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Paveliev M, Egorchev AA, Musin F, Lipachev N, Melnikova A, Gimadutdinov RM, Kashipov AR, Molotkov D, Chickrin DE, Aganov AV. Perineuronal Net Microscopy: From Brain Pathology to Artificial Intelligence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4227. [PMID: 38673819 PMCID: PMC11049984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) are a special highly structured type of extracellular matrix encapsulating synapses on large populations of CNS neurons. PNN undergo structural changes in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, post-traumatic conditions, and some other brain disorders. The functional role of the PNN microstructure in brain pathologies has remained largely unstudied until recently. Here, we review recent research implicating PNN microstructural changes in schizophrenia and other disorders. We further concentrate on high-resolution studies of the PNN mesh units surrounding synaptic boutons to elucidate fine structural details behind the mutual functional regulation between the ECM and the synaptic terminal. We also review some updates regarding PNN as a potential pharmacological target. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods are now arriving as a new tool that may have the potential to grasp the brain's complexity through a wide range of organization levels-from synaptic molecular events to large scale tissue rearrangements and the whole-brain connectome function. This scope matches exactly the complex role of PNN in brain physiology and pathology processes, and the first AI-assisted PNN microscopy studies have been reported. To that end, we report here on a machine learning-assisted tool for PNN mesh contour tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anton A. Egorchev
- Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 35, Kazan 420008, Tatarstan, Russia; (A.A.E.); (F.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Foat Musin
- Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 35, Kazan 420008, Tatarstan, Russia; (A.A.E.); (F.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Nikita Lipachev
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Tatarstan, Russia; (N.L.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Anastasiia Melnikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Karl Marx 74, Kazan 420015, Tatarstan, Russia;
| | - Rustem M. Gimadutdinov
- Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 35, Kazan 420008, Tatarstan, Russia; (A.A.E.); (F.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Aidar R. Kashipov
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Systems Engineering, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Tatarstan, Russia; (A.R.K.); (D.E.C.)
| | - Dmitry Molotkov
- Biomedicum Imaging Unit, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Dmitry E. Chickrin
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Systems Engineering, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Tatarstan, Russia; (A.R.K.); (D.E.C.)
| | - Albert V. Aganov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 16a, Kazan 420008, Tatarstan, Russia; (N.L.); (A.V.A.)
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Lemieux SP, Lev-Ram V, Tsien RY, Ellisman MH. Perineuronal nets and the neuronal extracellular matrix can be imaged by genetically encoded labeling of HAPLN1 in vitro and in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.569151. [PMID: 38076839 PMCID: PMC10705503 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal extracellular matrix (ECM) and a specific form of ECM called the perineuronal net (PNN) are important structures for central nervous system (CNS) integrity and synaptic plasticity. PNNs are distinctive, dense extracellular structures that surround parvalbumin (PV)-positive inhibitory interneurons with openings at mature synapses. Enzyme-mediated PNN disruption can erase established memories and re-open critical periods in animals, suggesting that PNNs are important for memory stabilization and conservation. Here, we characterized the structure and distribution of several ECM/PNN molecules around neurons in culture, brain slice, and whole mouse brain. While specific lectins are well-established as PNN markers and label a distinct, fenestrated structure around PV neurons, we show that other CNS neurons possess similar extracellular structures assembled around hyaluronic acid, suggesting a PNN-like structure of different composition that is more widespread. We additionally report that genetically encoded labeling of hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) reveals a PNN-like structure around many neurons in vitro and in vivo. Our findings add to our understanding of neuronal extracellular structures and describe a new mouse model for monitoring live ECM dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina P. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0647
| | - Varda Lev-Ram
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0647
| | - Roger Y. Tsien
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0647
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0647
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0647
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0647
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