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Harnessing conserved signaling and metabolic pathways to enhance the maturation of functional engineered tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:44. [PMID: 36057642 PMCID: PMC9440900 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell types offers promise for basic science, drug testing, disease modeling, personalized medicine, and translatable cell therapies across many tissue types. However, in practice many iPSC-derived cells have presented as immature in physiological function, and despite efforts to recapitulate adult maturity, most have yet to meet the necessary benchmarks for the intended tissues. Here, we summarize the available state of knowledge surrounding the physiological mechanisms underlying cell maturation in several key tissues. Common signaling consolidators, as well as potential synergies between critical signaling pathways are explored. Finally, current practices in physiologically relevant tissue engineering and experimental design are critically examined, with the goal of integrating greater decision paradigms and frameworks towards achieving efficient maturation strategies, which in turn may produce higher-valued iPSC-derived tissues.
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Zhang Z, Li S, Wang K, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Li S, Jiang X. Whole-genome sequencing identifies novel candidate pathogenic variants associated with left ventricular non-compaction in a three-generation family. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e501. [PMID: 34459129 PMCID: PMC8351521 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shiying Li
- Shenzhen Byoryn Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zicheng Zhao
- Shenzhen Byoryn Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shuaicheng Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Paredes A, Santos-Clemente R, Ricote M. Untangling the Cooperative Role of Nuclear Receptors in Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157775. [PMID: 34360540 PMCID: PMC8346021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to acquire its physiological function during development, enabling it to supply the organism with oxygen and nutrients. Given this early commitment, cardiomyocytes were traditionally considered transcriptionally stable cells fully committed to contractile function. However, growing evidence suggests that the maintenance of cardiac function in health and disease depends on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Several studies have revealed that the complex transcriptional alterations underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) manifestations such as myocardial infarction and hypertrophy is mediated by cardiac retinoid X receptors (RXR) and their partners. RXRs are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and drive essential biological processes such as ion handling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and glucose and lipid metabolism. RXRs are thus attractive molecular targets for the development of effective pharmacological strategies for CVD treatment and prevention. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of RXR partnership biology in cardiac homeostasis and disease, providing an up-to-date view of the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways that sustain cardiomyocyte physiology.
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Yitsege G, Stokes BA, Sabatino JA, Sugrue KF, Banyai G, Paronett EM, Karpinski BA, Maynard TM, LaMantia A, Zohn IE. Variations in maternal vitamin A intake modifies phenotypes in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1194-1208. [PMID: 32431076 PMCID: PMC7586978 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A regulates patterning of the pharyngeal arches, cranial nerves, and hindbrain that are essential for feeding and swallowing. In the LgDel mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), morphogenesis of multiple structures involved in feeding and swallowing are dysmorphic. We asked whether changes in maternal dietary Vitamin A intake can modify cranial nerve, hindbrain and pharyngeal arch artery development in the embryo as well as lung pathology that can be a sign of aspiration dysphagia in LgDel pups. METHODS Three defined amounts of vitamin A (4, 10, and 16 IU/g) were provided in the maternal diet. Cranial nerve, hindbrain and pharyngeal arch artery development was evaluated in embryos and inflammation in the lungs of pups to determine the impact of altering maternal diet on these phenotypes. RESULTS Reduced maternal vitamin A intake improved whereas increased intake exacerbated lung inflammation in LgDel pups. These changes were accompanied by increased incidence and/or severity of pharyngeal arch artery and cranial nerve V (CN V) abnormalities in LgDel embryos as well as altered expression of Cyp26b1 in the hindbrain. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that variations in maternal vitamin A intake can influence the incidence and severity of phenotypes in a mouse model 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelila Yitsege
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Bethany A. Stokes
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Julia A. Sabatino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Kelsey F. Sugrue
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Gabor Banyai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Elizabeth M. Paronett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Beverly A. Karpinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Thomas M. Maynard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
| | - Anthony‐S. LaMantia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Irene E. Zohn
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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Cao F, Yang Z, Yin L. A fetal mouse model of ventricular non-compaction using retinoic acid. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152496. [PMID: 31204178 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a fetal mouse model of non-compaction of ventricular myocardium (NVM) using All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). METHODS Pregnant mice were divided into blank control group, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control group and ATRA group. The pregnant mice at 8.5 days after pregnancy were given 70 mg/kg ATRA in DMSO to induce fetal mouse model of NVM in ATRA group. All the hearts were acquired and sliced in short axis from the neonatal mice sacrificed after delivery. Pathological changes were visualized under 40- and 100-fold magnification with Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining at different ventricular levels. The criteria for pathological diagnosis of classical NVM were: prominent trabeculations on the endocardial surface and deep intertrabecular recesses communicating with the ventricular cavity and the thickness ratio of non-compacted layer (N) to compact myocardium layer (C) N/C > 1.4. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) were used to analyze the differences of three groups, with P < 0.05 considered as significant. RESULTS The typical characteristics of NVM histopathological findings of ATRA fetal mouse were confirmed: compared to the hearts of blank control group (n = 20) and DMSO control group (n = 15), all the hearts of ATRA group (n = 17) showed the obviously thinner compacted layer and the much thicker non-compacted layer. The N/C ratio of left ventricles (LVs) in ATRA group was 2.735 ± 1.634, higher than those in DMSO control group 0.178 ± 0.119 and blank control group 0.195 ± 0.118 with significant difference (F = 32.550, P <0. 0001); N/C ratios of right ventricles (RVs) in the ATRA group were (6.068 ± 4.394), higher than those in the DMSO control group 0.459 ± 0.24 and in the blank control group 0.248 ± 0.182 with significant difference (F = 20.069, P <0.0001). LSD of LVs and RVs showed a significant difference between ATRA and blank control group (P < 0.0001), and between ATRA and DMSO control group (P < 0.0001). LSD showed no significant difference in two control groups of LVs (P = 0.963) and of RVs (P = 0.848) . CONCLUSION Excess ATRA could be used to induce NVM of fetal mice heart. This animal model might provide a platform for fundamental research of NVM pathogenesis and potential targeting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Lixue Yin
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Ultrasound in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Biomechanics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
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6
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Waardenberg AJ, Homan B, Mohamed S, Harvey RP, Bouveret R. Prediction and validation of protein-protein interactors from genome-wide DNA-binding data using a knowledge-based machine-learning approach. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.160183. [PMID: 27683156 PMCID: PMC5043580 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately predict the DNA targets and interacting cofactors of transcriptional regulators from genome-wide data can significantly advance our understanding of gene regulatory networks. NKX2-5 is a homeodomain transcription factor that sits high in the cardiac gene regulatory network and is essential for normal heart development. We previously identified genomic targets for NKX2-5 in mouse HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes using DNA-adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID). Here, we apply machine learning algorithms and propose a knowledge-based feature selection method for predicting NKX2-5 protein : protein interactions based on motif grammar in genome-wide DNA-binding data. We assessed model performance using leave-one-out cross-validation and a completely independent DamID experiment performed with replicates. In addition to identifying previously described NKX2-5-interacting proteins, including GATA, HAND and TBX family members, a number of novel interactors were identified, with direct protein : protein interactions between NKX2-5 and retinoid X receptor (RXR), paired-related homeobox (PRRX) and Ikaros zinc fingers (IKZF) validated using the yeast two-hybrid assay. We also found that the interaction of RXRα with NKX2-5 mutations found in congenital heart disease (Q187H, R189G and R190H) was altered. These findings highlight an intuitive approach to accessing protein-protein interaction information of transcription factors in DNA-binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Waardenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Bernou Homan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Mohamed
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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Kelder TP, Duim SN, Vicente-Steijn R, Végh AMD, Kruithof BPT, Smits AM, van Bavel TC, Bax NAM, Schalij MJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, DeRuiter MC, Goumans MJ, Jongbloed MRM. The epicardium as modulator of the cardiac autonomic response during early development. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:251-9. [PMID: 26527381 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac autonomic nervous system (cANS) modulates heart rate, contraction force and conduction velocity. The embryonic chicken heart already responds to epinephrine prior to establishment of the cANS. The aim of this study was to define the regions of the heart that might participate in modulating the early autonomic response to epinephrine. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals expression of neural markers tubulin beta-3 chain and neural cell adhesion molecule in the epicardium during early development. In addition, expression of the β2 adrenergic receptor, the receptor for epinephrine, was found in the epicardium. Ex-ovo micro-electrode recordings in hearts with inhibition of epicardial outgrowth showed a significantly reduced response of the heart rate to epinephrine compared to control hearts. This study suggests a role for the epicardium as autonomic modulator during early cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Kelder
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd N Duim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; ICIN Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M D Végh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke M Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C van Bavel
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje A M Bax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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8
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Ito K, Morioka M, Kimura S, Tasaki M, Inohaya K, Kudo A. Differential reparative phenotypes between zebrafish and medaka after cardiac injury. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1106-15. [PMID: 24947076 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish have the ability for heart regeneration. However, another teleost animal model, the medaka, had not yet been investigated for this capacity. RESULTS Compared with zebrafish, the medaka heart responded differently to an injury: An excessive fibrotic response occurred in the medaka heart, and existing cardiomyocytes or cardiac progenitor cells remained dormant, resulting in no numerical difference between the uncut and injured heart with respect to the number of EdU-incorporated cardiomyocytes. The results obtained from the analysis of the medaka raldh2-GFP transgenic line showed a lack of raldh2 expression in the endocardium. Regarding periostin expression, the localization of medaka periostin-b, a marker of fibrillogenesis, in the medaka heart remained at the wound site at 30 dpa; whereas zebrafish periostin-b was no longer localized at the wound but was detected in the epicardium at that time. CONCLUSIONS Compared with zebrafish heart regeneration, the medaka heart phenotypes suggest the possibility that the medaka could hardly regenerate its heart tissue or that these phenotypes for heart regeneration showed a delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ito
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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9
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Clowes C, Boylan MGS, Ridge LA, Barnes E, Wright JA, Hentges KE. The functional diversity of essential genes required for mammalian cardiac development. Genesis 2014; 52:713-37. [PMID: 24866031 PMCID: PMC4141749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes required for an organism to develop to maturity (for which no other gene can compensate) are considered essential. The continuing functional annotation of the mouse genome has enabled the identification of many essential genes required for specific developmental processes including cardiac development. Patterns are now emerging regarding the functional nature of genes required at specific points throughout gestation. Essential genes required for development beyond cardiac progenitor cell migration and induction include a small and functionally homogenous group encoding transcription factors, ligands and receptors. Actions of core cardiogenic transcription factors from the Gata, Nkx, Mef, Hand, and Tbx families trigger a marked expansion in the functional diversity of essential genes from midgestation onwards. As the embryo grows in size and complexity, genes required to maintain a functional heartbeat and to provide muscular strength and regulate blood flow are well represented. These essential genes regulate further specialization and polarization of cell types along with proliferative, migratory, adhesive, contractile, and structural processes. The identification of patterns regarding the functional nature of essential genes across numerous developmental systems may aid prediction of further essential genes and those important to development and/or progression of disease. genesis 52:713–737, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clowes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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11
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Nakajima Y, Imanaka-Yoshida K. New insights into the developmental mechanisms of coronary vessels and epicardium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:263-317. [PMID: 23445813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During heart development, the epicardium, which originates from the proepicardial organ (PE), is a source of coronary vessels. The PE develops from the posterior visceral mesoderm of the pericardial coelom after stimulation with a combination of weak bone morphogenetic protein and strong fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. PE-derived cells migrate across the heart surface to form the epicardial sheet, which subsequently seeds multipotent subepicardial mesenchymal cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which is regulated by several signaling pathways including retinoic acid, FGF, sonic hedgehog, Wnt, transforming growth factor-β, and platelet-derived growth factor. Subepicardial endothelial progenitors eventually generate the coronary vascular plexus, which acquires an arterial or venous phenotype, connects with the sinus venosus and aortic sinuses, and then matures through the recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells under the regulation of complex growth factor signaling pathways. These developmental programs might be activated in the adult heart after injury and play a role in the regeneration/repair of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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von Gise A, Pu WT. Endocardial and epicardial epithelial to mesenchymal transitions in heart development and disease. Circ Res 2012; 110:1628-45. [PMID: 22679138 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.259960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) converts epithelial cells to mobile and developmentally plastic mesenchymal cells. All cells in the heart arise from one or more EMTs. Endocardial and epicardial EMTs produce most of the noncardiomyocyte lineages of the mature heart. Endocardial EMT generates valve progenitor cells and is necessary for formation of the cardiac valves and for complete cardiac septation. Epicardial EMT is required for myocardial growth and coronary vessel formation, and it generates cardiac fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, a subset of coronary endothelial cells, and possibly a subset of cardiomyocytes. Emerging studies suggest that these developmental mechanisms are redeployed in adult heart valve disease, in cardiac fibrosis, and in myocardial responses to ischemic injury. Redirection and amplification of disease-related EMTs offer potential new therapeutic strategies and approaches for treatment of heart disease. Here, we review the role and molecular regulation of endocardial and epicardial EMT in fetal heart development, and we summarize key literature implicating reactivation of endocardial and epicardial EMT in adult heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Gise
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Arranz CT, Costa MÁ, Tomat AL. Orígenes fetales de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la vida adulta por deficiencia de micronutrientes. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Kikuchi K, Holdway JE, Major RJ, Blum N, Dahn RD, Begemann G, Poss KD. Retinoic acid production by endocardium and epicardium is an injury response essential for zebrafish heart regeneration. Dev Cell 2011; 20:397-404. [PMID: 21397850 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish heart regeneration occurs through the activation of cardiomyocyte proliferation in areas of trauma. Here, we show that within 3 hr of ventricular injury, the entire endocardium undergoes morphological changes and induces expression of the retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme raldh2. By one day posttrauma, raldh2 expression becomes localized to endocardial cells at the injury site, an area that is supplemented with raldh2-expressing epicardial cells as cardiogenesis begins. Induced transgenic inhibition of RA receptors or expression of an RA-degrading enzyme blocked regenerative cardiomyocyte proliferation. Injured hearts of the ancient fish Polypterus senegalus also induced and maintained robust endocardial and epicardial raldh2 expression coincident with cardiomyocyte proliferation, whereas poorly regenerative infarcted murine hearts did not. Our findings reveal that the endocardium is a dynamic, injury-responsive source of RA in zebrafish, and indicate key roles for endocardial and epicardial cells in targeting RA synthesis to damaged heart tissue and promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazu Kikuchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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15
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Clagett-Dame M, Knutson D. Vitamin A in reproduction and development. Nutrients 2011; 3:385-428. [PMID: 22254103 PMCID: PMC3257687 DOI: 10.3390/nu3040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirement for vitamin A in reproduction was first recognized in the early 1900's, and its importance in the eyes of developing embryos was realized shortly after. A greater understanding of the large number of developmental processes that require vitamin A emerged first from nutritional deficiency studies in rat embryos, and later from genetic studies in mice. It is now generally believed that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the form of vitamin A that supports both male and female reproduction as well as embryonic development. This conclusion is based on the ability to reverse most reproductive and developmental blocks found in vitamin A deficiency induced either by nutritional or genetic means with RA, and the ability to recapitulate the majority of embryonic defects in retinoic acid receptor compound null mutants. The activity of the catabolic CYP26 enzymes in determining what tissues have access to RA has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism, and helps to explain why exogenous RA can rescue many vitamin A deficiency defects. In severely vitamin A-deficient (VAD) female rats, reproduction fails prior to implantation, whereas in VAD pregnant rats given small amounts of carotene or supported on limiting quantities of RA early in organogenesis, embryos form but show a collection of defects called the vitamin A deficiency syndrome or late vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is also essential for the maintenance of the male genital tract and spermatogenesis. Recent studies show that vitamin A participates in a signaling mechanism to initiate meiosis in the female gonad during embryogenesis, and in the male gonad postnatally. Both nutritional and genetic approaches are being used to elucidate the vitamin A-dependent pathways upon which these processes depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Danielle Knutson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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D'Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients 2011; 3:63-103. [PMID: 21350678 PMCID: PMC3042718 DOI: 10.3390/nu3010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are required for maintaining many essential physiological processes in the body, including normal growth and development, normal vision, a healthy immune system, normal reproduction, and healthy skin and barrier functions. In excess of 500 genes are thought to be regulated by retinoic acid. 11-cis-retinal serves as the visual chromophore in vision. The body must acquire retinoid from the diet in order to maintain these essential physiological processes. Retinoid metabolism is complex and involves many different retinoid forms, including retinyl esters, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid and oxidized and conjugated metabolites of both retinol and retinoic acid. In addition, retinoid metabolism involves many carrier proteins and enzymes that are specific to retinoid metabolism, as well as other proteins which may be involved in mediating also triglyceride and/or cholesterol metabolism. This review will focus on recent advances for understanding retinoid metabolism that have taken place in the last ten to fifteen years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana N D'Ambrosio
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Ghatpande SK, Zhou HR, Cakstina I, Carlson C, Rondini EA, Romeih M, Zile MH. Transforming growth factor beta2 is negatively regulated by endogenous retinoic acid during early heart morphogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2010; 52:433-55. [PMID: 20507358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A-deficient (VAD) quail embryos lack the vitamin A-active form, retinoic acid (RA) and are characterized by a phenotype that includes a grossly abnormal cardiovascular system that can be rescued by RA. Here we report that the transforming growth factor, TGFbeta2 is involved in RA-regulated cardiovascular development. In VAD embryos TGFbeta2 mRNA and protein expression are greatly elevated. The expression of TGFbeta receptor II is also elevated in VAD embryos but is normalized by treatment with TGFbeta2-specific antisense oligonucleotides (AS). Administration of this AS or an antibody specific for TGFbeta2 to VAD embryos normalizes posterior heart development and vascularization, while the administration of exogenous active TGFbeta2 protein to normal quail embryos mimics the excessive TGFbeta2 status of VAD embryos and induces VAD cardiovascular phenotype. In VAD embryos pSmad2/3 and pErk1 are not activated, while pErk2 and pcRaf are elevated and pSmad1/5/8 is diminished. We conclude that in the early avian embryo TGFbeta2 has a major role in the retinoic acid-regulated posterior heart morphogenesis for which it does not use Smad2/3 pathways, but may use other signaling pathways. Importantly, we conclude that retinoic acid is a critical negative physiological regulator of the magnitude of TGFbeta2 signals during vertebrate heart formation.
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Zile MH. Vitamin A-not for your eyes only: requirement for heart formation begins early in embryogenesis. Nutrients 2010; 2:532-50. [PMID: 22254040 PMCID: PMC3257662 DOI: 10.3390/nu2050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A insufficiency has profound adverse effects on embryonic development. Major advances in understanding the role of vitamin A in vertebrate heart formation have been made since the discovery that the vitamin A active form, all-trans-retinoic acid, regulates many genes, including developmental genes. Among the experimental models used, the vitamin A-deficient avian embryo has been an important tool to study the function of vitamin A during early heart formation. A cluster of retinoic acid-regulated developmental genes have been identified that participate in building the heart. In the absence of retinoic acid the embryonic heart develops abnormally leading to embryolethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija H Zile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Gavrilova R, Babovic N, Lteif A, Eidem B, Kirmani S, Olson T, Babovic-Vuksanovic D. Vitamin A deficiency in an infant with PAGOD syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:2241-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Retinoids regulate TGFbeta signaling at the level of Smad2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:2279-86. [PMID: 18773928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Indirect regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling by retinoids occurs on a long-term timescale, secondary to transcriptional events. Studies by our group show loss of retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha results in increased TGFbeta2 in the midgestational heart, which may play a role in the cardiac defects seen in this model [S.W. Kubalak, D.R. Hutson, K.K. Scott and R.A. Shannon, Elevated transforming growth factor beta2 enhances apoptosis and contributes to abnormal outflow tract and aortic sac development in retinoic X receptor alpha knockout embryos, Development 129 (2002) 733-746.]. Acute and direct interactions between retinoid and TGFbeta signaling, however, are not clearly understood. Treatment of dispersed hearts and NIH3T3 cells for 1 h with TGFbeta and retinoids (dual treatment) resulted in increased phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 when compared to treatment with TGFbeta alone. Of all dual treatments, those with the RXR agonist Bexarotene, resulted in the highest level of phosphorylated Smad2, a 7-fold increase over TGFbeta2 alone. Additionally, during dual treatment phosphorylation of Smad2 occurs via the TGFbeta type I receptor but not by increased activation of the receptor. As loss of RXRalpha results in increased levels of Smad2 phosphorylation in response to TGFbeta treatment and since nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated Smad2 is decreased during dual treatment, we propose that RXRalpha directly regulates the activities of Smad2. These data show retinoid signaling influences the TGFbeta pathway in an acute and direct manner that has been unappreciated until now.
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