glutathione/glutathione disulfide couple ratio. NtTRXh3 gene expression and NtTRXh3 protein production were necessary for these defensive responses, because they were all arrested when NtTRXh3 was silenced and the production of NtTRXh3 protein was abrogated. These results suggest that NtTRXh3 is involved in the resistance of tobacco to virus infection and abiotic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture of R. P. China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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9
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Di Carli M, Villani ME, Bianco L, Lombardi R, Perrotta G, Benvenuto E, Donini M. Proteomic analysis of the plant-virus interaction in cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistant transgenic tomato. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5684-97. [PMID: 20815412 DOI: 10.1021/pr100487x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a member of the Cucumovirus genus, is the causal agent of several plant diseases in a wide range of host species, causing important economic losses in agriculture. Because of the lack of natural resistance genes in most crops, different genetic engineering strategies have been adopted to obtain virus-resistant plants. In a previous study, we described the engineering of transgenic tomato plants expressing a single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv G4) that are specifically protected from CMV infection. In this work, we characterized the leaf proteome expressed during compatible plant-virus interaction in wild type and transgenic tomato. Protein changes in both inoculated and apical leaves were revealed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled to differential in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) technology. A total of 2084 spots were detected, and 50 differentially expressed proteins were identified by nanoscale liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS). The majority of these proteins were related to photosynthesis (38%), primary metabolism (18%), and defense activity (14%) and demonstrated to be actively down regulated by CMV in infected leaves. Moreover, our analysis revealed that asymptomatic apical leaves of transgenic inoculated plants had no protein profile alteration as compared to control wild type uninfected plants demonstrating that virus infection is confined to the inoculated leaves and systemic spread is hindered by the CMV coat protein (CP)-specific scFv G4 molecules. Our work is the first comparative study on compatible plant-virus interactions between engineered immunoprotected and susceptible wild type tomato plants, contributing to the understanding of antibody-mediated disease resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Di Carli
- ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00123, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Gellért Á, Balázs E. The solution structures of the Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato aspermy virus coat proteins explored with molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 28:569-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Mello AFS, Clark AJ, Perry KL. Capsid protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus is a determinant for vector transmission by a beetle. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:545-51. [PMID: 19828763 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is a bromovirus transmitted by species of chrysomelid beetles, including the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii Barber. An experimental system was set up to identify the viral determinant(s) of the beetle transmission of CCMV. Nicotiana clevelandii was selected as an experimental plant host because it supports the replication and accumulation of both CCMV and a second member of the family Bromoviridae, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Using a reverse genetic system for CMV, a cDNA copy of the CCMV capsid protein (CP) gene was substituted for that of the CMV CP gene. The resulting 'CMV-hybrid' consisted of wild-type CMV RNA1, RNA2, and a chimeric CMV RNA3 expressing the CCMV structural protein. The CMV-hybrid replicated and formed virions in N. clevelandii; in electron micrographs the hybrid virus was indistinguishable from CCMV. In beetle feeding assays, both CCMV and the CMV-hybrid were transmitted by D. undecimpunctata, while beetle transmission of CMV was not observed. Conversely, only CMV was observed to be transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae. Surprisingly, the CMV-hybrid was transmitted more efficiently than the parental CCMV, and a virus-induced alteration in beetle feeding behaviour is proposed to account for the difference. These results indicate that the CCMV CP is a viral determinant for beetle vector transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F S Mello
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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Sztuba-Solinska J, Bujarski JJ. Insights into the single-cell reproduction cycle of members of the family Bromoviridae: lessons from the use of protoplast systems. J Virol 2008; 82:10330-40. [PMID: 18684833 PMCID: PMC2573203 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00746-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology Center, Montgomery Hall, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL 60115, USA
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Casado-Vela J, Sellés S, Martínez RB. Proteomic analysis of tobacco mosaic virus-infected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.) fruits and detection of viral coat protein. Proteomics 2008; 6 Suppl 1:S196-206. [PMID: 16534742 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant virus from the genus Tobamovirus that affects tobacco and tomato plants causing a pathology characterised by cell breakage and disorganisation in plant leaves and fruits. In this study we undertook a proteomic approach to investigate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms potentially involved in tomato fruit defence against the viral infection. The comparison of 2-D gels from control and TMV-infected but asymptomatic tomato fruits revealed changes in several proteins. The differential expression of peptidases, endoglucanase, chitinase and proteins participating in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in infected fruits suggests that pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes may play a role in the protection against TMV infection. TMV coat protein appeared as a prominent spot in 2-D gels from TMV-infected asymptomatic fruits. A Triton X-114 phase-partitioning step of tomato protein extracts favoured the solubilisation of TMV coat protein and the enrichment of two aminopeptidases not present in control fruits. PMF and MS/MS data of the 2-D gel-isolated TMV coat protein is proposed as a powerful analysis method for the simultaneous tobamovirus detection, species determination and strain differentiation in virus-infected fruit commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado-Vela
- Grupo de Proteómica y Genómica Funcional de Plantas, Departamento de Agroquímica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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14
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Abstract
Plant viruses spread from the initially infected cells to the rest of the plant in several distinct stages. First, the virus (in the form of virions or nucleic acid protein complexes) moves intracellularly from the sites of replication to plasmodesmata (PD, plant-specific intercellular membranous channels), the virus then transverses the PD to spread intercellularly (cell-to-cell movement). Long-distance movement of virus occurs through phloem sieve tubes. The processes of plant virus movement are controlled by specific viral movement proteins (MPs). No extensive sequence similarity has been found in MPs belonging to different plant virus taxonomic groups. Moreover, different MPs were shown to use different pathways and mechanisms for virus transport. Some viral transport systems require a single MP while others require additional virus-encoded proteins to transport viral genomes. In this review, we focus on the functions and properties of different classes of MPs encoded by RNA containing plant viruses.
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15
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Moury B, Desbiez C, Jacquemond M, Lecoq H. Genetic diversity of plant virus populations: towards hypothesis testing in molecular epidemiology. Adv Virus Res 2006; 67:49-87. [PMID: 17027677 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)67002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Moury
- INRA Avignon, Station de Pathologie Végétale, Domaine St Maurice BP94 84143 Montfavet cedex, France
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16
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Modeling-based characterization of the elicitor function of amino acid 461 of Cucumber mosaic virus 1a protein in the hypersensitive response. Virology 2006; 358:109-18. [PMID: 16987540 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ns strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induces hypersensitive response (HR) on Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc and on Nicotiana glutinosa. The genetic determinant of the HR induction was localized earlier to amino acid 461 of the 1a protein. The 3D structure of the 1a protein is still unknown and building a homology model is impossible. Nevertheless, on the basis of secondary structure predictions we have created partial protein models for the region surrounding residue 461 which can account structurally for the effect of aa 461 on elicitor function. Seven different amino acid mutations were designed and introduced to the position 461 of the 1a protein in RNA 1. Three of the mutations (proline, glutamic acid, asparagine) inhibited virus replication. Two of the mutants caused systemic symptom development (lysine and arginine). Two mutants (alanine and serine) resulted in localization of the virus, but strong necrosis similar to the original Ns-CMV strain was not observed. Inoculation of purified Ns-CMV virions at extremely high concentration provoked systemic symptoms.
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17
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Pacios LF, García-Arenal F. Comparison of properties of particles of Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato aspermy virus based on the analysis of molecular surfaces of capsids. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2073-2083. [PMID: 16760411 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant RNA viruses Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) (genus Cucumovirus) have similar icosahedral particles, the crystal structures of which have been reported recently. Similarity in particle structure agrees with reports of stable capsids assembled from their capsid proteins and of viable recombinant viruses with chimeric capsid proteins derived from CMV and TAV. However, differences between the cucumoviruses have been reported for physicochemical properties. Here, structural and electrostatic features of the molecular surfaces are studied to investigate their relationship with these observations. Two coat-protein recombinants with structures modelled by taking CMV and TAV as templates were also included in the analysis. Results show that there exists an external region of negative electrostatic potential that has arisen from strictly conserved charged residues situated near the external HI loop of the subunits in the capsomers. This negative domain surrounds the fivefold and quasi-sixfold axes and locates above regions of positive potential that extend to cover, nearly homogeneously, the inner surface of capsids, where interaction with encapsidated RNA occurs. Differences between the outer electrostatic distributions in CMV and TAV explain the distinct response of both viruses to variations in physicochemical conditions required for particle stability and are essential to rationalize the biological activity of the coat-protein recombinants, in spite of their seemingly distinct electrostatic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Pacios
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Llamas S, Moreno IM, García-Arenal F. Analysis of the viability of coat-protein hybrids between Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato aspermy virus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2085-2088. [PMID: 16760412 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coat-protein (CP) hybrids between Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) were engineered to analyse reported CP-associated differences between these viruses. CP portions delimited by aa 1-59, 60-148 and 149-219 were exchanged in all possible combinations within TAV RNA3. The seven possible chimeras were able to replicate in tobacco protoplasts to similar levels, but only those having residues 1-59 or 60-148 from CMV were infectious to tobacco plants, a common host for CMV and TAV, and formed stable particles. When most of the movement protein (MP) of TAV was substituted for that of CMV, infectivity of CP hybrids did not vary. No hybrid was able to infect cucumber plants, a host for CMV and not for TAV. Need for MP-CP compatibility could explain these results, but shows that MP-CP compatibility conditions the use of CP chimeras to map CP-associated differences between CMV and TAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Llamas
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Moreno
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez-Navarro JA, Carmen Herranz M, Pallás V. Cell-to-cell movement of Alfalfa mosaic virus can be mediated by the movement proteins of Ilar-, bromo-, cucumo-, tobamo- and comoviruses and does not require virion formation. Virology 2006; 346:66-73. [PMID: 16316673 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA 3 of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) encodes the movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP). Chimeric RNA 3 with the AMV MP gene replaced by the corresponding MP gene of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, Brome mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus or Cowpea mosaic virus efficiently moved from cell-to-cell only when the expressed MP was extended at its C-terminus with the C-terminal 44 amino acids of AMV MP. MP of Tobacco mosaic virus supported the movement of the chimeric RNA 3 whether or not the MP was extended with the C-terminal AMV MP sequence. The replacement of the CP gene in RNA 3 by a mutant gene encoding a CP defective in virion formation did not affect cell-to-cell transport of the chimera's with a functional MP. A GST pull-down technique was used to demonstrate for the first time that the C-terminal 44 amino acids of the MP of a virus belonging to the family Bromoviridae interact specifically with AMV virus particles. Together, these results demonstrate that AMV RNA 3 can be transported from cell-to-cell by both tubule-forming and non-tubule-forming MPs if a specific MP-CP interaction occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Gellért A, Salánki K, Náray-Szabó G, Balázs E. Homology modelling and protein structure based functional analysis of five cucumovirus coat proteins. J Mol Graph Model 2005; 24:319-27. [PMID: 16257549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coat proteins (CP) of five cucumovirus isolates, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strains R, M and Trk7, Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) strain P and Peanut stunt virus (PSV) strain Er, were constructed by homology modelling. The X-ray structure of the Fny-CMV CP subunit B was used as a template. Models of cucumovirus CPs were built by the MODELLER program. Model refinements were carried out using the Kollman molecular mechanical force field. Models were analyzed by the PROCHECK programs. Electrostatic potential calculations were applied to all models and functional site search was performed with the PROSITE software, a web based tool for searching biologically significant sites. Symptom determinants published up to the present were compared with the PROSITE hits in the light of 3D models and electrostatic information. In all cases, we analyzed the effect of mutations on the structure, electrostatic potential patterns and function of CPs, respectively. We found that high flexibility of the betaE-alphaEF loop starting with the residue 129 is required, but it is not sufficient for the symptom appearance. Furthermore, phosphorylation of the CP is prospective to be important in the host response mechanism. All analyzed mutations were related to the modifications of the predicted phosphorylation sites. Based on our conclusions we predicted the infectivity of the examined viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Gellért
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary.
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Bonnet J, Fraile A, Sacristán S, Malpica JM, García-Arenal F. Role of recombination in the evolution of natural populations of Cucumber mosaic virus, a tripartite RNA plant virus. Virology 2005; 332:359-68. [PMID: 15661167 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of recombination in the evolution of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was analyzed in a collection of Spanish isolates from 1989 to 2002. Isolates were characterized by ribonuclease protection assay using six RNA probes, two for each of the three genomic RNAs, which allowed the identification of the analyzed regions as belonging to CMV isolates in subgroups IA, IB, and II. Most isolates belonged to subgroups IA (64%) and IB (12%), 5% were reassortants among subgroups IA, IB, or II, and 17% were recombinants between these groups. Recombinants at RNA3 were significantly more frequent than recombinants at RNAs 1 and 2. One IB-IA recombinant RNA3 was as frequent in central Spain as the IA RNA3. The genetic structure of the virus population suggested that reassortants and most recombinant genotypes were selected against and was consistent with a higher biological cost of reassortment than recombination. Data also suggest that recombinants that encode hybrid proteins are at a higher disadvantage than recombinants that exchange whole ORFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonnet
- Departamento de Biotecnología, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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