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Fagundes DJ, Carrara FL, Teixeira WA, Simões RS, Taha MO. The role of the exogenous supply of adenosine triphosphate in the expression of Bax and Bcl2L1 genes in intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats 1. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 33:889-895. [PMID: 30484498 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180100000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of the exogenous supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the expression of Bax and Bcl2L1 genes in intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in rats. METHODS The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial with a blinded assessment of the outcome. Eighteen adult male Wistar-EPM1 rats were housed under controlled temperature and light conditions (22-23°C, 12 h light/dark cycle). The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1. Sham group (SG): no clamping of the superior mesenteric artery; 2. Ischemia and reperfusion group (IRG): 3. Ischemia and reperfusion plus ATP (IRG + ATP). ATP was injected in the femoral vein before and after ischemia. Afterwards, intestinal segments were appropriately removed and processed for Endothelial Cell Biology Rat RT2 Profiler PCR Array. RESULTS ATP promoted the upregulation of Bcl2L1 gene expression, whereas it did not have significant effects on Bax gene expression. In addition, the relation of Bax/Bcl2L1 gene expression in the IRG group was 1.39, whereas it was 0.43 in the IRG + ATP group. Bcl2L1 plays a crucial role in protecting against intestinal apoptosis after ischemia and reperfusion. Increased Bcl2L1 expression can inhibit apoptosis while decreased Bcl2L1 expression can trigger apoptosis. CONCLUSION Adenosine triphosphate was associated with antiapoptotic effects on the rat intestine ischemia and reperfusion by upregulating of Bcl2L1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djalma José Fagundes
- PhD, Full Professor, Division of Surgical Techniques and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision, final approval
| | - Fernando Lopes Carrara
- Graduate student, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Acquisition of data, technical procedures, manuscript preparation
| | - William Andrade Teixeira
- Graduate student, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Acquisition of data, technical procedures, manuscript preparation
| | - Ricardo Santos Simões
- PhD, Department of Morphology and Genetic, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Analysis of data, manuscript writing, final approval
| | - Murched Omar Taha
- PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Surgical Techniques and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision
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Schlegel A, Muller X, Dutkowski P. Hypothermic Machine Preservation of the Liver: State of the Art. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2018; 5:93-102. [PMID: 29564206 PMCID: PMC5843682 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-018-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we highlight which livers may benefit from additional treatment before implantation and describe the concept of hypothermic machine liver perfusion. Furthermore, we explain why cold oxygenated perfusion concepts could potentially lead to a breakthrough in this challenging field of transplantation. Accordingly, we summarize recent clinical applications of different hypothermic perfusion approaches. RECENT FINDINGS The impact of end-ischemic, hypothermic liver perfusion in liver transplantation is currently assessed by two multicenter, randomized controlled trials. Recently, new applications of hypothermic perfusion showed promising results and recipients were protected from severe intrahepatic biliary complications, despite the use of very extended criteria grafts including donation after circulatory death livers. SUMMARY Hypothermic machine liver perfusion is beneficial for high-risk livers and protects recipients from most feared complications. Importantly, such easy approach is currently implemented in several European centers and new markers obtained from perfusate may improve the prediction of liver function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xavier Muller
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Ravaioli M, Baldassare M, Vasuri F, Pasquinelli G, Laggetta M, Valente S, De Pace V, Neri F, Siniscalchi A, Zanfi C, Bertuzzo VR, Caraceni P, Trerè D, Longobardi P, Pinna AD. Strategies to Restore Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Level After More than 20 Hours of Cold Ischemia Time in Human Marginal Kidney Grafts. Ann Transplant 2018; 23:34-44. [PMID: 29326416 PMCID: PMC6248038 DOI: 10.12659/aot.905406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The persisting organ shortage in the field of transplantation recommends the use of marginal kidneys which poorly tolerate ischemic damage. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion during cold ischemia time (CIT) is considered crucial for graft function. We tested different strategies of kidney perfusion before transplantation in the attempt to improve the technique. Material/Methods Twenty human discarded kidneys from donors after brain death and with at least 20 hours of CIT were randomized to the following experimental groups (treatment time three-hours at 4°C): a) static cold storage (CS); b) static cold hyperbaric oxygenation (Hyp); c) hypothermic perfusion (PE); d) hypothermic perfusion in hyperbaric oxygenation (PE-Hyp); and e) hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (PE-O2). Results Histological results showed that perfusion with or without oxygen did not produce any endothelial damage. A depletion of ATP content following the preservation procedure was observed in CS, PE, and Hyp, while PE-Hyp and PE-O2 were associated with a net increase of ATP content with respect to baseline level. In addition, PE-Hyp was associated with a significant downregulation of endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression and of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Conclusions Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygenation with perfusion improves organ metabolic preservation compared to other methods. This approach may prevent the onset of delayed graft function, but clinical trials are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ravaioli
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Baldassare
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Vasuri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maristella Laggetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Valente
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vanessa De Pace
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Neri
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Siniscalchi
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanfi
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina R Bertuzzo
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Trerè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasquale Longobardi
- Institute for Life Sciences, Superior School for Advanced Studies Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio D Pinna
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
In recent years, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been used in the treatment of a lot of diseases such as decompression sickness, arterial gas embolism, carbon dioxide poisoning, soft tissue infection, refractory osteomyelitis, and problematic wound, but little is known about its application in liver transplantation. Although several studies have been conducted to investigate the protective effects of HBO on liver transplantation and liver preservation, there are still some controversies on this issue, especially its immunomodulatory effect. In this short review, we briefly summarize the findings supporting the application of HBO during liver transplantation (including donors and recipients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Lv
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui-Hong Han
- Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Jining City, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Liu S, Pang Q, Zhang J, Zhai M, Liu S, Liu C. Machine perfusion versus cold storage of livers: a meta-analysis. Front Med 2016; 10:451-464. [PMID: 27837413 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Different organ preservation methods are key factors influencing the results of liver transplantation. In this study, the outcomes of experimental models receiving donation after cardiac death (DCD) livers preserved through machine perfusion (MP) or static cold storage (CS) were compared by conducting a meta-analysis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to compare pooled data from two animal species. Twenty-four studies involving MP preservation were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with CS preservation, MP can reduce the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and hyaluronic acid (HA) and the changes in liver weight. By contrast, MP can enhance bile production and portal vein flow (PVF). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and histological changes significantly differed between the two preservation methods. In conclusion, MP of DCD livers is superior to CS in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qing Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Mimi Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Sinan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Chaves J, Neto F, Ikejiri A, Bertoletto P, Teruya R, Santos Simões R, Tikazawa E, Liu J, Carrara F, Taha M, Fagundes D. Period of Hyperbaric Oxygen Delivery Leads to Different Degrees of Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:516-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schlegel A, Kron P, Dutkowski P. Hypothermic Oxygenated Liver Perfusion: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Application. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2015; 2:52-62. [PMID: 26097802 PMCID: PMC4469295 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-014-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic preservation strategies such as hypothermic machine perfusion are increasingly discussed to improve liver graft quality before transplantation. This review summarizes current knowledge of this perfusion technique for liver preservation. We discuss optimization of perfusion conditions and current strategies to assess graft quality during cold perfusion. Next, we provide an overview of possible pathways of protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, we report on recent clinical applications of human hypothermic machine liver perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Schlegel
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Raemistr. 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P. Kron
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Raemistr. 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P. Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Raemistr. 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Nativ NI, Yarmush G, So A, Barminko J, Maguire TJ, Schloss R, Berthiaume F, Yarmush ML. Elevated sensitivity of macrosteatotic hepatocytes to hypoxia/reoxygenation stress is reversed by a novel defatting protocol. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:1000-11. [PMID: 24802973 PMCID: PMC4117728 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrosteatotic livers exhibit elevated intrahepatic triglyceride (TG) levels in the form of large lipid droplets (LDs), reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and this contributes to their elevated sensitivity to ischemia/reperfusion injury during transplantation. Reducing macrosteatosis in living donors through dieting has been shown to improve transplant outcomes. Accomplishing the same feat for deceased donor grafts would require ex vivo exposure to potent defatting agents. Here we used a rat hepatocyte culture system exhibiting a macrosteatotic LD morphology, elevated TG levels, and an elevated sensitivity to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) to test for such agents and ameliorate H/R sensitivity. Macrosteatotic hepatocyte preconditioning for 48 hours with a defatting cocktail that was previously developed to promote TG catabolism reduced the number of macrosteatotic LDs and intracellular TG levels by 82% and 27%, respectively, but it did not ameliorate sensitivity to H/R. Supplementation of this cocktail with l-carnitine, together with hyperoxic exposure, yielded a similar reduction in the number of macrosteatotic LDs and a 57% reduction in intrahepatic TG storage, likely by increasing the supply of acetyl coenzyme A to mitochondria, as indicated by a 70% increase in ketone body secretion. Furthermore, this treatment reduced ROS levels by 32%, increased ATP levels by 27% (to levels near those of lean controls), and completely abolished H/R sensitivity as indicated by approximately 85% viability after H/R and the reduction of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase release to levels seen in lean controls. Cultures maintained for 48 hours after H/R were approximately 83% viable and exhibited superior urea secretion and bile canalicular transport in comparison with untreated macrosteatotic cultures. In conclusion, these findings show that the elevated sensitivity of macrosteatotic hepatocytes to H/R can be overcome by defatting agents, and they suggest a possible route for the recovery of discarded macrosteatotic grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir I. Nativ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Gabriel Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Ashley So
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Jeffery Barminko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Timothy J. Maguire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | | | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ., Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Schlegel A, Dutkowski P. Role of hypothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2014; 28:677-89. [PMID: 24852621 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Machine liver perfusion has significantly evolved during the last ten years to optimize extended criteria liver grafts and to address the worldwide organ shortage. This review gives an overview on available ex vivo and in vivo data on hypothermic machine liver perfusion. We discuss also possible protective pathways and show most recent clinical applications of hypothermic machine liver perfusion in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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