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A Combined Approach for Detection of Ovine Small Ruminant Retrovirus Co-Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020376. [PMID: 36851589 PMCID: PMC9958757 DOI: 10.3390/v15020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)-induced ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is an important ovine respiratory disease in Switzerland. Furthermore, ovine lungs with OPA frequently exhibited lesions suggestive of maedi-visna virus (MVV) or caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection, indicating that co-morbidities might occur. Lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes were sampled from suspected OPA cases, inflammatory lung lesions and control lungs (total of 110 cases). Tissues were (a) processed for histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and (b) underwent DNA extraction and real-time PCR for JSRV, MVV and CAEV. Peptide sequences were used to generate virus-specific customized polyclonal antibodies. PCR-positive OPA cases and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded MVV- and CAEV-infected synovial cell pellets served as positive controls. Fifty-two lungs were histologically diagnosed with OPA. Histological evidence of MVV/CAEV infection was detected in 25 lungs. JSRV was detected by PCR in 84% of the suspected OPA cases; six were co-infected with MVV and one with CAEV. MVV was detected by PCR in 14 cases, and four lungs were positive for CAEV. Three lungs had MVV/CAEV co-infection. In IHC, JSRV was detected in 91% of the PCR-positive cases, whereas MVV and CAEV immunoreactivity was seen in all PCR-positive lungs. Although PCR showed a higher sensitivity compared to IHC, the combined approach allows for investigations on viral cell tropism and pathogenic processes in co-morbidities, including their potential interdependency. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical tool for specific differentiation of MVV and/or CAEV infection was implemented.
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Jones S, McKay H, Eden L, Bollard N, Dunham S, Davies P, Tarlinton R. Clearance of Maedi-visna infection in a longitudinal study of naturally infected rams is associated with homozygosity for the TMEM154 resistance allele. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35144720 PMCID: PMC8941955 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) is a lentiviral disease of sheep responsible for severe production losses in affected flocks. There are no vaccination or treatment options with control reliant on test and cull strategies. The most common diagnostic methods used at present are combination ELISAs for Gag and Env proteins with virus variability making PCR diagnostics still largely an experimental tool. To assess variability in viral loads and diagnostic tests results, serology, DNA and RNA viral loads were measured in the blood of 12 naturally infected rams repeatedly blood sampled over 16 months. Six animals tested negative in one or more tests at one or more time points and would have been missed on screening programmes reliant on one test method or a single time point. In addition the one animal homozygous for the ‘K’ allele of the TMEM154 E35K SNP maintained very low viral loads in all assays and apparently cleared infection to below detectable limits at the final time point it was sampled. This adds crucial data to the strong epidemiological evidence that this locus represents a genuine resistance marker for MV infection and is a strong candidate for selective breeding of sheep for resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Heather McKay
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Three Valleys Veterinary, 107 Kesh Road, Irvinestown, Enniskillen BT94FX, UK
| | - Laura Eden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Bishopton Veterinary Group, Mill Farm, Studley Road, Ripon, North Yorkshire, HG4 2QR, UK
| | - Nicola Bollard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stephen Dunham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peers Davies
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rachael Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Schaer J, Cvetnic Z, Sukalic T, Dörig S, Grisiger M, Iscaro C, Feliziani F, Pfeifer F, Origgi F, Zanoni RG, Abril CE. Evaluation of Serological Methods and a New Real-Time Nested PCR for Small Ruminant Lentiviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020129. [PMID: 35215072 PMCID: PMC8875174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), i.e., CAEV and MVV, cause insidious infections with life-long persistence and a slowly progressive disease, impairing both animal welfare and productivity in affected herds. The complex diagnosis of SRLVs currently combines serological methods including whole-virus and peptide-based ELISAs and Immunoblot. To improve the current diagnostic protocol, we analyzed 290 sera of animals originating from different European countries in parallel with three commercial screening ELISAs, Immunoblot as a confirmatory assay and five SU5 peptide ELISAs for genotype differentiation. A newly developed nested real-time PCR was carried out for the detection and genotype differentiation of the virus. Using a heat-map display of the combined results, the drawbacks of the current techniques were graphically visualized and quantified. The immunoblot and the SU5-ELISAs exhibited either unsatisfactory sensitivity or insufficient reliability in the differentiation of the causative viral genotype, respectively. The new truth standard was the concordance of the results of two out of three screening ELISAs and the PCR results for serologically false negative samples along with genotype differentiation. Whole-virus antigen-based ELISA showed the highest sensitivity (92.2%) and specificity (98.9%) among the screening tests, whereas PCR exhibited a sensitivity of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schaer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
| | - Zeljko Cvetnic
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (Z.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomislav Sukalic
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (Z.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Sven Dörig
- Beratungs-und Gesundheitsdienst für Kleinwiederkäuer (BGK/SSPR), 3362 Niederoenz, Switzerland;
| | | | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Folke Pfeifer
- Tierseuchenkasse/Tiergesundheitsdienst Sachsen-Anhalt, 39116 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Reto Giacomo Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Abril
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-631-2423
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Illius AW, Lievaart-Peterson K, McNeilly TN, Savill NJ. Epidemiology and control of maedi-visna virus: Curing the flock. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238781. [PMID: 32911525 PMCID: PMC7482963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) is a complex lentiviral disease syndrome characterised by long immunological and clinical latencies and chronic progressive inflammatory pathology. Incurable at the individual level, it is widespread in most sheep-keeping countries, and is a cause of lost production and poor animal welfare. Culling seropositive animals is the main means of control, but it might be possible to manage virus transmission effectively if its epidemiology was better quantified. We derive a mathematical epidemiological model of the temporal distributions of seroconversion probabilities and estimate susceptibility, transmission rate and latencies in three serological datasets. We demonstrate the existence of epidemiological latency, which has not explicitly been recognised in the SRLV literaure. This time delay between infection and infectiousness apparently exceeds the delay between infection and seroconversion. Poor body condition was associated with more rapid seroconversion, but not with a higher probability of infection. We estimate transmission rates amongst housed sheep to be at about 1,000 times faster than when sheep were at grass, when transmission was negligible. Maternal transmission has only a small role in transmission, because lambs from infected ewes have a low probability of being infected directly by them, and only a small proportion of lambs need be retained to maintain flock size. Our results show that MV is overwhelmingly a disease of housing, where sheep are kept in close proximity. Prevalence of MV is likely to double each year from an initial low incidence in housed flocks penned in typically-sized groups of sheep (c. 50) for even a few days per year. Ewes kept entirely at grass are unlikely to experience transmission frequently enough for MV to persist, and pre-existing infection should die out as older ewes are replaced, thereby essentially curing the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Illius
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
| | - Nicholas J Savill
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Pinczowski P, Sanjosé L, Gimeno M, Crespo H, Glaria I, Amorena B, de Andrés D, Pérez M, Reina R, Luján L. Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: Pathology and Tropism of 2 Strains Using the Bone Marrow Route. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:413-424. [PMID: 28113037 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816688742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to comparatively study the tissue tropism and the associated pathology of 2 autochthonous small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) field strains using an experimental infection in sheep through the bone marrow. Fifteen male, SRLV-free lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were inoculated with strain 697 (nervous tissue origin, animals A1-A6), with strain 496 (articular origin, animals B1-B6), or with uninfected culture medium (C1-C3). Clinical, serologic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluations were performed periodically. Two lambs from each infected group and a control animal were euthanized at 134, 273, and 319 days postinfection. Tissues were analyzed by gross and histopathologic evaluation; immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and FoxP3 cell markers; lung morphometric evaluation; and tissue proviral quantification by PCR. All infected animals became positive either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or PCR, with group B lambs showing the highest serologic values and more consistently positive PCR reactions. Group A lambs showed representative lung lesions but only mild histopathologic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) or in carpal joints. Contrarily, group B lambs demonstrated intense carpal arthritis and interstitial pneumonia but an absence of lesions in the CNS. Proviral copies in tissues were detected only in group B lambs. Experimental infection with these SRLV strains indicates that strain 496 is more virulent than strain 697 and more prone to induce arthritis, whereas strain 697 is more likely to reproduce encephalitis in Rasa Aragonesa lambs. Host factors as well as viral factors are responsible for the final clinicopathologic picture during SRLV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pinczowski
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Sanjosé
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M Gimeno
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - H Crespo
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - I Glaria
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- 3 Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Reina
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - L Luján
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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Blacklaws BA. Small ruminant lentiviruses: immunopathogenesis of visna-maedi and caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:259-69. [PMID: 22237012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The small ruminant lentiviruses include the prototype for the genus, visna-maedi virus (VMV) as well as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Infection of sheep or goats with these viruses causes slow, progressive, inflammatory pathology in many tissues, but the most common clinical signs result from pathology in the lung, mammary gland, central nervous system and joints. This review examines replication, immunity to and pathogenesis of these viruses and highlights major differences from and similarities to some of the other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Blacklaws
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Azizi S, Tajbakhsh E, Fathi F, Oryan A, Momtaz H, Goodarzi M. Maedi in slaughtered sheep: a pathology and polymerase chain reaction study in southwestern Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:113-8. [PMID: 21643662 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) is an important slow viral disease of sheep leading to a progressive lymphoproliferative disease. It affects multiple organs primarily the lungs, where it causes interstitial pneumonia (maedi). In this study, the lungs of 1,000 sheep carcasses were grossly inspected and those suspected to have maedi were studied at histopathological and molecular levels. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that amplified a 291-base pair DNA in the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence of MV provirus was conducted on all the 50 suspected lungs together with 10 normal appearing lungs as controls. Amplicons of the expected size were detected in 11 (n=11/50) suspected sheep, and one of the 10 control sheep. Histopathologic study of the pulmonary lesions of all 11 (n=11/11) positive sheep showed MV lesions, including hyperplasia of the perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphoid cells, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and smooth muscle hyperplasia and the histopathologic findings were correlated with PCR results. In contrast, the tissue sections of control animals were almost normal at histopathological level; however, PCR technique demonstrated that one of them was affected by maedi. This study showed that the LTR-PCR had high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis of this viral infection. This study is the first to evaluate the prevalence of MV virus infection in sheep in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Azizi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Reina R, Juganaru MM, Profiti M, Cascio P, Cerruti F, Bertolotti L, De Meneghi D, Amorena B, Rosati S. Immunological parameters in goats experimentally infected with SRLV genotype E, strain Roccaverano. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:237-44. [PMID: 21122927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genotype E of small ruminant lentivirus has been recently described in goats from different breeds in Italy. Genotype E infection may differ from known genotypes since deletions of dUTPase and VPR proteins have been confirmed in different independent areas and goat breed, and play a key role on virus replication and pathogenesis. In particular, genotype E Roccaverano strain has been described as low pathogenic since does not lead to clinical symptoms in goats. In contrast, classical CAEV infected goats of the same area and breed presented arthritis. In this study, we have used intratracheal and intra-bone marrow routes to establish genotype E persistent infections. Humoral and cellular immune responses elicited in the host against genotype E and genotype B derived antigens were evaluated until 200 days post-inoculation. Compared to genotype B antigen, seroconversion against genotype E GAG P16-25 antigen was detected at 2-3 weeks after inoculation, significantly earlier and at higher titres. Interestingly, antibody avidity did not increase in the course of the experiment neither against P16-25 nor against SU5, both derived from genotype E. T cell proliferation against P25-GST fusion protein antigens derived from genotype E was firstly detected at 15 days post-inoculation and was maintained throughout time until week 20 post-infection, while T cell proliferation against the genotype B P25 was not produced by the end of the experiment at 20 weeks post-inoculation. The strength of reaction was also higher when using P25 E as stimulator antigen. In contrast with antibody and T cell proliferation, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in the circulating lymphocytes (effector cells) using blood-derived macrophages (BDM) as target cells, was not strain specific being surprisingly higher against genotype B infected antigen presenting cells (APCs). This is the first study reporting experimentally induced immunological changes in SRLV genotype E infection and indicates that CTL activity may be the adaptive immune response able to induce protection against heterologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
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9
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Development and comparison of strain specific gag and pol real-time PCR assays for the detection of Visna/maedi virus. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:161-7. [PMID: 20116400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of gag and pol dual labelled probe real-time PCR and RT PCR assays to quantify the proviral load and the transcripts of the British Visna/maedi virus EV1 strain. Primers and probes were chosen based on the consensus sequences of gag and pol clones representative of EV1 genetic variants. Both PCRs had a detection limit of 3 copies of target gene, with a linearity over 6 orders of magnitude. The performances of the two PCRs in vivo were evaluated and compared on a panel of DNAs extracted from blood of sheep infected experimentally with EV1. The pol assay detected in most cases lower numbers of viral molecules than gag assay, yielding some false negative results. The gag real-time RT PCR had a detection limit of 100 RNA molecules with a linearity over 5 orders of magnitude. This did not result in a lower performance of the RT PCR compared to the PCR in cells permissive for virus replication, which contain higher numbers of viral transcripts than proviral genomes. The real-time assays developed in this study, particularly the gag assay, provide a sensitive tool which can be used to quantify the viral load in experimental infections.
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Leginagoikoa I, Minguijón E, Juste RA, Barandika J, Amorena B, de Andrés D, Badiola JJ, Luján L, Berriatua E. Effects of housing on the incidence of visna/maedi virus infection in sheep flocks. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:415-21. [PMID: 19963230 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of seroconversion to visna/maedi virus (VMV) infection and its relationship with management and sheep building structure was investigated in 15 dairy sheep flocks in Spain during 3-7years. Incidence rates were 0.09 per sheep-year at risk in semi-intensive Latxa flocks and 0.44 per sheep-year at risk in intensive Assaf flocks and was greatest for the one year old Assaf replacement flock. Separate multivariable models developed for replacement and adult flocks indicated that in both cases seroconversion was strongly associated to direct contact exposure to infected sheep and to being born to a seropositive dam. The latter effect was independent of the mode of rearing preweaning and the risk of seroconversion was similar for sheep fed colostrum and milk from a seropositive or a seronegative dam. These results are further evidence of the efficiency of horizontal VMV transmission by close contact between sheep and also suggest a inheritable component of susceptibility and resistance to infection. In contrast, indirect aerogenous contact with seropositive sheep was not associated with seroconversion as evidenced in replacement sheep housed in separate pens in the same building as adult infected sheep for one year. Consequently, VMV may not be efficiently airborne over short distances and this is important for control of infection. Moreover, there was no relationship between seroconversion and shed open areas. The latter could be related to having examined few flocks in which high infection prevalence dominated the transmission process while ventilation, may depend on a variety of unrecorded factors whose relationship to infection needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leginagoikoa
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, 48460 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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