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Gervais O, Peñaloza C, Gratacap R, Papadopoulou A, Beltrán M, Henderson NC, Houston RD, Hassan MA, Robledo D. Understanding host response to infectious salmon anaemia virus in an Atlantic salmon cell line using single-cell RNA sequencing. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:161. [PMID: 36991327 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) is an Orthomixovirus that represents a large problem for salmonid aquaculture worldwide. Current prevention and treatment methods are only partially effective. Genetic selection and genome engineering have the potential to develop ISAV resistant salmon stocks. Both strategies can benefit from an improved understanding of the genomic regulation of ISAV pathogenesis. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of an Atlantic salmon cell line to provide the first high dimensional insight into the transcriptional landscape that underpins host-virus interaction during early ISAV infection. RESULTS Salmon head kidney (SHK-1) cells were single-cell RNA sequenced at 24, 48 and 96 h post-ISAV challenge. At 24 h post infection, cells showed expression signatures consistent with viral entry, with genes such as PI3K, FAK or JNK being upregulated relative to uninfected cells. At 48 and 96 h, infected cells showed a clear anti-viral response, characterised by the expression of IFNA2 or IRF2. Uninfected bystander cells at 48 and 96 h also showed clear transcriptional differences, potentially suggesting paracrine signalling from infected cells. These bystander cells expressed pathways such as mRNA sensing, RNA degradation, ubiquitination or proteasome; and up-regulation of mitochondrial ribosome genes also seemed to play a role in the host response to the infection. Correlation between viral and host genes revealed novel genes potentially key for this fish-virus interaction. CONCLUSIONS This study has increased our understanding of the cellular response of Atlantic salmon during ISAV infection and revealed host-virus interactions at the cellular level. Our results highlight various potential key genes in this host-virus interaction, which can be manipulated in future functional studies to increase the resistance of Atlantic salmon to ISAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Gervais
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carolina Peñaloza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Remi Gratacap
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Athina Papadopoulou
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mariana Beltrán
- Centre for Inflammation Research, the Queen´s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, the Queen´s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ross D Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Benchmark Genetics, 1 Pioneer Building, Edinburgh Technopole, Penicuik, EH26 0GB, UK
| | - Musa A Hassan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Cárdenas M, Michelson S, Pérez DR, Montoya M, Toledo J, Vásquez-Martínez Y, Cortez-San Martin M. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Infectivity Is Determined by Multiple Segments with an Important Contribution from Segment 5. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030631. [PMID: 35337038 PMCID: PMC8954079 DOI: 10.3390/v14030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is the etiological agent of infectious salmon anemia. It belongs to the genus isavirus, one of the genera of the Orthomyxoviridae family, as does Influenzavirus A. The ISAV genome comprises eight negative-sense single-stranded RNA segments that code for at least 10 proteins. Although some ISAV strains can reach 100% mortality rates, the factors that determine isavirus infectivity remain unknown. However, some studies suggest that segments 5 and 6 are responsible for the different degrees of virulence and infectivity among ISAV subtypes, unlike the influenza A virus, where most segments are involved in the virus infectivity. In this work, synthetic reassortant viruses for the eight segments of ISAV were generated by reverse genetics, combining a highly virulent virus, ISAV 752_09 (HPR7b), and an avirulent strain, SK779/06 (HPR0). We characterized the rescued viruses and their capacity to replicate and infect different cell lines, produce plaques in ASK cells, and their ability to induce and modulate the cellular immune response in vitro. Our results show that the majority of ISAV segments are involved in at least one of the analyzed characteristics, segment 5 being one of the most important, allowing HPR0 viruses, among other things, to produce plaques and replicate in CHSE-214 cells. We determined that segments 5 and 6 participate in different stages of the viral cycle, and their compatibility is critical for viral infection. Additionally, we demonstrated that segment 2 can modulate the cellular immune response. Our results indicate a high degree of genetic compatibility between the genomic segments of HPR7b and HPR0, representing a latent risk of reassortant that would give rise to a new virus with an unknown phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Cárdenas
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GE 30602, USA;
| | - Sofía Michelson
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
| | - Daniel R. Pérez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GE 30602, USA;
| | - Margarita Montoya
- Cell Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Programa Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Marcelo Cortez-San Martin
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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Richard SA. Exploring the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Glycyrrhizic and Glycyrrhetinic Acids. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6699560. [PMID: 33505216 PMCID: PMC7808814 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6699560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice extract is a Chinese herbal medication most often used as a demulcent or elixir. The extract usually consists of many components but the key ingredients are glycyrrhizic (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). GL and GA function as potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor agents, and immuneregulators. GL and GA have potent activities against hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, and arboviruses. Also, GA was observed to be of therapeutic valve in human enterovirus 71, which was recognized as the utmost regular virus responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of GL and GA is realized via cytokines like interferon-γ, tumor necrotizing factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-17. They also modulate anti-inflammatory mechanisms like intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and P-selectin, enzymes like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription- (STAT-) 3, and STAT-6. Furthermore, DCs treated with GL were capable of influencing T-cell differentiation toward Th1 subset. Moreover, GA is capable of blocking prostaglandin-E2 synthesis via blockade of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 resulting in concurrent augmentation nitric oxide production through the enhancement of iNOS2 mRNA secretion in Leishmania-infected macrophages. GA is capable of inhibiting toll-like receptors as well as high-mobility group box 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidu A. Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P. O. Box MA 128, Ho, Ghana
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4
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Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M, Nohawica M, Grocholewicz K, Nowak G. Influence of Herbal Medicines on HMGB1 Release, SARS-CoV-2 Viral Attachment, Acute Respiratory Failure, and Sepsis. A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4639. [PMID: 32629817 PMCID: PMC7370028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By attaching to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein on lung and intestinal cells, Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) can cause respiratory and homeostatic difficulties leading to sepsis. The progression from acute respiratory failure to sepsis has been correlated with the release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). Lack of effective conventional treatment of this septic state has spiked an interest in alternative medicine. This review of herbal extracts has identified multiple candidates which can target the release of HMGB1 and potentially reduce mortality by preventing progression from respiratory distress to sepsis. Some of the identified mixtures have also been shown to interfere with viral attachment. Due to the wide variability in chemical superstructure of the components of assorted herbal extracts, common motifs have been identified. Looking at the most active compounds in each extract it becomes evident that as a group, phenolic compounds have a broad enzyme inhibiting function. They have been shown to act against the priming of SARS-CoV-2 attachment proteins by host and viral enzymes, and the release of HMGB1 by host immune cells. An argument for the value in a nonspecific inhibitory action has been drawn. Hopefully these findings can drive future drug development and clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wyganowska-Swiatkowska
- Chair of Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Michal Nohawica
- Chair of Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Grocholewicz
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Gerard Nowak
- Department of Medicinal and Cosmetic Natural Products, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland;
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5
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Guo CJ, He J, He JG. The immune evasion strategies of fish viruses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:772-784. [PMID: 30543936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of a host rapidly triggers intracellular signaling events that induce interferon production and a cellular antiviral state. Viral diseases are important concerns in fish aquaculture. The major mechanisms of the fish antiviral immune response are suggested to be similar to those of mammals, although the specific details of the process require further studies. Throughout the process of pathogen-host coevolution, fish viruses have developed a battery of distinct strategies to overcome the biochemical and immunological defenses of the host. Such strategies include signaling interference, effector modulation, and manipulation of host apoptosis. This review provide an overview of the different mechanisms that fish viruses use to evade host immune responses. The basic mechanisms of immune evasion of fish virus are discussed, and some examples are provided to illustrate particular points.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - J He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - J G He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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6
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Qu Y, Zhan Y, Yang S, Ren S, Qiu X, Rehamn ZU, Tan L, Sun Y, Meng C, Song C, Yu S, Ding C. Newcastle disease virus infection triggers HMGB1 release to promote the inflammatory response. Virology 2018; 525:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Chicken HMGB1 Monoclonal Antibody. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:194-195. [PMID: 28806152 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Qu Y, Zhan Y, Yang S, Qiu X, Tan L, Sun Y, Meng C, Song C, Yu S, Ding C. Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing the Endogenous Chicken High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:163-168. [PMID: 28570826 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key member of the "danger associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs), which can localize in various compartments of the cell, and plays important roles in systemic inflammation. In the present study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specifically against chicken HMGB1 were generated. The open reading frame of chicken HMGB1 was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a to construct a recombinant plasmid pET-chHMGB1. The recombinant chicken HMGB1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta under IPTG induction and then purified by Ni-NTA Purification System. BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant HMGB1 protein, and three strains of hybridoma cells named 1F10, 8C11, and 4D8 secreting MAbs of chicken HMGB1 were obtained by hybridoma technique. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assays showed that the endogenous HMGB1 in various cell lines and glycosylated HMGB1 could both be specifically recognized by the prepared MAbs. This work indicated that the MAbs against chicken HMGB1 would be a valuable tool for further studies of HMGB1-mediated signaling in virus-infected cells and investigates the role of HMGB1 in avian virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Qu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Kavaliauskis A, Arnemo M, Rishovd AL, Gjøen T. Activation of unfolded protein response pathway during infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection in vitro an in vivo. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:46-54. [PMID: 26303456 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is a salmon pathogen causing serious outbreaks in fish farms world-wide. There is currently no effective commercially available vaccine and there is a need for better understanding of host pathogen interactions with this virus. Various strains can cause both acute and persistent infections and therefore establish a balance with the host immune responses. We have studied host responses to this infection by analyzing the main branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in salmon cells in vitro and in tissues from infected fish to gain a better understanding of virus-host interactions. ISAV induce the main symptoms and signaling pathways of UPR (ATF6, PERK and IRE1) without inducing translational attenuation. This may be due to concomitant induction of an important negative feedback loop via the phosphatase regulator GADD34. The host cells can therefore respond with translation of cytokine and antiviral proteins to curb or control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kavaliauskis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marianne Arnemo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne-Lise Rishovd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Kibenge F, Kibenge M. Orthomyxoviruses of Fish. AQUACULTURE VIROLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7173593 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801573-5.00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The family Orthomyxoviridae is well known for containing influenza viruses with a segmented RNA genome that is prone to gene reassortment in mixed infections (known as antigenic shift) resulting in new virus subtypes that cause pandemics, and cumulative mutations (known as antigenic drift), resulting in new virus strains that cause epidemics. This family also contains infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) and tilapia lake virus (TiLV), which are a unique orthomyxoviruses that infect fish and is unable to replicate above room temperature (24°C). This chapter describes the comparative virology of members in the family Orthomyxoviridae in general, helping to understand the emergent teleost orthomyxoviruses, ISAV and TiLV. The most current information on virus–host interactions of the fish orthomyxoviruses, particularly ISAV, as they relate to variations in virus structure, virulence, persistence, host range and immunological aspects is presented in detail.
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11
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ISAV infection promotes apoptosis of SHK-1 cells through a ROS/p38 MAPK/Bad signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2015; 64:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Shen L, Cui Z, Lin Y, Wang S, Zheng D, Tan Q. Anti-inflammative effect of glycyrrhizin on rat thermal injury via inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 protein. Burns 2014; 41:372-8. [PMID: 25440843 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glycyrrhizin (Gly) has been reported as an inhibitor of extracellular HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1 protein) cytokine's activity, and protects spinal cord, liver, heart and brain against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Gly in rat skin thermal injury model and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250g) were randomly divided into control group, vehicle-treated and Gly-treated burn groups, each group contained eight animals. In the latter two groups, rats were subjected to 30% TBSA (Total Body Surface Area) full-thickness scald injury. In Gly-treated burn group, glycyrrhizin (60mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after and at 24th hour burn; in vehicle-treated burn group, Ringer's solution (4ml/kg, as a vehicle) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after and at 24th hour burn. The animals were sacrificed at 48h after injury. Aortic blood samples were obtained to detect tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) with ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) kits. Lung, liver and kidney tissue samples were collected to determine the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and protein. HMGB1 mRNA level was semiquantitatively measured by Real-Time PCR using β-actin as an internal standard, and protein expression of HMGBI was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Severe skin scald injury caused a significant increase in plasma TNF-α and IL-1β versus the control group (P<0.001) in 48h after burns. Intraperitoneal administration of Gly (60mg/kg) significantly reduced the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β (P<0.01). Gly treatment reduced these biochemical indices accompanied by lower level of HMGB1 protein (P<0.05) and mRNA expression (P<0.01). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that Gly possesses an anti-inflammation effect to protect the remote organs from burn-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyun Shen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziwei Cui
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dongfeng Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qian Tan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
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13
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Collet B. Innate immune responses of salmonid fish to viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:160-73. [PMID: 23981327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The viral diseases Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN), Pancreatic Disease (PD), Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), and Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) cause massive economic losses to the global salmonid aquaculture industry every year. To date, no solution exists to treat livestock affected by a viral disease and only a small number of efficient vaccines are available to prevent infection. As a consequence, understanding the host immune response against viruses in these fish species is critical to develop prophylactic and preventive control measures. The innate immune response represents an important part of the host defence mechanism preventing viral replication after infection. It is a fast acting response designed to inhibit virus propagation immediately within the host, allowing for the adaptive specific immunity to develop. It has cellular and humoral components which act in synergy. This review will cover inflammation responses, the cell types involved, apoptosis, antimicrobial peptides. Particular attention will be given to the type I interferon system as the major player in the innate antiviral defence mechanism of salmonids. Viral evasion strategies will also be discussed.
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Rojas V, Galanti N, Bols NC, Jiménez V, Paredes R, Marshall SH. Piscirickettsia salmonis induces apoptosis in macrophages and monocyte-like cells from rainbow trout. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:468-76. [PMID: 20432244 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiologic agent of the salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) which causes significant losses in salmon production in Chile and other and in other regions in the southern hemisphere. As the killing of phagocytes is an important pathogenic mechanism for other bacteria to establish infections in vertebrates, we investigated whether P. salmonis kills trout macrophages by apoptosis. Apoptosis in infected macrophages was demonstrated by techniques based on morphological changes and host cell DNA fragmentation. Transmission electron microcopy showed classic apoptotic characteristics and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling showed fragmented DNA. Programmed cell death type I was further confirmed by increased binding of annexin V to externalized phosphatidylserine in infected macrophages. Moreover, significant increases of caspase 3 activation were detected in infected cells and treatment with caspase inhibitor caused a decrease in levels of apoptosis. This is the first evidence that P. salmonis induces cell death in trout macrophages. This could lead to bacterial survival and evasion of the host immune response and play an important role in the establishment of infection in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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15
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Schiøtz BL, Roos N, Rishovd AL, Gjøen T. Formation of autophagosomes and redistribution of LC3 upon in vitro infection with infectious salmon anemia virus. Virus Res 2010; 151:104-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Zhu S, Li W, Ward MF, Sama AE, Wang H. High mobility group box 1 protein as a potential drug target for infection- and injury-elicited inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 9:60-72. [PMID: 19906009 DOI: 10.2174/187152810791292872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection or injury, a ubiquitous nucleosomal protein, HMGB1 is secreted actively by innate immune cells, and / or released passively by injured/damaged cells. Subsequently, extracellular HMGB1 alerts, recruits, and activates various innate immune cells to sustain a rigorous inflammatory response. A growing number of HMGB1 inhibitors ranging from neutralizing antibodies, endogenous hormones, to medicinal herb-derived small molecule HMGB1 inhibitors (such as nicotine, glycyrrhizin, tanshinones, and EGCG) are proven protective against lethal infection and ischemic injury. Here we review emerging evidence that support extracellular HMGB1 as a proinflammatory alarmin(g) danger signal, and discuss a wide array of HMGB1 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for sepsis and ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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17
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Sepulcre MP, Muñoz I, Roca FJ, López-Muñoz A, Mulero V. Molecular strategies used by fish pathogens to interfere with host-programmed cell death. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:603-610. [PMID: 20097221 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is of pivotal importance in the regulation of the immune response and has a direct impact in disease resistance. Fish are becoming an interesting model organism to study the immune response since they hold a key phylogenetic position and many species are of high economic interest. The role of cell death in the immune response has recently been investigated in fish and the molecules and pathways orchestrating cell death in this group of animals have begun to be elucidated. In this study, we will summarize the different molecular strategies displayed by major fish bacterial and viral pathogens to interfere with programmed cell death of the host as well as the relevance of cell death in the resolution of the infectious diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Sepulcre
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. The inflammatory response is partly mediated by innate immune cells (such as macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils), which not only ingest and eliminate invading pathogens but also initiate an inflammatory response by producing early (e.g., TNF and IFN-gamma) and late (e.g., high-mobility group box [HMGB1]) proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we briefly review emerging evidence that support extracellular HMGB1 as a late mediator of experimental sepsis and discuss therapeutic potential of several HMGB1-inhibiting agents (including neutralizing antibodies and steroid-like tanshinones) in experimental sepsis.
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19
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Schiøtz BL, Baekkevold ES, Poulsen LC, Mjaaland S, Gjøen T. Analysis of host- and strain-dependent cell death responses during infectious salmon anemia virus infection in vitro. Virol J 2009; 6:91. [PMID: 19566966 PMCID: PMC2715388 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an aquatic orthomyxovirus and the causative agent of infectious salmon anemia (ISA), a disease of great importance in the Atlantic salmon farming industry. In vitro, ISAV infection causes cytophatic effect (CPE) in cell lines from Atlantic salmon, leading to rounding and finally detachment of the cells from the substratum. In this study, we investigated the mode of cell death during in vitro ISAV infection in different Atlantic salmon cell lines, using four ISAV strains causing different mortality in vivo. Results The results show that caspase 3/7 activity increased during the course of infection in ASK and SHK-1 cells, infected cells showed increased surface expression of phosphatidylserine and increased PI uptake, compared to mock infected cells; and morphological alterations of the mitochondria were observed. Expression analysis of immune relevant genes revealed no correlation between in vivo mortality and expression, but good correlation in expression of interferon genes. Conclusion Results from this study indicate that there is both strain and cell type dependent differences in the virus-host interaction during ISAV infection. This is important to bear in mind when extrapolating in vitro findings to the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit L Schiøtz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway.
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20
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Kamau E, Takhampunya R, Li T, Kelly E, Peachman KK, Lynch JA, Sun P, Palmer DR. Dengue virus infection promotes translocation of high mobility group box 1 protein from the nucleus to the cytosol in dendritic cells, upregulates cytokine production and modulates virus replication. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1827-1835. [PMID: 19369409 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.009027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein functions in regulation of transcription, cellular activation and pro-inflammatory responses. However, the potential role of HMGB1 during viral infection has not been investigated. This study attempted to elucidate whether the HMGB1-mediated inflammatory response contributes to the pathogenesis of dengue virus (DENV) infection. Our data showed that HMGB1 was released at low DENV infection levels (m.o.i. of 1) under non-necrotic conditions by human dendritic cells (DCs). When DENV-infected DCs were co-cultured with autologous T cells, there was increased production of HMGB1 by both cell types. HMGB1 regulated tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and alpha interferon secretion in DENV-infected DCs. Additionally, increased HMGB1 production was associated with reduced DENV replication titres in DCs. These results suggest that HMGB1 production influences DENV infection in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kamau
- Division of Viral Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ratree Takhampunya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Eileen Kelly
- Division of Viral Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 21910, USA
| | - Julia A Lynch
- Division of Viral Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Peifang Sun
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Dupeh R Palmer
- Division of Viral Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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21
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Gahlawat SK, Ellis AE, Collet B. Expression of interferon and interferon--induced genes in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar cell lines SHK-1 and TO following infection with Salmon AlphaVirus SAV. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:672-675. [PMID: 19264132 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salmon AlphaVirus (SAV) is the aetiological agent of Salmon Pancreas Disease (SPD), a serious disease in farmed Atlantic salmon. Currently there is no available information on the ability of this virus to stimulate or suppress aspects of innate immunity in host cells. Two different Atlantic salmon cell lines (SHK-1 and TO), both derived from head kidney leucocytes, were infected with SAV and the kinetics and magnitude of gene expression were studied by real-time quantitative PCR. SAV nsP1 gene transcripts for strain P42P increased rapidly in TO cells with subsequent development of a cytopathic effect (CPE) while this virus strain hardly replicated at all SHK-1 cells causing no CPE. SAV P42P induced strong expression of type I IFN (IFN) and the antiviral IFN-induced gene MX transcripts in SHK-1 cells. Although the IFN response in infected TO cells was higher than in SHK-1 cells, the level of MX transcripts was lower. This may be because the virus was able to interfere with IFN-signaling and suppress MX transcription or that the TO cells are less able to transcribe the MX gene. Either way, it may account for why the SHK-1 cells suppress SAV replication while the TO cells are highly susceptible and succumb to the virus. The present results provide the first evidence for differential induction of expression of the interferon-induced antiviral gene, MX, correlating with resistant (SHK-1) and susceptible (TO) Atlantic salmon cell lines in response to infection by SAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Gahlawat
- Fisheries Research Services, FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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22
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Bielek E. Membrane transformations in degenerating rodlet cells in fishes of two teleostean families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 291:1693-706. [PMID: 18951513 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rodlet cells (RCs) of teleosts are identified by their fibrillar capsule and peculiar inclusions, the rodlets, consisting of a club-like sac and a central dense core. Former ultrastructural studies showing signs of hypertrophy of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were followed up in Salmonids (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta L.) and compared with Cyprinids (Cyprinus carpio L., Carassius auratus L., Alburnus alburnus). Focusing on membrane transformations, unusual undulations of the membranes of rodlet sacs and often apposed ER-membranes, which were observed in mature or discharging cells, increased continuously in degenerating stages and ejected cytoplasmic packages or rodlets. Tubular elements (ø 25-30 nm or 30-50 nm) or small vesicles appeared partly derived from them. Terminal stages of this development were represented by RCs retained in the epithelium, which were completely filled by stacks of tubules and cores. Convoluted membranes were also found persisting between mostly undissolved rodlets at the epithelial surfaces. In Cyprinid species, the membrane changes were less conspicuous but essentially similar, including stages with confluent ER reported only in trout up to now. The membrane transformations resemble structures known as "crystalloid ER" indicating a disturbance in the protein production. The positive immunocytochemical reaction for calreticulin in the rodlet sacs, a luminal ER chaperone mediating recycling of misfolded proteins and upregulated during stress, supports this interpretation. The ER stress-reaction is an evolutionary conservative cytoprotective mechanism during physiological, environmental, and genetic aberrations and fits the increase of RCs reported in quite different situations, although details of its triggering need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Bielek
- Centre of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Nuclear-, Developmental Dynamics and Functional Microscopy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Abstract
Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial
infection. The inflammatory response is partly mediated by innate immune cells (such as
macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils), which not only ingest and eliminate invading
pathogens but also initiate an inflammatory response upon recognition of
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The prevailing theories of sepsis as a
dysregulated inflammatory response, as manifested by excessive release of inflammatory
mediators such as tumour necrosis factor and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1),
are supported by extensive studies employing animal models of sepsis. Here we review
emerging evidence that support extracellular HMGB1 as a late mediator of experimental
sepsis, and discuss the therapeutic potential of several HMGB1-targeting agents (including
neutralising antibodies and steroid-like tanshinones) in experimental sepsis.
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24
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Alleva LM, Budd AC, Clark IA. Systemic Release of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein during Severe Murine Influenza. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1454-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Transcriptomic analysis of responses to infectious salmon anemia virus infection in macrophage-like cells. Virus Res 2008; 136:65-74. [PMID: 18534703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an important pathogen for salmonid aquaculture, however little is known about protective and pathological host responses to infection. We have investigated intracellular responses during cytopathic ISAV infection in the macrophage-like Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cell line by microarray analysis (1.8k SFA2.0 immunochip) and a functional assay for glutathione. Gene transcription changed rapidly and consistently with time and with minor differences between two virus isolates. While several pro-inflammatory and antiviral immune genes were induced, genes involved in cell signaling and integrity were down-regulated, suggesting isolation of infected cells from cell-to-cell interaction and responses to external signals. Differential expression of genes regulating cell cycle and apoptosis implied opposite cues from host cell and virus. This was in pace with massive down-regulation of genes involved in biosynthesis and processing of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Significant down-regulation of several genes involved in metabolism of reactive oxygen species suggested increased oxidative stress, which was confirmed by a functional assay showing reduced levels of glutathione during infection. Testing of expression data against a microarray database containing diverse experiments revealed candidate marker genes for ISAV infection. Our findings provide novel insight into cellular host responses and determinants for acute cytopathic ISAV infection.
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26
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Kibenge FSB, Xu H, Kibenge MJT, Qian B, Joseph T. Characterization of gene expression on genomic segment 7 of infectious salmon anaemia virus. Virol J 2007; 4:34. [PMID: 17394643 PMCID: PMC1851003 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus (ISAV), an important pathogen of fish that causes disease accompanied by high mortality in marine-farmed Atlantic salmon, is the only species in the genus Isavirus, one of the five genera of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The Isavirus genome consists of eight single-stranded RNA species, and the virions have two surface glycoproteins; haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein encoded on segment 6 and fusion (F) protein encoded on segment 5. Based on the initial demonstration of two 5'-coterminal mRNA transcripts by RT-PCR, ISAV genomic segment 7 was suggested to share a similar coding strategy with segment 7 of influenza A virus, encoding two proteins. However, there appears to be confusion as to the protein sizes predicted from the two open reading frames (ORFs) of ISAV segment 7 which has in turn led to confusion of the predicted protein functions. The primary goal of the present work was to clone and express these two ORFs in order to assess whether the predicted protein sizes match those of the expressed proteins so as to clarify the coding assignments, and thereby identify any additional structural proteins of ISAV. RESULTS In the present study we show that ISAV segment 7 encodes 3 proteins with estimated molecular masses of 32, 18, and 9.5 kDa. The 18-kDa and 9.5-kDa products are based on removal of an intron each from the primary transcript (7-ORF1) so that the translation continues in the +2 and +3 reading frames, respectively. The segment 7-ORF1/3 product is variably truncated in the sequence of ISAV isolates of the European genotype. All three proteins are recognized by rabbit antiserum against the 32-kDa product of the primary transcript, as they all share the N-terminal 22 amino acids. This antiserum detected a single 35-kDa protein in Western blots of purified virus, and immunoprecipitated a 32-kDa protein in ISAV-infected TO cells. Immunofluorescence staining of infected cells with the same antiserum revealed the protein(s) to be localized in the cytoplasm. Vaccination of farmed Atlantic salmon with the 32-kDa protein resulted in a higher survival rate than what was attainable with the HE protein, albeit a moderate protection against the low ISAV challenge. CONCLUSION Collectively, our observations suggest that the product of ISAV segment 7 primary transcript (7-ORF1) is a structural protein. The 18-kDa (7-ORF1/2) protein is identified as the putative ISAV nuclear export protein based on the presence of nuclear export signals. The function of the 9.5-kDa (7-ORF1/3) protein is not presently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick SB Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
- McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Molly JT Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Biao Qian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bldg 50, Room 6132 50 South Drive, MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Jiang W, Pisetsky DS. The role of IFN-alpha and nitric oxide in the release of HMGB1 by RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or lipopolysaccharide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3337-43. [PMID: 16920974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone nuclear protein with a dual function. Inside the cell, HMGB1 binds to DNA and modulates a variety of processes, including transcription. Outside the cell, HMGB1 displays cytokine activity and can promote inflammation, serving as a mediator in models of shock and arthritis. In in vitro studies, proinflammatory molecules such as LPS, lipoteichoic acid, dsRNA, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma can induce HMGB1 release from macrophages. To define further the release process, we investigated the role of the downstream mediators, NO and IFN-alpha, in the release of HMGB1 from RAW 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). In these experiments, 1400W, an inhibitor of NO production by the inducible NO synthase, reduced HMGB1 release stimulated by LPS, but not poly(I:C), whereas neutralizing IFN-alpha prevented HMGB1 release induced by poly(I:C), but not LPS. The addition of an NO donor and rIFN-alpha to RAW 264.7 cells caused HMGB1 release. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK activation attenuated HMGB1 release induced by either LPS or poly(I:C). Analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by LPS or poly(I:C) showed patterns of HMGB1 release similar to those of RAW 264.7 cells. Together, these experiments indicate that, although both LPS and poly(I:C) induce HMGB1 release from RAW 264.7 cells and murine macrophages, the response is differentially dependent on NO and IFN-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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28
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Wang H, Ward MF, Fan XG, Sama AE, Li W. Potential role of high mobility group box 1 in viral infectious diseases. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:3-9. [PMID: 16553546 PMCID: PMC1782047 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A nuclear protein, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), is released passively by necrotic cells and actively by macrophages/monocytes in response to exogenous and endogenous inflammatory stimuli. After binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), or Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), HMGB1 activates macrophages/monocytes to express proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Pharmacological suppression of its activities or release is protective against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis, establishing HMGB1 as a critical mediator of lethal systemic inflammation. In light of observations that many viruses (e.g., West Nile virus, Salmon anemia virus) can induce passive HMGB1 release, we propose a potential pathogenic role of HMGB1 in viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital--New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
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29
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Guo ZS, Naik A, O'Malley ME, Popovic P, Demarco R, Hu Y, Yin X, Yang S, Zeh HJ, Moss B, Lotze MT, Bartlett DL. The enhanced tumor selectivity of an oncolytic vaccinia lacking the host range and antiapoptosis genes SPI-1 and SPI-2. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9991-8. [PMID: 16267024 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to evade apoptosis may permit survival of a recombinant vaccinia lacking antiapoptotic genes in cancer cells compared with normal cells. We have explored the deletion of two vaccinia virus host range/antiapoptosis genes, SPI-1 and SPI-2, for their effects on the viral replication and their ability to induce cell death in infected normal and transformed cells in vitro. Indeed, in three paired normal and transformed cell types, the SPI-1 and SPI-2 gene-deleted virus (vSP) preferentially replicates in transformed cells or p53-null cells when compared with their normal counterparts. This selectivity may be derived from the fact that vSP-infected normal cells died faster than infected cancer cells. A fraction of infected cells died with evidence of necrosis as shown by both flow cytometry and detection of high-mobility group B1 protein released from necrotic cells into the culture supernatant. When administered to animals, vSP retains full ability to replicate in tumor tissues, whereas replication in normal tissues is greatly diminished. In a model of viral pathogenesis, mice treated with vSP survived substantially longer when compared with mice treated with the wild-type virus. The mutant virus vSP displayed significant antitumoral effects in an MC38 s.c. tumor model in both nude (P < 0.001) and immunocompetent mice (P < 0.05). We conclude that this recombinant vaccinia vSP shows promise for oncolytic virus therapy. Given its enhanced tumor selectivity, improved safety profile, and substantial oncolytic effects following systemic delivery in murine models, it should also serve as a useful vector for tumor-directed gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sheng Guo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA 15232, USA
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