1
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Mabrouk DM. Antimicrobial peptides: features, applications and the potential use against covid-19. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10039-10050. [PMID: 35606604 PMCID: PMC9126628 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse class of molecules that represent a vital part of innate immunity. AMPs are evolutionarily conserved molecules that exhibit structural and functional diversity. They provide a possible solution to the antibiotic-resistance crisis. MAIN TEXT These small cationic peptides can target bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as cancer cells. Their unique action mechanisms, rare antibiotic-resistant variants, broad-spectrum activity, low toxicity, and high specificity encourage pharmaceutical industries to conduct clinical trials to develop them as therapeutic drugs. The rapid development of computer-assisted strategies accelerated the identification of AMPs. The Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) so far contains 3324 AMPs from different sources. In addition to their applications in different fields, some AMPs demonstrated the potential to combat COVID-19, and hinder viral infectivity in diverse ways. CONCLUSIONS This review provides a brief history of AMPs and their features, including classification, evolution, sources and mechanisms of action, biosynthesis pathway, and identification techniques. Furthermore, their different applications, challenges to clinical applications, and their potential use against COVID-19 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Mamdouh Mabrouk
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth, St., P.O.12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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2
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Safdari Lord J, Soltani Rezaiezadeh J, Yekaninejad MS, Izadi P. The association of APOE genotype with COVID-19 disease severity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13483. [PMID: 35931737 PMCID: PMC9356041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused the recent pandemic of respiratory infection, which threatened global health. The severity of the symptoms varies among affected individuals, from asymptotic or mild signs to severe or critical illness. Genetic predisposition explains the variation in disease severity among patients who suffer from severe symptoms without any known background risk factors. The present study was performed to show the association between APOE genotype and the severity of COVID-19 disease. The APOE genotype of 201 COVID-19 patients (101 patients with asymptomatic to mild form of the disease as the control group and 100 patients with severe to critical illness without any known background risk factors as the case group) were detected via multiplex tetra-primer ARMS-PCR method. Results showed that the e4 allele increased the risk of the COVID-19 infection severity more than five times and the e4/e4 genotype showed a 17-fold increase in the risk of severe disease. In conclusion, since our study design was based on the exclusion of patients with underlying diseases predisposing to severe form of COVID-19 and diseases related to the APOE gene in the study population, our results showed that the e4 genotype is independently associated with the severity of COVID-19 disease. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings in other nations and to demonstrate the mechanisms behind the role of these alleles in disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Safdari Lord
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Soltani Rezaiezadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pantea Izadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Moffitt JR, Lundberg E, Heyn H. The emerging landscape of spatial profiling technologies. Nat Rev Genet 2022; 23:741-759. [PMID: 35859028 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Improved scale, multiplexing and resolution are establishing spatial nucleic acid and protein profiling methods as a major pillar for cellular atlas building of complex samples, from tissues to full organisms. Emerging methods yield omics measurements at resolutions covering the nano- to microscale, enabling the charting of cellular heterogeneity, complex tissue architectures and dynamic changes during development and disease. We present an overview of the developing landscape of in situ spatial genome, transcriptome and proteome technologies, exemplify their impact on cell biology and translational research, and discuss current challenges for their community-wide adoption. Among many transformative applications, we envision that spatial methods will map entire organs and enable next-generation pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Moffitt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holger Heyn
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Ortega-Bernal D, Zarate S, Martinez-Cárdenas MDLÁ, Bojalil R. An approach to cellular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 through protein-protein interaction and enrichment analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9399. [PMID: 35672403 PMCID: PMC9172986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a primarily pulmonary disease that can affect several organs, directly or indirectly. To date, there are many questions about the different pathological mechanisms. Here, we generate an approach to identify the cellular-level tropism of SARS-CoV-2 using human proteomics, virus-host interactions, and enrichment analysis. Through a network-based approach, the molecular context was visualized and analyzed. This procedure was also performed for SARS-CoV-1. We obtained proteomes and interactomes from 145 different cells corresponding to 57 different tissues. We discarded the cells without the proteins known for interacting with the virus, such as ACE2 or TMPRSS2. Of the remaining cells, a gradient of susceptibility to infection was observed. In addition, we identified proteins associated with the coagulation cascade that can be directly or indirectly affected by viral proteins. As a whole we identified 55 cells that could be potentially controlled by the virus, with different susceptibilities, mainly being pneumocytes, heart, kidney, liver, or small intestine cells. These results help to explain the molecular context and provide elements for possible treatments in the current situation. This strategy may be useful for other viruses, especially those with limited reported PPI, such as a new virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ortega-Bernal
- Department of Health Care, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Selene Zarate
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de La Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico City, 03100, México
| | | | - Rafael Bojalil
- Department of Health Care, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico.
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5
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Lalioti V, González-Sanz S, Lois-Bermejo I, González-Jiménez P, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Merino A, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Cell surface detection of vimentin, ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins reveals selective colocalization at primary cilia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7063. [PMID: 35487944 PMCID: PMC9052736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein mediates docking of the virus onto cells prior to viral invasion. Several cellular receptors facilitate SARS-CoV-2 Spike docking at the cell surface, of which ACE2 plays a key role in many cell types. The intermediate filament protein vimentin has been reported to be present at the surface of certain cells and act as a co-receptor for several viruses; furthermore, its potential involvement in interactions with Spike proteins has been proposed. Nevertheless, the potential colocalization of vimentin with Spike and its receptors on the cell surface has not been explored. Here we have assessed the binding of Spike protein constructs to several cell types. Incubation of cells with tagged Spike S or Spike S1 subunit led to discrete dotted patterns at the cell surface, which consistently colocalized with endogenous ACE2, but sparsely with a lipid raft marker. Vimentin immunoreactivity mostly appeared as spots or patches unevenly distributed at the surface of diverse cell types. Of note, vimentin could also be detected in extracellular particles and in the cytoplasm underlying areas of compromised plasma membrane. Interestingly, although overall colocalization of vimentin-positive spots with ACE2 or Spike was moderate, a selective enrichment of the three proteins was detected at elongated structures, positive for acetylated tubulin and ARL13B. These structures, consistent with primary cilia, concentrated Spike binding at the top of the cells. Our results suggest that a vimentin-Spike interaction could occur at selective locations of the cell surface, including ciliated structures, which can act as platforms for SARS-CoV-2 docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lalioti
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Sanz
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Lois-Bermejo
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Merino
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Hegde RS, Keenan RJ. The mechanisms of integral membrane protein biogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:107-124. [PMID: 34556847 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Roughly one quarter of all genes code for integral membrane proteins that are inserted into the plasma membrane of prokaryotes or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes. Multiple pathways are used for the targeting and insertion of membrane proteins on the basis of their topological and biophysical characteristics. Multipass membrane proteins span the membrane multiple times and face the additional challenges of intramembrane folding. In many cases, integral membrane proteins require assembly with other proteins to form multi-subunit membrane protein complexes. Recent biochemical and structural analyses have provided considerable clarity regarding the molecular basis of membrane protein targeting and insertion, with tantalizing new insights into the poorly understood processes of multipass membrane protein biogenesis and multi-subunit protein complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujan S Hegde
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Robert J Keenan
- Gordon Center for Integrative Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. Neuropathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier disruption are critical pathophysiological processes that contribute to the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:939-963. [PMID: 33822324 PMCID: PMC8021940 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has infected several millions of people, resulting in a huge socioeconomic cost and over 2.5 million deaths worldwide. Though the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, data have consistently shown that SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has implicated the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unfortunately, however, the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced impairment of the central nervous system are not completely known. Here, we review the literature on possible neuropathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced cerebral damage. The results suggest that downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with increased activity of the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion may result in upregulation of proinflammatory mediators and reactive species that trigger neuroinflammatory response and blood brain barrier disruption. Furthermore, dysregulation of hormone and neurotransmitter signalling may constitute a fundamental mechanism involved in the neuropathogenic sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The viral RNA or antigenic peptides also activate or interact with molecular signalling pathways mediated by pattern recognition receptors (e.g., toll-like receptors), nuclear factor kappa B, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, complement cascades, and cell suicide molecules. Potential molecular targets and therapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 induced neurologic damage are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Plot 681 Cadastral Zone, C-00 Research and Institution Area, Jabi Airport Road Bypass, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Nikos E Mastorakis
- Technical University of Sofia, Klement Ohridksi 8, 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
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8
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Gupta A, Gupta GS. Status of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement system in COVID-19 patients and therapeutic applications of antiviral plant MBLs. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2917-2942. [PMID: 33745077 PMCID: PMC7981598 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a virus called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." In the majority of patients, infection with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or may cause only mild symptoms. However, in some patients, there can also be immunological problems, such as macrophage activation syndrome (CSS) that results in cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Comprehension of host-microbe communications is the critical aspect in the advancement of new therapeutics against infectious illnesses. Endogenous animal lectins, a class of proteins, may perceive non-self glycans found on microorganisms. Serum mannose-binding lectin (sMBL), as a part of the innate immune framework, recognizes a wide range of microbial microorganisms and activates complement cascade via an antibody-independent pathway. Although the molecular basis for the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not generally understood, scientific literature indicates that COVID-19 is correlated with unregulated activation of the complement in terms of disease severity. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), inflammation, and immune paralysis contribute to unregulated complement activation. Pre-existing genetic defects in MBL and their association with complement play a major role in immune response dysregulation caused by SARS-CoV-2. In order to generate anti-complement-based therapies in Covid-19, an understanding of sMBL in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and complement is therefore essential. This review highlights the role of endogenous sMBL and complement activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their therapeutic management by various agents, mainly plant lectins, since antiviral mannose-binding plant lectins (pMBLs) offer potential applications in the prevention and control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gupta
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - G S Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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9
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Dvornikova KA, Bystrova EY, Churilov LP, Lerner A. Pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease in context of SARS-COV-2 infection. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5745-5758. [PMID: 34296352 PMCID: PMC8297608 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, the latest research results suggest that the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can enter host cells directly via the gastrointestinal tract by binding to the enterocyte-expressed ACE2 receptor, or indirectly as a result of infection of type II alveolar epithelial cells. At the same time, entry of SARS-CoV-2 through the gastrointestinal tract initiates the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, the formation of an excessive inflammatory reaction and critical increase in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which, subsequently, can presumably increase inflammation and induce intestinal damage in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aims of the present review were to reveal and analyze possible molecular pathways and consequences of the induction of an innate and adaptive immune response during infection with SARS-CoV-2 in patients with IBD. A thorough literature search was carried out by using the keywords: IBD, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19. Based on the screening, a number of intracellular and extracellular pathways were considered and discussed, which can impact the immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection in IBD patients. Additionally, the possible consequences of the infection for such patients were estimated. We further hypothesize that any virus, including the new SARS-CoV-2, infecting intestinal tissues and/or entering the host's body through receptors located on intestinal enterocytes may be a trigger for the onset of IBD in individuals with a genetic predisposition and/or the risk of developing IBD associated with other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Dvornikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - E. Yu. Bystrova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - L. P. Churilov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A. Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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10
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Raghav PK, Kalyanaraman K, Kumar D. Human cell receptors: potential drug targets to combat COVID-19. Amino Acids 2021; 53:813-842. [PMID: 33950300 PMCID: PMC8097256 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced that COVID-19 is a pandemic having a higher spread rate rather than the mortality. Identification of a potential approach or therapy against COVID-19 is still under consideration. Therefore, it is essential to have an insight into SARS-CoV-2, its interacting partner, and domains for an effective treatment. The present study is divided into three main categories, including SARS-CoV-2 prominent receptor and its expression levels, other interacting partners, and their binding domains. The first section focuses primarily on coronaviruses' general aspects (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses (MERS-CoV)) their structures, similarities, and mode of infections. The second section discusses the host receptors which includes the human targets of coronaviruses like dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), CD147, CD209L, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), and other miscellaneous targets (type-II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), furin, trypsin, cathepsins, thermolysin, elastase, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase, two-pore segment channel, and epithelium sodium channel C-α subunit). The human cell receptor, ACE2 plays an essential role in the Renin-Angiotensin system (RAS) pathway and COVID-19. Thus, this section also discusses the ACE2 expression and risk of COVID-19 infectivity in various organs and tissues such as the liver, lungs, intestine, heart, and reproductive system in the human body. Absence of ACE2 protein expression in immune cells could be used for limiting the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The third section covers the current available approaches for COVID-19 treatment. Overall, this review focuses on the critical role of human cell receptors involved in coronavirus pathogenesis, which would likely be used in designing target-specific drugs to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthana Kalyanaraman
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, 201301, India.
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11
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Tsai HC, Wei KC, Chen PY, Huang CY, Chen KT, Lin YJ, Cheng HW, Huang CH, Wang HT. Receptor-Interacting Protein 140 Enhanced Temozolomide-Induced Cellular Apoptosis Through Regulation of E2F1 in Human Glioma Cell Lines. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:113-124. [PMID: 34075570 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a grade IV glioma, is responsible for the highest years of potential life lost among cancers. The poor prognosis is attributable to its high recurrence rate, caused in part by the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a very versatile coregulator of nuclear receptors and transcription factors. Although many of the pathways regulated by RIP140 contribute significantly to cancer progression, the function of RIP140 in GBM remains to be determined. In this study, we found that higher RIP140 expression was associated with prolonged survival in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Intracellular RIP140 levels were increased after E2F1 activation following temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, which in turn modulated the expression of E2F1-targeted apoptosis-related genes. Overexpression of RIP140 reduced glioma cell proliferation and migration, induced cellular apoptosis, and sensitized GBM cells to TMZ. Conversely, knockdown of RIP140 increased TMZ resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that RIP140 prolongs the survival of patients with GBM both by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and migration and by increasing cellular sensitivity to chemotherapy. This study helps improve our understanding of glioma recurrence and may facilitate the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei Municipal, Taipei, 236, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 204, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 204, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Ting Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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12
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Permana H, Huang I, Purwiga A, Kusumawardhani NY, Sihite TA, Martanto E, Wisaksana R, Soetedjo NNM. In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:769-780. [PMID: 33608850 PMCID: PMC7895740 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The idea of treating COVID-19 with statins is biologically plausible, although it is still controversial. The systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to address the association between the use of statins and risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19. METHODS Several electronic databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, EuropePMC, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, with relevant keywords up to 11 November 2020, were used to perform a systematic literature search. This study included research papers containing samples of adult COVID-19 patients who had data on statin use and recorded mortality as their outcome of interest. Risk estimates of mortality in statin users versus non-statin users were pooled across studies using inverse-variance weighted DerSimonian-Laird random-effect models. RESULTS Thirteen studies with a total of 52,122 patients were included in the final qualitative and quantitative analysis. Eight studies reported in-hospital use of statins; meanwhile, the remaining studies reported pre-admission use of statins. In-hospital use of statin was associated with a reduced risk of mortality (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.50-0.58, p < 0.00001; I2: 0%, p = 0.87), while pre-admission use of statin was not associated with mortality (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.79-1.77, p = 0.415; I2: 68.6%, p = 0.013). The funnel plot for the association between the use of statins and mortality were asymmetrical. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis showed that in-hospital use of statins was associated with a reduced risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmat Permana
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ian Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Aga Purwiga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nuraini Yasmin Kusumawardhani
- Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Teddy Arnold Sihite
- Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Erwan Martanto
- Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Wisaksana
- Division of Tropical and Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nanny Natalia M. Soetedjo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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13
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Feng Y, Liu X, Pauklin S. 3D chromatin architecture and epigenetic regulation in cancer stem cells. Protein Cell 2021; 12:440-454. [PMID: 33453053 PMCID: PMC8160035 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation of cell identity to a progenitor-like or stem cell-like state with increased cellular plasticity is frequently observed in cancer formation. During this process, a subpopulation of cells in tumours acquires a stem cell-like state partially resembling to naturally occurring pluripotent stem cells that are temporarily present during early embryogenesis. Such characteristics allow these cancer stem cells (CSCs) to give rise to the whole tumour with its entire cellular heterogeneity and thereby support metastases formation while being resistant to current cancer therapeutics. Cancer development and progression are demarcated by transcriptional dysregulation. In this article, we explore the epigenetic mechanisms shaping gene expression during tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell formation, with an emphasis on 3D chromatin architecture. Comparing the pluripotent stem cell state and epigenetic reprogramming to dedifferentiation in cellular transformation provides intriguing insight to chromatin dynamics. We suggest that the 3D chromatin architecture could be used as a target for re-sensitizing cancer stem cells to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Feng
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Xingguo Liu
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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14
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Yu X, Li H. Origin of ethnic groups, linguistic families, and civilizations in China viewed from the Y chromosome. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:783-797. [PMID: 34037863 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
East Asia, geographically extending to the Pamir Plateau in the west, to the Himalayan Mountains in the southwest, to Lake Baikal in the north and to the South China Sea in the south, harbors a variety of people, cultures, and languages. To reconstruct the natural history of East Asians is a mission of multiple disciplines, including genetics, archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology. Geneticists confirm the recent African origin of modern East Asians. Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa and immigrated into East Asia via a southern route approximately 50,000 years ago. Following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 12,000 years ago, rice and millet were domesticated in the south and north of East Asia, respectively, which allowed human populations to expand and linguistic families and ethnic groups to develop. These Neolithic populations produced a strong relation between the present genetic structures and linguistic families. The expansion of the Hongshan people from northeastern China relocated most of the ethnic populations on a large scale approximately 5300 years ago. Most of the ethnic groups migrated to remote regions, producing genetic structure differences between the edge and center of East Asia. In central China, pronounced population admixture occurred and accelerated over time, which subsequently formed the Han Chinese population and eventually the Chinese civilization. Population migration between the north and the south throughout history has left a smooth gradient in north-south changes in genetic structure. Observation of the process of shaping the genetic structure of East Asians may help in understanding the global natural history of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Datong, 037006, China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Datong, 037006, China.
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15
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Nel AE, Miller JF. Nano-Enabled COVID-19 Vaccines: Meeting the Challenges of Durable Antibody Plus Cellular Immunity and Immune Escape. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5793-5818. [PMID: 33793189 PMCID: PMC8029448 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
At the time of preparing this Perspective, large-scale vaccination for COVID-19 is in progress, aiming to bring the pandemic under control through vaccine-induced herd immunity. Not only does this vaccination effort represent an unprecedented scientific and technological breakthrough, moving us from the rapid analysis of viral genomes to design, manufacture, clinical trial testing, and use authorization within the time frame of less than a year, but it also highlights rapid progress in the implementation of nanotechnology to assist vaccine development. These advances enable us to deliver nucleic acid and conformation-stabilized subunit vaccines to regional lymph nodes, with the ability to trigger effective humoral and cellular immunity that prevents viral infection or controls disease severity. In addition to a brief description of the design features of unique cationic lipid and virus-mimicking nanoparticles for accomplishing spike protein delivery and presentation by the cognate immune system, we also discuss the importance of adjuvancy and design features to promote cooperative B- and T-cell interactions in lymph node germinal centers, including the use of epitope-based vaccines. Although current vaccine efforts have demonstrated short-term efficacy and vaccine safety, key issues are now vaccine durability and adaptability against viral variants. We present a forward-looking perspective of how vaccine design can be adapted to improve durability of the immune response and vaccine adaptation to overcome immune escape by viral variants. Finally, we consider the impact of nano-enabled approaches in the development of COVID-19 vaccines for improved vaccine design against other infectious agents, including pathogens that may lead to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeff F. Miller
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
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16
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Research progress on coronavirus S proteins and their receptors. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1811-1817. [PMID: 33778918 PMCID: PMC8005323 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of important pathogens that cause human and animal diseases. At the end of 2019, a pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus brought attention to coronaviruses. Exploring the interaction between the virus and its receptor will be helpful in developing preventive vaccines and therapeutic drugs. The coronavirus spike protein (S) plays an important role in both binding to receptors on host cells and fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. This review introduces the structure and function of the S protein and its receptor, focusing on the binding mode and binding region of both.
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17
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Mu Z, Haynes BF, Cain DW. HIV mRNA Vaccines-Progress and Future Paths. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:134. [PMID: 33562203 PMCID: PMC7915550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic introduced the world to a new type of vaccine based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Instead of delivering antigenic proteins directly, an mRNA-based vaccine relies on the host's cells to manufacture protein immunogens which, in turn, are targets for antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. mRNA-based vaccines have been the subject of research for over three decades as a platform to protect against or treat a variety of cancers, amyloidosis and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss mRNA-based approaches for the generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to HIV. We examine the special immunological hurdles for a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and effective T cell responses to HIV. Lastly, we outline an mRNA-based HIV vaccination strategy based on the immunobiology of broadly neutralizing antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Mu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W. Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
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18
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects both children and adults but epidemiological and clinical data demonstrate that children are less likely to have a severe disease course or die. Furthermore, asthmatic children show less severe disease manifestations when infected with SARS-CoV-2 comparing to adults. This review focuses on SARS-CoV-2 and childhood asthma interaction and aims at summarizing the current knowledge of the potential mechanisms that ameliorate disease symptomatology in asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Kantar
- Pediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, Instituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi, University and Research Hospitals, Bergamo, Italy
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19
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Vasudevan A, Schukken KM, Sausville EL, Girish V, Adebambo OA, Sheltzer JM. Aneuploidy as a promoter and suppressor of malignant growth. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:89-103. [PMID: 33432169 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy has been recognized as a hallmark of tumorigenesis for more than 100 years, but the connection between chromosomal errors and malignant growth has remained obscure. New evidence emerging from both basic and clinical research has illuminated a complicated relationship: despite its frequency in human tumours, aneuploidy is not a universal driver of cancer development and instead can exert substantial tumour-suppressive effects. The specific consequences of aneuploidy are highly context dependent and are influenced by a cell's genetic and environmental milieu. In this Review, we discuss the diverse facets of cancer biology that are shaped by aneuploidy, including metastasis, drug resistance and immune recognition, and we highlight aneuploidy's distinct roles as both a tumour promoter and an anticancer vulnerability.
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20
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da Silveira MP, da Silva Fagundes KK, Bizuti MR, Starck É, Rossi RC, de Resende e Silva DT. Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:15-28. [PMID: 32728975 PMCID: PMC7387807 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral respiratory infections are the main infectious disease in the world. In 2020, a new disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), became a global pandemic. The immune response to the virus depends on factors such as genetics, age and physical state, and its main input receptor is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. The practice of physical exercises acts as a modulator of the immune system. During and after physical exercise, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are released, lymphocyte circulation increases, as well as cell recruitment. Such practice has an effect on the lower incidence, intensity of symptoms and mortality in viral infections observed in people who practice physical activity regularly, and its correct execution must be considered to avoid damage. The initial response is given mainly by type I interferons (IFN-I), which drive the action macrophages and lymphocytes, followed by lymphocyte action. A suppression of the IFN-I response has been noted in COVID-19. Severe conditions have been associated with storms of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lymphopenia, as well as circulatory changes and virus dispersion to other organs. The practice of physical activities strengthens the immune system, suggesting a benefit in the response to viral communicable diseases. Thus, regular practice of adequate intensity is suggested as an auxiliary tool in strengthening and preparing the immune system for COVID-19. Further studies are needed to associate physical exercise with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matheus Ribeiro Bizuti
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, SC 484 - KM 02, 89802-000 Chapecó, SC Brazil
| | - Édina Starck
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, SC 484 - KM 02, 89802-000 Chapecó, SC Brazil
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