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Iwona BO, Karol P, Kamila CC, Pollak A, Hanna B, Agnieszka P, Andrzej H, Kosińska J, Płoski R, Tomasz L, Marek R. Next-generation sequencing analysis of new genotypes appearing during antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C reveals that these are selected from pre-existing minor strains. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1633-1642. [PMID: 30394872 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with more than one hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype is common, but its dynamics, particularly during antiviral treatment, remain largely unknown. We employed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyse sequential serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples in seven patients with transient presence or permanent genotype change during antiviral treatment with interferon and ribavirin. Specimens were collected right before the therapy initiation and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 20, 24, 36, 44 and 48 weeks during treatment and 6 months after treatment ceased. A mixture of two different genotypes was detected in the pretreatment samples from five patients and the minor genotype constituted 0.02 to 38 %. A transient or permanent change of the predominant genotype was observed in six patients. In three cases genotype 3 was replaced as the predominant genotype by genotype 4, in two cases genotype 3 was replaced by genotype 1, and in one subject genotype 1 was replaced by genotype 4. The PBMC- and serum-derived sequences were frequently discordant with respect to genotype and/or genotype proportions. In conclusion, pre-existing minor HCV genotypes can be selected rapidly during antiviral treatment and become transiently or permanently predominant. In coinfections involving genotype 3, genotype 3 was eliminated first from both the serum and PBMC compartments. The PBMC- and serum-derived HCV sequences were frequently discordant with respect to genotype and/or genotype proportions, suggesting that they constitute separate compartments with their own dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukowska-Ośko Iwona
- 1Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Perlejewski Karol
- 1Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Caraballo Cortés Kamila
- 1Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pollak
- 2Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 17 Mokra Street, Kajetany 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Berak Hanna
- 3Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 37 Wolska Street, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawełczyk Agnieszka
- 1Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Horban Andrzej
- 3Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 37 Wolska Street, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
- 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kosińska
- 5Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Płoski
- 5Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laskus Tomasz
- 1Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radkowski Marek
- 1Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Tsatsralt-Od B, Primadharsini PP, Nishizawa T, Ohnishi H, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Jirintai S, Nyamkhuu D, Okamoto H. Distinct changing profiles of hepatitis A and E virus infection among patients with acute hepatitis in Mongolia: The first report of the full genome sequence of a novel genotype 1 hepatitis E virus strain. J Med Virol 2017; 90:84-92. [PMID: 28776712 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In January 2012, Mongolia started a hepatitis A vaccination program, which has not yet been evaluated. The first occurrence of autochthonous acute hepatitis E in 2013, caused by genotype 4 hepatitis E virus (HEV), suggests the need for a routine study to monitor its prevalence. One hundred fifty-four consecutive patients who were clinically diagnosed with acute hepatitis between 2014 and 2015 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were studied. By serological and molecular testing followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, only one patient (0.6%) was diagnosed with acute hepatitis A, caused by genotype IA hepatitis A virus (HAV), and 32 (20.8%) patients were diagnosed with acute hepatitis E, caused by genotype 1 HEV. The 32 HEV isolates obtained in this study shared 99.5-100% nucleotide identity and were grouped into a cluster separated from those of subtypes 1a to 1f. Upon comparison of p-distances over the entire genome, the distances between one representative HEV isolate (MNE15-072) and 1a-1f strains were 0.071-0.137, while those between 1b and 1c were 0.062-0.070. In conclusion, the prevalence of acute hepatitis A has decreased in Mongolia since the start of the vaccination program, while the monophyletic genotype 1 HEV strain of a probably novel subtype has been prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bira Tsatsralt-Od
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, NCCD-Campus, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Suljid Jirintai
- Division of Pathology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dulmaa Nyamkhuu
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, NCCD-Campus, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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3
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Parodi C, García G, Monzani MC, Culasso A, Aloisi N, Corti M, Campos R, de E de Bracco MM, Baré P. Hepatitis C virus long-term persistence in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with haemophilia. Detection of occult genotype 1. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:607-16. [PMID: 25431170 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from chronic hepatitis C virus-infected persons can harbour viral variants that are not detected in plasma samples. We explored the presence and persistence of HCV genotypes in plasma and PBMC cultures from 25 HCV-monoinfected and 25 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with haemophilia. Cell cultures were performed at different time points between 1993 and 2010-2011, and the HCV genome was examined in culture supernatants. Sequential plasma samples were studied during the same time period. Analysing sequential plasma samples, 21% of patients had mixed-genotype infections, while 50% had mixed infections determined from PBMC culture supernatants. HIV coinfection was significantly associated with the presence of mixed infections (OR = 4.57, P = 0.02; 95% CI = 1.38-15.1). In our previous study, genotype 1 was found in 72% of 288 patients of this cohort. Similar results were obtained with the sequential plasma samples included in this study, 69% had genotype 1. However, when taking into account plasma samples and the results from PBMC supernatants, genotype 1 was identified in 94% of the population. The PBMC-associated variants persisted for 10 years in some subjects, emphasizing their role as long-term reservoirs. The presence of genotype 1 in PBMC may be associated with therapeutic failure and should not be disregarded when treating haemophilic patients who have been infected by contaminated factor concentrates. The clinical implications of persistent lymphotropic HCV variants deserve further examination among multiple exposed groups of HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Parodi
- Virology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G García
- Cátedra de Virología. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Monzani
- Virology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Culasso
- Cátedra de Virología. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Aloisi
- Virology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Corti
- Fundación Argentina de la Hemofilia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Campos
- Cátedra de Virología. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M M de E de Bracco
- Virology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Baré
- Virology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Ganova-Raeva LM, Khudyakov YE. Application of mass spectrometry to molecular diagnostics of viral infections. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:377-88. [PMID: 23638820 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has found numerous applications in life sciences. It has high accuracy, sensitivity and wide dynamic range in addition to medium- to high-throughput capabilities. These features make MS a superior platform for analysis of various biomolecules including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Until recently, MS was applied for protein detection and characterization. During the last decade, however, MS has successfully been used for molecular diagnostics of microbial and viral infections with the most notable applications being identification of pathogens, genomic sequencing, mutation detection, DNA methylation analysis, tracking of transmissions, and characterization of genetic heterogeneity. These new developments vastly expand the MS application from experimental research to public health and clinical fields. Matching of molecular techniques with specific requirements of the major MS platforms has produced powerful technologies for molecular diagnostics, which will further benefit from coupling with computational tools for extracting clinical information from MS-derived data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia M Ganova-Raeva
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, MS A-33, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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5
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Ganova-Raeva LM, Dimitrova ZE, Campo DS, Lin Y, Ramachandran S, Xia GL, Honisch C, Cantor CR, Khudyakov YE. Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Transmission by Use of DNA Mass Spectrometry. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:999-1006. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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6
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Modulation of the type I interferon pathways by culture-adaptive hepatitis C virus core mutants. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1272-8. [PMID: 22616990 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often establishes a persistent infection that leads to chronic liver diseases. The viral core protein modulates various cellular activities involved in this process. We found two mutations, K23E and V31A, in the core gene of the transfected HCV JFH-1 genome, which had been replicated for a prolonged period. The mutant viruses escaped immunochemical detection by a core-specific antibody and demonstrated enhanced RNA replication and protein expression, compared to the parental virus. The mutant core proteins bound less tightly than the parental type core to the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 and attenuated the TBK1-mediated activation of interferon-related promoters. These results suggest a mechanism by which the viruses adapt to attenuate cellular antiviral activity and to establish persistent infection.
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7
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Fu Y, Xia W, Wang Y, Tian L, Pybus OG, Lu L, Nelson K. The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among 559,890 first-time volunteer blood donors in China reflects regional heterogeneity in HCV prevalence and changes in blood donor recruitment models. Transfusion 2010; 50:1505-11. [PMID: 20456675 PMCID: PMC3743680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) has been reported among voluntary blood donors in some regions of China. However, the prevalence of HCV among volunteer blood donors in other regions of China has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of HCV among 559,890 first-time volunteer blood donors recruited during 2004 through 2007 at the Guangzhou Blood Center, China. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Anti-HCV was detected using two different third-generation enzyme immunoassay kits. HCV RNA was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the 5'-untranslated region of HCV. RESULTS Among 559,890 donors, 1877 (0.335%) were positive for anti-HCV. The anti-HCV+ rate was significantly higher in males than females (0.37% vs. 0.28%; p < 0.001) and significantly lower among donors living in Guangdong Province than donors who had migrated from other locations (0.30% vs. 0.40%; p < 0.001). Among the 1877 anti-HCV+ donors, 450 were randomly selected for HCV nucleic acid amplification by RT-PCR. Of these, 270 (60%) were HCV RNA+ and 180 (40%) were HCV RNA-. CONCLUSIONS Many donors from outside Guangdong Province were migrant laborers from other areas in China, suggesting that there is regional heterogenicity in HCV prevalence within China. The overall anti-HCV+ rate reported here is among the lowest reported among blood donors in China reflecting the effect of the current recruitment of exclusively volunteer donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center and the Laboratory of Integrated Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Sugitani M, Nishimura S, Mizuno K, Shikata T. Analyses of amino acid sequences in hypervariable region-1 of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in sera from chimpanzees infected three times with the same HCV strain. J Med Primatol 2010; 39:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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Lu L, Tatsunori N, Li C, Waheed S, Gao F, Robertson BH. HCV selection and HVR1 evolution in a chimpanzee chronically infected with HCV-1 over 12 years. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:704-16. [PMID: 18328069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study hepatitis C virus (HCV) selection and hypervariable region-1 (HVR1) evolution in a chimpanzee chronically infected with HCV-1 over 12 years after inoculation with a human factor VIII concentrate contaminated with HCV. METHODS From the inoculum, the earliest chimpanzee plasma and 12 annual plasma samples, HCV fragments including HVR1 were amplified followed by cloning and sequencing. RESULTS Five HCV subtypes - 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a - and multiple 1a strains were identified in the inoculum. Two 1a strains were found in the earliest chimpanzee sample, while a single HCV-1 strain was detected in the 12 annual samples. None of the chimpanzee sequences were identical to those found in the inoculum. Over 12 years, HVR1 patterns changed irregularly, but a few patterns showed identical nucleotide or amino acid sequences. In the last three years, the variety of HVR1 patterns decreased, while the proportion of major patterns increased. These corresponded to a higher virus load and a lower number of amino acid substitutions. Simultaneously, the HVR1 sequences became more similar to the consensus sequence of the 1a subtype. CONCLUSION HCV selection was observed from the inoculum to the inoculated chimpanzee and from the early acute hepatitis to the persistent chronic infection. The selection occurred at three levels: among subtypes after transmission, among isolates during acute hepatitis and among quasispecies in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Utah, USA
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10
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Ramachandran S, Xia GL, Ganova-Raeva LM, Nainan OV, Khudyakov Y. End-point limiting-dilution real-time PCR assay for evaluation of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in serum: performance under optimal and suboptimal conditions. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:217-224. [PMID: 18571738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An approach for determination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies by end-point limiting-dilution real-time PCR (EPLD-PCR) is described. It involves isolation of individual coexisting sequence variants of the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the HCV genome from serum specimens using a limiting-dilution protocol. EPLD-PCR applied to an HCV outbreak study provided insights into the epidemiological relationships between incident and chronic cases. When applied to samples from a longitudinal study of infected patients, HVR1 sequences from each sampling time-point were observed to group as distinct phylogenetic clusters. Melting peak analysis conducted on EPLD-PCR products generated from these patients could be used for evaluation of HVR1 sequence heterogeneity without recourse to clonal sequencing. Further, to better understand the mechanism of single-molecule PCR, experiments were conducted under optimal and suboptimal annealing temperatures. Under all temperature conditions tested, HVR1 variants from the major phylogenetic clusters of quasispecies could be amplified, revealing that successful HVR1 quasispecies analysis is not contingent to dilution of starting cDNA preparations to a single-molecule state. It was found that EPLD-PCR conducted at suboptimal annealing temperatures generated distributions of unique-sequence variants slightly different from the distribution obtained by PCR conducted at the optimal temperature. Hence, EPLD-PCR conditions can be manipulated to access different subpopulations of HCV HVR1 quasispecies, thus, improving the range of the quasispecies detection. Although EPLD-PCR conducted at different conditions detect slightly different quasispecies populations, as was shown in this study, the resulted samples of quasispecies are completely suitable for molecular epidemiological investigation in different clinical and epidemiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Ramachandran
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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11
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Timm J, Roggendorf M. Sequence diversity of hepatitis C virus: implications for immune control and therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4808-17. [PMID: 17828811 PMCID: PMC4611758 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i36.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With approximately 3% of the world's population (170 million people) infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), the WHO has declared HCV a global health problem. Upon acute infection about 50%-80% of subjects develop chronic hepatitis with viral persistence being at risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One characteristic of HCV is its enormous sequence diversity, which represents a significant hurdle to the development of both effective vaccines as well as to novel therapeutic interventions. Due to a polymerase that lacks a proofreading function HCV presents with a high rate of evolution, which enables rapid adaptation to a new environment including an activated immune system upon acute infection. Similarly, novel drugs designed to specifically inhibit viral proteins will face the potential problem of rapid selection of drug resistance mutations. This review focuses on the sequence diversity of HCV, the driving forces of evolution and the impact on immune control and treatment response. An important feature of any therapeutic or prophylactic intervention will be an efficient attack of a structurally or functionally important region in the viral protein. The understanding of the driving forces, but also the limits of viral evolution, will be fundamental for the design of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Timm
- University of Essen, Institute of Virology, Hufelandst 55, Essen 45122, Germany.
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12
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Zhao SM, Jiang TL, Gao FX, Lu L, Zheng HQ, Hu J, Fan YH, Li B, Xiao RR, Yury K. Analysis of true voluntary blood donors with anti-HCV prevalence and implications for donor management in Chongqing, China. Transfus Med 2007; 17:210-1. [PMID: 17561867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2007.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Gao F, Nainan OV, Khudyakov Y, Li J, Hong Y, Gonzales AC, Spelbring J, Margolis HS. Recombinant hepatitis C virus in experimentally infected chimpanzees. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:143-147. [PMID: 17170446 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination between different strains of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated in three chimpanzees inoculated experimentally with factor VIII concentrate containing HCV subgenotypes 1a, 1b, 2b and 3a. A 750 bp long fragment from the HCV envelope region was amplified by RT-PCR and quasispecies were isolated by plasmid cloning. Nucleotide sequences derived from isolated quasispecies were screened for the presence of inter-subgenotypic recombination by using sequence analysis. Recombination between HCV subgenotype 1a and 1b was found in two animals; each recombinant variant differed by location of predicted crossover region or order of subgenotype 1a and 1b sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Gao
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Omana V Nainan
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Yuri Khudyakov
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ying Hong
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Aileen Co Gonzales
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - John Spelbring
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Harold S Margolis
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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