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The Role of Imaging in Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Staging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10090703. [PMID: 32948089 PMCID: PMC7555625 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common cancer of the urinary tract in the United States. Imaging plays a significant role in the management of patients with BC, including the locoregional staging and evaluation for distant metastatic disease, which cannot be assessed at the time of cystoscopy and biopsy/resection. We aim to review the current role of cross-sectional and molecular imaging modalities for the staging and restaging of BC and the potential advantages and limitations of each imaging modality. CT is the most widely available and frequently utilized imaging modality for BC and demonstrates good performance for the detection of nodal and visceral metastatic disease. MRI offers potential value for the locoregional staging and evaluation of muscular invasion of BC, which is critically important for prognostication and treatment decision-making. FDG-PET/MRI is a novel hybrid imaging modality combining the advantages of both MRI and FDG-PET/CT in a single-setting comprehensive staging examination and may represent the future of BC imaging evaluation.
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Santoni M, Cimadamore A, Massari F, Piva F, Aurilio G, Martignetti A, Scarpelli M, Di Nunno V, Gatto L, Battelli N, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Key Role of Obesity in Genitourinary Tumors with Emphasis on Urothelial and Prostate Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1225. [PMID: 31443386 PMCID: PMC6770077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In human populations, a certain amount of data correlate obesity/body mass index (BMI) with urothelial cancer (UC) and prostate cancer (PCa) occurrence, however this is not fully elucidated at all stages of disease. In an attempt to shed light on uncertain areas in such field, in the present review we illustrate the main molecular mechanisms linking obesity and cancer, focusing on the correlation between obesity and tumor risk, disease progression and response to chemo- and immunotherapy in patients with UC and the predictive/prognostic role of obesity in PCa patients treated with the currently available therapeutic approaches. Methods: We did a large-scale literature search on existing scientific websites focusing on keywords "obesity", "body mass index (BMI)", "urothelial cancer", "prostate cancer", "docetaxel", "cabazitaxel", "abiraterone acetate", "enzalutamide", and "radium223". Results: Many adipocytes-induced molecules support tumor proliferation through activation of various cellular pathways. The available evidence in the postoperative setting do the role of BMI in oncological outcomes prediction still not completely clear. Likewise, in metastatic UC patients controversial results link the role of obesity/BMI with clinical outcomes of tumor response to chemotherapy. Adipose stromal cells recruitment, induced by PCa cells, from white adipose tissue to the tumor sites inducing cell invasiveness was associated with poor survival. Conflicting data, although more oriented towards a better survival outcome, resulted in obese patients treated with docetaxel. In PCa cell-lines a certain cabazitaxel chemo resistance adipose stromal cells (ASC)-mediated was demonstrated. In metastatic castration-resistant PCa patients with high BMI (>25 kg/m2) receiving abiraterone acetate there were significant worse survival outcomes, while in enzalutamide patients BMI did not affect survival outcome. In radium 223 patients higher BMI significantly correlated with favorable overall survival. Conclusions: The main focus of this review was to understand the interplay between obesity/BMI and UC/PCa. Several pathogenic cellular pathways exploring the issue are discussed, opening the way to challenging tailored treatments on the basis of BMI. Improving the knowledge of molecular connections between obesity and UC and PCa could favor the development of new therapies likely reducing chemo- and immunotherapy drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Aurilio
- Medical Division of Urogenital and Head & Neck Cancer, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Martignetti
- Dipartimento Oncologico USL Sud-Est Toscana-Area Senese, 53036 Poggibonsi, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Nunno
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lidia Gatto
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University Medical School, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
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Brown A, Kumar S, Tchounwou PB. Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy of Human Cancers. JOURNAL OF CANCER SCIENCE & THERAPY 2019; 11:97. [PMID: 32148661 PMCID: PMC7059781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum II) was initially discovered to prevent the growth of Escherichia coli and was further recognized for its anti-neoplastic and cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Administered intravenously to humans, cisplatin is used as first-line chemotherapy treatment for patients diagnosed with various types of malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphomas, breast, testicular, ovarian, head and neck, and cervical cancers, and sarcomas. Once cisplatin enters the cell it exerts its cytotoxic effect by losing one chloride ligand, binding to DNA to form intra-strand DNA adducts, and inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell growth. The DNA lesions formed from cisplatin-induced DNA damage activate DNA repair response via NER (nuclear excision repair system) by halting cisplatin-induced cell death by activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) pathway. Although treatment has been shown to be effective, many patients experience relapse due to drug resistance. As a result, other platinum compounds such as oxaliplatin and carboplatin have since been used and have shown some levels of effectiveness. In this review, the clinical applications of cisplatin are discussed with a special emphasis on its use in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Corresponding author: Paul B Tchounwou, Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA, Tel: +601-979-0777; Fax: +601-979-0570;
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Mathes J, Rausch S, Todenhöfer T, Stenzl A. Trimodal therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:1219-1229. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1535314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mathes
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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New option for cisplatin-ineligible urothelial cancer. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:1428-1430. [PMID: 28967486 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lizée D, Salas R, Barret E, Galiano M, Di Trapani E, Montorsi F, Cathelineau X. Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on complications of minimally invasive radical cystectomy. Actas Urol Esp 2017; 41:88-96. [PMID: 27908636 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) before minimally invasive radical cystectomy (MIRC) is considered a standard of care in muscle-invasive bladder cancer or recurrent high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of NC on morbidity and mortality after MIRC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We prospectively evaluated 135 patients who underwent MIRC (laparoscopic: n=100; robotic: n=35) between 2007 and 2013 with ≥90 days of follow-up (median age: 66 year). Complications were analyzed and graded according to the Clavien Dindo classification system. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the impact of NC on postoperative complications. Kaplan-Meier methods with the log-rank test were used for cancer-specific survival probabilities and differences between the 2groups (MIRC with and without NC). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Sixty-two of 135 patients received NC. A total of 118 patients (87.4%) developed 179 complications, chiefly infectious (48.0%) or gastrointestinal (21.2%), ≤90 days after surgery; 3 patients died <90 days after cystectomy (none had NC). NC had no impact on the incidence of postoperative complications but was associated with fewer positive nodes (P=.004) compared with patients without NC. The median duration of follow-up was 17.2 months. Overall survival rates were 83% and 79% at 2 year in patients with NC and without NC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NC does not affect postoperative morbidity or postoperative mortality. Longer follow-up is needed to evaluate the impact of NC on oncologic outcomes. PATIENT SUMMARY Perioperative complications of radical cystectomy were compared for patients with bladder cancer who had NC versus no NC. We did not find any significant differences in terms of early or late complications, length of stay, or reintervention. The oncologic outcomes regarding NC were encouraging.
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Chen J, Wang L, Tang Y, Gong G, Liu L, Chen M, Chen Z, Cui Y, Li C, Cheng X, Qi L, Zu X. Maspin enhances cisplatin chemosensitivity in bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells and correlates with prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients receiving cisplatin based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:2. [PMID: 26733306 PMCID: PMC4702361 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Maspin, a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has been characterized as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancer types. Chemotherapeutic insensitivity is one of major obstacles to effectively treating muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). This study was conducted to investigate the role and probable mechanism of Maspin enhancing cisplatin chemosensitivity of bladder cancer in vitro and MIBC patients. Methods Maspin expression was quantified by qRT-PCR in two MIBC cell lines (T24 and 5637). After successful established Maspin overexpression model by lipidosome transfection, MTT and cell apoptosis assay were used to assess the MIBC’s cisplatin sensitivity. Western blot method was used to test PI3K/ AKT/mTOR signal passway and apoptosis related molecules Caspase3 and Bcl-2. Additionally, we evaluated Maspin expression and prognosis in 62 MIBC cases who underwent cisplatin based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) using immunohistochemistry. Result Upregulate Maspin expression could enhance the chemosensitivity induced by cisplatin in T24 and 5637 cell lines. The cell viability, cloning ability and IC50 were reduced while apoptosis rate was upregulated when cells were transfected Maspin. Phospho(p)-AKT, PI3K, mTOR, and Bcl-2 expression were significantly decreased, whereas Caspase3 was greatly increased in the Maspin group. In the clinic study, there was significant correlation between Maspin expression and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rate in MIBC patients who received cisplatin based NACT. Conclusion Maspin could enhance cisplatin chemosensitivity in T24 and 5637 cell lines. Its expression correlated with prognosis of MIBC patients who received cisplatin based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Yunhua Tang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Guanghui Gong
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Longfei Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Minfeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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RADIATION THERAPY OF A PRESUMPTIVE URETHRAL TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA IN AN EASTERN GRAY SQUIRREL (SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:918-20. [PMID: 26667551 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0084.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), with a previous history of primary renal transitional cell carcinoma treated by nephrectomy, was diagnosed with a metastatic urethral transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) utilizing the veterinary bladder tumor antigen test in combination with other noninvasive diagnostic tests. The squirrel was treated with piroxicam and external beam radiation therapy given in 18 treatments over 30 days to achieve a total of 54 gray. Mild to moderate side effects from the pelvic irradiation were self-limiting and easily managed. Resolution of clinical signs was achieved for approximately 6 mo until recurrence of metastasis. This report represents the first published account of both TCC and external beam radiation therapy in an Eastern gray squirrel.
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Roubaud G, Brouste V, Beuzeboc P, Fléchon A, Tosi D, Lavau-Denes S, Chevreau C, Culine S, Oudard S, Quivy A, Pourquier P, Houédé N. Early objective response may not be a prognostic factor of survival for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: from a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 113 patients. J Negat Results Biomed 2015; 14:18. [PMID: 26555878 PMCID: PMC4641378 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-015-0037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to better define prognostic factors for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC), and to identify patients who will benefit from first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy. We test the hypothesis that early objective response (EOR), defined as the occurrence of an objective response following 2 or 3 courses of chemotherapy, could be a prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and thus be used to guide treatment decisions. Data from 113 patients with evaluable mUC receiving first-line cisplatin-based treatment between January 2004 and December 2006 was collected retrospectively from prospectively-maintained databases across seven French cancer centers. Clinical factors potentially associated with survival and EOR were analyzed in univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS One hundred three patient records were complete and available for inclusion in the multivariate model. Four factors were independently associated with OS: Performance status 1 and 2 (HR 2.3 [95 % CI 1.3-3.9], p = 0.002; HR 3.4 [95 % CI 1.6-7.2], p = 0.001 respectively); presence of visceral metastases (HR 2.2 [95 % CI 1.3-3.9], p = 0.004); abnormal hemoglobin levels (HR 1.7 [95 % CI 1.01-2.8], p = 0.045); disease progression (HR 10.1 [95 % CI 4.2-24.1], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the prognostic factors previously reported in first-line chemotherapy for mUC. However, we failed to demonstrate that EOR was an independent predictive factor of OS. Nevertheless, an early response evaluation is recommended since early progression is an important parameter that can be used to decide whether treatment should be interrupted and changed for alternative strategies integrating the concept of personalized medicine or new immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Roubaud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 229, Cours de l'Argonne, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Véronique Brouste
- Institut Bergonié, Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Phillipe Beuzeboc
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 25 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Aude Fléchon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Léon Berard, 69000, Lyon, France.
| | - Diego Tosi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Val d'Aurelle, 34000, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Christine Chevreau
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31000, Toulouse, France.
| | - Stéphane Culine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France.
| | | | - Amandine Quivy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 229, Cours de l'Argonne, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Philippe Pourquier
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier & Université de Montpellier 1, INSERM U896, F-34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nadine Houédé
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 229, Cours de l'Argonne, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Caremeau, 30029, Nîmes, France.
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10
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Buti S, Ciccarese C, Zanoni D, Santoni M, Modena A, Maines F, Gilli A, Bria E, Brunelli M, Rimanti A, Cascinu S, Ardizzoni A, Tortora G, Massari F. Prognostic and predictive factors in patients treated with chemotherapy for advanced urothelial cancer: where do we stand? Future Oncol 2015; 11:107-19. [PMID: 25572786 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for patients with local advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma is chemotherapy. However, results with this are rather disappointing, and validated prognostic factors and biomarkers of tumor response, which are useful in the decision-making process, are still lacking. PubMed databases were searched for articles published until November 2013. Several promising clinical and biological candidate prognostic factors or markers of tumor response to first- or second-line therapy, such as hemoglobin, performance status, visceral metastasis and ERCC1, hENT1 and EMT markers, have been identified and described in this article. In summary, clinical parameters and molecular profiling could revolutionize the management of local advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, but an improvement in individualized therapeutic approaches still seems distant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Buti
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Zhu H, Yun F, Shi X, Wang D. Inhibition of IGFBP-2 improves the sensitivity of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin via upregulating the expression of maspin. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:595-601. [PMID: 26080829 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the association between insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) and the sensitivity of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin, and determine the underlying mechanism involving maspin. A total of 32 bladder cancer tissue samples were collected for analysis. Cells of the BIU87 human bladder cancer cell line were cultured and a cisplatin-resistant subline (BIU87-CisR) was established by continuous exposure of the cells to cisplatin. Targeted inhibition of IGFBP-2 in the BIU87-CisR cells was performed using small interfering RNA technology. The expression levels of IGFBP-2 and maspin in the tissue samples and cells were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Cell viability following treatment in each group was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay subsequent to treatment with 3 μM cisplatin. The cell cycle and apoptotic rate of the BIU87-CisR cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Finally, maspin-overexpressing BIU87-CisR cells were used to confirm the effect of maspin on the sensitivity of the cells to cisplatin. The expression levels of IGFBP-2 in chemoresistant patients and BIU87-CisR cells were significantly increased, compared with those in the chemosensitive patients and BIU87 cells, respectively. However, the expression levels of maspin were lower in the cisplatin-resistant tissue and cells, and was enhanced by IGFBP-2 inhibition. Cisplatin (3 μM) caused marked proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of the BIU87-CisR cells, the effect of which was enhanced by IGFBP-2 silencing. Overexpression of maspin also improved the sensitivity of the BIU87-CisR cells to cisplatin. In conclusion, inhibition of IGFBP-2 improved the sensitivity of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin by elevating the expression of maspin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yun
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Massari F, Santoni M, Ciccarese C, Brunelli M, Conti A, Santini D, Montironi R, Cascinu S, Tortora G. Emerging concepts on drug resistance in bladder cancer: Implications for future strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:81-90. [PMID: 26022449 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination chemotherapies with methotrexate plus vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (MVAC or CMV regimens) or gemcitabine plus cisplatin represent the standard as first-line therapy for patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. In Europe, vinflunine is an option for second-line therapy for patients progressed during first-line or perioperative platinum-containing regimen. Alternative regimens containing taxanes and/or gemcitabine may be valuated case by case. Furthermore, carboplatin should be considered in patients unfit for cisplatin both in the first and second-line setting. Based on these findings, a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the development of drug resistance in patients with bladder cancer will represent a major step forward in optimizing patients' outcome. This article reviews the current knowledge of the mechanisms and emerging strategies to overcome resistance in patients with advanced urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Chiara Ciccarese
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, A.O.U.I., University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conti
- Department of Clinic and Specialistic Sciences-Urology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Zhu H, Yun F, Shi X, Wang D. VEGF-C inhibition reverses resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin via upregulating maspin. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3163-9. [PMID: 25936422 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to elucidate the association between vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin and the underlying mechanism involving maspin. A total of 32 bladder cancer tissue samples from patients (18 males and 14 females with an average age of 65.9 years) were collected from the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China). All patients had undergone cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. In addition, the BIU87 human bladder cancer cell line was cultured and a cisplatin-resistant subline (BIU87-CisR) was established by continuous exposure to cisplatin. The mRNA expression levels of VEGF-C and maspin in tissue samples, BIU87 cells and BIU87-CisR cells were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Targeted inhibition of VEGF-C in BIU87-CisR cells was performed using small interfering (si)RNA technology and the alteration in levels of maspin was confirmed by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. siRNA-treated and -untreated BIU87-CisR cells were divided into the following four groups: Control group (no drug treatment), 3 μM cisplatin treated group, 3 μM cisplatin + siRNA treated group and the siRNA treated group. Cell viability following treatment in each group was evaluated by the cell counting kit 8 assay. The cell cycle and apoptotic rate of BIU87-CisR cells was analyzed by propidium iodide (PI) staining and Annexin V-PI double staining with flow cytometry. Furthermore, pcDNA-maspin transfected BIU78-CisR cells were used to establish the effect of maspin on the sensitivity to cisplatin. VEGF-C expression in chemoresistant patients and BIU87-CisR cells was significantly increased compared with chemosensitive patients and normal BIU87 cells, respectively. By contrast, maspin levels were lower in chemoresistant patients and BIU87-CisR cells. Subsequent to VEGF-C inhibition, maspin expression was markedly increased. Cisplatin (3 μM) resulted in moderate proliferation inhibition of BIU87-CisR cells without siRNA pretreatment; however, significant inhibition was observed in the VEGF-C siRNA treated group. In addition, the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by cisplatin was enhanced by VEGF-C inhibition. Overexpression of maspin was able to improve the sensitivity of BIU87-CisR cells to cisplatin. In conclusion, the resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin may be induced by upregulation of VEGF-C, and inhibition of VEGF-C reverses resistance by elevating maspin expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yun
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Influence of histologic criteria and confounding factors in staging equivocal cases for microscopic perivesical tissue invasion (pT3a): an interobserver study among genitourinary pathologists. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:167-75. [PMID: 24145655 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current oncology guidelines and clinical trials consider giving adjuvant chemotherapy to bladder cancer patients with at least microscopic perivesical tissue invasion (MPVTI) (≥pT3a) on cystectomy. The boundary of muscularis propria (MP) and perivesical tissue is commonly ill defined, and hence, when the tumor involves the interface, interpretation of MPVTI is likely to be subjective. In this study, 20 sets of static images that included 1 nontumoral bladder wall for defining MP-perivesical tissue boundary and 19 bladder cancer cases equivocal for MPVTI with confounding factors were sent to 17 expert genitourinary pathologists for review. The confounding factors were "histoanatomic," as defined by the irregular MP-perivesical tissue boundary, and "tumor related," such as fibrosis, dense inflammation, tumor cells at the edge of the outermost MP muscle bundle, and lymphovascular invasion. These equivocal cases were divided into 3 categories according to the following factors: (1) histoanatomic only (7/19), (2) histoanatomic+tumor related (7/19), and (3) tumor related only (5/19). Participating genitourinary pathologists used different criteria to assess MPVTI: (A) drawing a straight horizontal line using the outermost MP muscle bundle edge as the MP-perivesical tissue boundary reference (3/17); (B) drawing multiple straight lines interconnecting the outermost MP muscle bundle edges (9/17); (C) following the curves of every outermost MP muscle bundle edge (4/17). In category 1 cases, most pathologists who used the A criterion called for absence (6/7), whereas those who used the C criterion called for presence (5/7) of MPVTI, which resulted in disparity in 4/7 cases. There was no circumstance in which criteria A and C agreed on the presence or absence of MPVTI but was opposed by the B criterion in category 1 cases. Median pairwise agreement among all pathologists (regardless of criteria) for all cases (regardless of category) was only "fair" (κ=0.281). However, when only the B criterion was assessed for category 1 cases, median agreement was "substantial" (κ=0.696), and pairwise rater comparisons included 6/36 (17%) "near perfect," 13/36 (36%) "substantial," and 11/36 (31%) "moderate" agreements. When all cases with histoanatomic factors (categories 1 and 2) were combined, median pairwise agreements were: (A) κ=0.588, (B) κ=0.423, and (C) κ=0.512, and the B criterion rater comparisons included 0/36 (0%) "near perfect," 6/36 (17%) "substantial," and 16/36 (44%) "moderate" agreements, which showed the confounding effect of tumor-related factors. For category 3 cases, median pairwise agreement for all pathologists was "fair" (κ=0.286), with consensus agreement in only 2/5 of these equivocal cases. Lymphovascular invasion only at the MP-perivesical tissue boundary was not staged as MPVTI by 87.5% of pathologists. In conclusion, this study showed that interpretation of equivocal cases for MPVTI can be made difficult by factors intrinsic to bladder histoanatomy, defined by an irregular MP-perivesical tissue boundary, and factors related to tumor spread. There are at least 3 different approaches to demarcating an irregular outer MP boundary, and agreement is improved on equivocal cases when a common histoanatomic criterion is used. However, inconsistent agreement of anatomic criteria may cause systematic discrepancy in assessing MPVTI. Tumor-related factors such as dense fibrosis or desmoplasia, obscuring inflammation, tumor cells at the edge of the outermost MP muscle bundle, and admixed lymphovascular invasion can also negatively influence the agreement on interpretation of MPVTI. This study highlights the need to adopt common criteria in defining the outer MP boundary. Future studies may identify the most clinically relevant histoanatomic criteria for MPVTI.
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15
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Murphy CR, Karnes RJ. Bladder Cancer in Males: A Comprehensive Review of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. JOURNAL OF MEN'S HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jomh.2014.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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16
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Cirone P, Andresen CJ, Eswaraka JR, Lappin PB, Bagi CM. Patient-derived xenografts reveal limits to PI3K/mTOR- and MEK-mediated inhibition of bladder cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:525-38. [PMID: 24442130 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic bladder cancer is a serious condition with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 14 %, a rate that has remained unchanged for almost three decades. Thus, there is a profound need to identify the driving mutations for these aggressive tumors to better determine appropriate treatments. Mutational analyses of clinical samples suggest that mutations in either the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or RAS/MEK/ERK pathways drive bladder cancer progression, although it remains to be tested whether the inhibition of either (or both) of these pathways can arrest PI3K/mTOR- or Ras-driven proliferation. METHODS Herein, we used several bladder cancer cell lines to determine drug sensitivity according to genetic background and also studied mouse models of engrafted UM-UC-3 cells and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to test PI3K/mTOR and MEK inhibition in vivo. RESULTS Inhibition of these pathways utilizing PF-04691502, a PI3K and mTOR inhibitor, and PD-0325901, a MEK inhibitor, slowed the tumor growth of PDX models of bladder cancer. The growth inhibitory effect of combination therapy was similar to that of the clinical maximum dose of cisplatin; mechanistically, this appeared to predominantly occur via drug-induced cytostatic growth inhibition as well as diminished vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in the tumor models. Kinase arrays of tumors harvested after treatment demonstrated activated p53 and Axl as well as STAT1 and STAT3. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that clinically relevant doses of PF-04691502 and PD-0325901 can suppress bladder tumor growth in PDX models, thus offering additional potential treatment options by a precision medicine approach.
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17
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Wang YJ, Chen RJ. Pterostilbene Protection and Bladder Cancer Cells. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.00027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Raman JD, Lin YK, Kaag M, Atkinson T, Crispen P, Wille M, Smith N, Hockenberry M, Guzzo T, Peyronnet B, Bensalah K, Simhan J, Kutikov A, Cha E, Herman M, Scherr D, Shariat SF, Boorjian SA. High rates of advanced disease, complications, and decline of renal function after radical nephroureterectomy. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:47.e9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Hegele A, Goebell P, Matz U, Neuhaus T. Monotherapy with intravenous vinflunine in patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer after failure of a platinum-containing regimen: a retrospective analysis of German routine data. Urol Int 2013; 92:174-9. [PMID: 24334998 DOI: 10.1159/000354751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of vinflunine monotherapy and the utility of second-line prognostic factors in patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer relapsing/progressing during or after a prior platinum-containing regimen under daily routine clinical conditions in Germany. METHODS The selection was based on the marketing authorization indication and recommendations as well as on the evaluation of second-line prognostic factors issued from prior pivotal trials. RESULTS Eight centers across Germany provided a total of 21 patient records. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar to the data previously reported in pivotal trials. Complete and partial response to vinflunine treatment was observed in 1 (4.8%) and 3 (14.3%) patients, respectively, resulting in an overall response rate of 19.1%. The disease control rate reached 47.7%. The median progression-free survival amounted to 4.4 months (95% CI 2.6-6.6), with a median overall survival of 6.2 months (95% CI 3.9-10.7). The observed toxicity profile was manageable and consistent with prior clinical trials: leukopenia (33.3%), neutropenia (9.5%), anemia (9.5%) and hyperglycemia (4.8%). The reported satisfaction rate with the treatment was 90.5 and 61.9% among patients and physicians, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study confirms that the clinical outcomes obtained from routine medical practice in Germany with vinflunine in the treatment of advanced/metastatic urothelial cancer are in line with the data observed in prior clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hegele
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, Marburg, Germany
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20
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Szepeshazi K, Schally AV, Keller G, Block NL, Benten D, Halmos G, Szalontay L, Vidaurre I, Jaszberenyi M, Rick FG. Receptor-targeted therapy of human experimental urinary bladder cancers with cytotoxic LH-RH analog AN-152 [AEZS- 108]. Oncotarget 2012; 3:686-99. [PMID: 22824624 PMCID: PMC3443252 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bladder cancers progress to invasion with poor prognosis; new therapeutic methods are needed. We developed a cytotoxic LH-RH analog, AN-152 (AEZS-108) containing doxorubicin (DOX), for targeted therapy of cancers expressing LHRH receptors. We investigated the expression of LH-RH receptors in clinical bladder cancers and in HT-1376, J82, RT-4 and HT-1197 human bladder cancer lines. The effect of analog, AN-152, on growth of these tumor lines xenografted into nude mice was analyzed. Using molecular and functional assays, we also evaluated the differences between the effects of AN-152, and DOX alone. We demonstrated the expression of LH-RH receptors on 18 clinical bladder cancers by immunohistochemistry and on four human urinary bladder cancer lines HT-1376, J82, RT-4 and HT-1197 by Western blotting and binding assays. AN-152 powerfully inhibited growth of these bladder cancers in nude mice. AN-152 exerted greater effects than DOX and was less toxic. DOX activated strong multidrug resistance mechanisms in RT-4 and HT-1197 cancers, while AN-152 had no or less such effect. PCR assays and in vitro studies revealed differences in the action of AN-152 and DOX on the expression of genes involved in apoptosis. These results suggest that targeted cytotoxic LH-RH analog, AN-152 (AEZS- 108), should be examined for treatment of patients with LH-RH receptor positive invasive bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoly Szepeshazi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Gunhild Keller
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University Clinic, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norman L. Block
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Daniel Benten
- Department of Gastroenterology University Clinic, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabor Halmos
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Luca Szalontay
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
| | - Irving Vidaurre
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
| | - Miklos Jaszberenyi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ferenc G. Rick
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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