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Kim HJ, Oh HJ, Park JS, Lee JS, Kim J, Park K. Direct Conversion of Human Dermal Fibroblasts into Cardiomyocyte-Like Cells Using CiCMC Nanogels Coupled with Cardiac Transcription Factors and a Nucleoside Drug. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901818. [PMID: 32274291 PMCID: PMC7141010 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using direct conversion technology, normal adult somatic cells can be routinely switched from their original cell type into specific differentiated cell types by inducing the expression of differentiation-related transcription factors. In this study, normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) are directly converted into cardiomyocyte-like cells by drug and gene delivery using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) nanoparticles (CiCMC-NPs). CMC-based multifunctional nanogels containing specific cardiomyocyte-related genes are designed and fabricated, including GATA4, MEF2C, and TBX5 (GMT). However, GMT alone is insufficient, at least in vitro, in human fibroblasts. Hence, to inhibit proliferation and to induce differentiation, 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) is conjugated to the hydroxyl group of CMC in CiCMC-NPs containing GMT; in addition, the CMC is coated with polyethylenimine. It is confirmed that the CiCMC-NPs have nanogel properties, and that they exhibit the characteristic effects of 5-AZA and GMT. When CiCMC-NPs-containing 5-AZA and GMT are introduced into NHDFs, cardiomyocyte differentiation is initiated. In the reprogrammed cells, the mature cardiac-specific markers cardiac troponin I and α-actinin are expressed at twofold to threefold higher levels than in NHDFs. Engineered cells transplanted into live hearts exhibit active pumping ability within 1 day. Histology and immunohistology of heart tissue confirm the presence of transplanted engineered NHDF cells at injection sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Nano‐Regenerative Medical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Life ScienceCHA University618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong‐Dong, Bundang‐guSeongnam‐si13488Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jyung Oh
- Nano‐Regenerative Medical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Life ScienceCHA University618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong‐Dong, Bundang‐guSeongnam‐si13488Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Park
- Nano‐Regenerative Medical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Life ScienceCHA University618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong‐Dong, Bundang‐guSeongnam‐si13488Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Lee
- Nano‐Regenerative Medical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Life ScienceCHA University618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong‐Dong, Bundang‐guSeongnam‐si13488Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Hwan Kim
- Molecular GeneticsDepartment of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Life ScienceCHA University605, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong‐Dong, Bundang‐guSeongnam‐si13488Republic of Korea
| | - Keun‐Hong Park
- Nano‐Regenerative Medical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Life ScienceCHA University618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong‐Dong, Bundang‐guSeongnam‐si13488Republic of Korea
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Fiedorowicz K, Rozwadowska N, Zimna A, Malcher A, Tutak K, Szczerbal I, Nowicka-Bauer K, Nowaczyk M, Kolanowski TJ, Łabędź W, Kubaszewski Ł, Kurpisz M. Tissue-specific promoter-based reporter system for monitoring cell differentiation from iPSCs to cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1895. [PMID: 32024875 PMCID: PMC7002699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of using stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes opens a new platform for modeling cardiac cell differentiation and disease or the development of new drugs. Progress in this field can be accelerated by high-throughput screening (HTS) technology combined with promoter reporter system. The goal of the study was to create and evaluate a responsive promoter reporter system that allows monitoring of iPSC differentiation towards cardiomyocytes. The lentiviral promoter reporter system was based on troponin 2 (TNNT2) and alpha cardiac actin (ACTC) with firefly luciferase and mCherry, respectively. The system was evaluated in two in vitro models. First, system followed the differentiation of TNNT2-luc-T2A-Puro-mCMV-GFP and hACTC-mcherry-WPRE-EF1-Neo from transduced iPSC line towards cardiomyocytes and revealed the significant decrease in both inserts copy number during the prolonged in vitro cell culture (confirmed by I-FISH, ddPCR, qPCR). Second, differentiated and contracting control cardiomyocytes (obtained from control non-reporter transduced iPSCs) were subsequently transduced with TNNT2-luc-T2A-Puro-CMV-GFP and hACTC-mcherry-WPRE-EF1-Neo lentiviruses to observe the functionality of obtained cardiomyocytes. Our results indicated that the reporter modified cell lines can be used for HTS applications, but it is essential to monitor the stability of the reporter sequence during extended cell in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnieszka Zimna
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Malcher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tutak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Wojciech Łabędź
- Department of Spondyloortopaedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kubaszewski
- Department of Spondyloortopaedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kurpisz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Abstract
After a myocardial infarction, heart tissue becomes irreversibly damaged, leading to scar formation and inevitably ischemic heart failure. Of the many available interventions after a myocardial infarction, such as percutaneous intervention or pharmacological optimization, none can reverse the ischemic insult on the heart and restore cardiac function. Thus, the only available cure for patients with scarred myocardium is allogeneic heart transplantation, which comes with extensive costs, risks, and complications. However, multiple studies have shown that the heart is, in fact, not an end-stage organ and that there are endogenous mechanisms in place that have the potential to spark regeneration. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a potential tool to tap into and activate this endogenous framework. Particularly promising are stem cells derived from cardiac tissue itself, referred to as cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). CDCs can be extracted and isolated from the patient's myocardium and then administered by intramyocardial injection or intracoronary infusion. After early success in the animal model, multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of autologous CDC therapy in humans. Clinical trials with allogeneic CDCs showed early promising results and pose a potential "off-the-shelf" therapy for patients in the acute setting after a myocardial infarction. The mechanism responsible for CDC-induced cardiac regeneration seems to be a combination of triggering native cardiomyocyte proliferation and recruitment of endogenous progenitor cells, which most prominently occurs via paracrine effects. A further understanding of the mediators involved in paracrine signaling can help with the development of a stem cell-free therapy, with all the benefits and none of the associated complications.
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Mahapatra S, Martin D, Gallicano GI. Re-Defining Stem Cell-Cardiomyocyte Interactions: Focusing on the Paracrine Effector Approach. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2018. [PMID: 30018469 PMCID: PMC6043659 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1401003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research for treating or curing ischemic heart disease has, till date, culminated in three basic approaches: the use of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology; reprogramming cardiac fibroblasts; and cardiovascular progenitor cell regeneration. As each approach has been shown to have its advantages and disadvantages, exploiting the advantages while minimizing the disadvantages has been a challenge. Using human germline pluripotent stem cells (hgPSCs) along with a modified version of a relatively novel cell-expansion culture methodology to induce quick, indefinite expansion of normally slow growing hgPSCs, it was possible to emphasize the advantages of all three approaches. We consistently found that unipotent germline stem cells, when removed from their niche and cultured in the correct medium, expressed endogenously, pluripotency genes, which induced them to become hgPSCs. These cells are then capable of producing cell types from all three germ layers. Upon differentiation into cardiac lineages, our data consistently showed that they not only expressed cardiac genes, but also expressed cardiac-promoting paracrine factors. Taking these data a step further, we found that hgPSC-derived cardiac cells could integrate into cardiac tissue in vivo. Note, while the work presented here was based on testes-derived hgPSCs, data from other laboratories have shown that ovaries contain very similar types of stem cells that can give rise to hgPSCs. As a result, hgPSCs should be considered a viable option for eventual use in patients, male or female, with ischemic heart disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dianna Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G Ian Gallicano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, USA
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Ghiroldi A, Piccoli M, Ciconte G, Pappone C, Anastasia L. Regenerating the human heart: direct reprogramming strategies and their current limitations. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Doppler SA, Deutsch MA, Lange R, Krane M. Direct Reprogramming-The Future of Cardiac Regeneration? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17368-93. [PMID: 26230692 PMCID: PMC4581198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the only available curative therapy for end stage congestive heart failure (CHF) is heart transplantation. This therapeutic option is strongly limited by declining numbers of available donor hearts and by restricted long-term performance of the transplanted graft. The disastrous prognosis for CHF with its restricted therapeutic options has led scientists to develop different concepts of alternative regenerative treatment strategies including stem cell transplantation or stimulating cell proliferation of different cardiac cell types in situ. However, first clinical trials with overall inconsistent results were not encouraging, particularly in terms of functional outcome. Among other approaches, very promising ongoing pre-clinical research focuses on direct lineage conversion of scar fibroblasts into functional myocardium, termed “direct reprogramming” or “transdifferentiation.” This review seeks to summarize strategies for direct cardiac reprogramming including the application of different sets of transcription factors, microRNAs, and small molecules for an efficient generation of cardiomyogenic cells for regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Doppler
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Lange
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)-Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80802, Germany.
| | - Markus Krane
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)-Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80802, Germany.
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Zhao Z, Xu M, Wu M, Tian X, Zhang C, Fu X. Transdifferentiation of Fibroblasts by Defined Factors. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:151-9. [PMID: 26053515 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is usually considered to be an irreversible process during development due to robust lineage commitment. Feedback and feed-forward loops play a significant role in maintaining lineage-specific gene expression processes in various cell types, and, in turn, factors secreted by cells may regulate the homeostatic balance of these cycles during development and differentiation. The output of biological responses is controlled by such mechanisms in many regulatory pathways through gene networks involved in transcription, RNA metabolism, signal transduction, micromolecular synthesis, and degradation. The pluripotent stage during cellular conversion may be avoided through ectopic expression of lineage-specific factors. Lineage-specific transcription factors produced during development may strengthen cell type-specific gene expression patterns. Cellular phenotypes are further stabilized by epigenetic modifications. This reprogramming approach could have important implications for disease modeling and regenerative and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhao
- 1 Would Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 10853, PR China .,2 Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of The Second Artillery Corps , Beijing 100088, PR China .,6 These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mengyao Xu
- 3 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region , Shenyang 110000, PR China .,6 These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meng Wu
- 4 Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Xiaocheng Tian
- 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of The Second Artillery Corps , Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- 5 Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- 5 Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 100048, PR China
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Martin U. New Muscle for Old Hearts: Engineering Tissue from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:305-11. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Hastings CL, Roche ET, Ruiz-Hernandez E, Schenke-Layland K, Walsh CJ, Duffy GP. Drug and cell delivery for cardiac regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:85-106. [PMID: 25172834 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of ischaemic cardiomyopathy, encompassing acute myocardial infarction to congestive heart failure is a significant clinical issue in the modern era. This group of diseases is an enormous source of morbidity and mortality and underlies significant healthcare costs worldwide. Cardiac regenerative therapy, whereby pro-regenerative cells, drugs or growth factors are administered to damaged and ischaemic myocardium has demonstrated significant potential, especially preclinically. While some of these strategies have demonstrated a measure of success in clinical trials, tangible clinical translation has been slow. To date, the majority of clinical studies and a significant number of preclinical studies have utilised relatively simple delivery methods for regenerative therapeutics, such as simple systemic administration or local injection in saline carrier vehicles. Here, we review cardiac regenerative strategies with a particular focus on advanced delivery concepts as a potential means to enhance treatment efficacy and tolerability and ultimately, clinical translation. These include (i) delivery of therapeutic agents in biomaterial carriers, (ii) nanoparticulate encapsulation, (iii) multimodal therapeutic strategies and (iv) localised, minimally invasive delivery via percutaneous transcatheter systems.
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Fu JD, Srivastava D. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes for cardiac regenerative medicine. Circ J 2015; 79:245-54. [PMID: 25744738 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts play critical roles in maintaining normal cardiac function and in cardiac remodeling during pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction (MI). Adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) have little to no regenerative capacity; damaged CMs in the heart after MI are replaced by cardiac fibroblasts that become activated and transform into myofibroblasts, which preserves the structural integrity. Unfortunately, this process typically causes fibrosis and reduces cardiac function. Directly reprogramming adult cardiac fibroblasts into induced CM-like cells (iCMs) holds great promise for restoring heart function. Direct cardiac reprogramming also provides a new research model to investigate which transcription factors and microRNAs control the molecular network that guides cardiac cell fate. We review the approaches and characterization of in vitro and in vivo reprogrammed iCMs from different laboratories, and outline the future directions needed to translate this new approach into a practical therapy for damaged hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Fu
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Roma-Rodrigues C, Fernandes AR. Genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: advances and pitfalls in molecular diagnosis and therapy. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2014; 7:195-208. [PMID: 25328416 PMCID: PMC4199654 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s49126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary disease of the cardiac muscle that occurs mainly due to mutations (>1,400 variants) in genes encoding for the cardiac sarcomere. HCM, the most common familial form of cardiomyopathy, affecting one in every 500 people in the general population, is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, and presents variable expressivity and age-related penetrance. Due to the morphological and pathological heterogeneity of the disease, the appearance and progression of symptoms is not straightforward. Most HCM patients are asymptomatic, but up to 25% develop significant symptoms, including chest pain and sudden cardiac death. Sudden cardiac death is a dramatic event, since it occurs without warning and mainly in younger people, including trained athletes. Molecular diagnosis of HCM is of the outmost importance, since it may allow detection of subjects carrying mutations on HCM-associated genes before development of clinical symptoms of HCM. However, due to the genetic heterogeneity of HCM, molecular diagnosis is difficult. Currently, there are mainly four techniques used for molecular diagnosis of HCM, including Sanger sequencing, high resolution melting, mutation detection using DNA arrays, and next-generation sequencing techniques. Application of these methods has proven successful for identification of mutations on HCM-related genes. This review summarizes the features of these technologies, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, current therapeutics for HCM patients are correlated with clinically observed phenotypes and are based on the alleviation of symptoms. This is mainly due to insufficient knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the onset of HCM. Tissue engineering alongside regenerative medicine coupled with nanotherapeutics may allow fulfillment of those gaps, together with screening of novel therapeutic drugs and target delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal ; Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Kelaini S, Cochrane A, Margariti A. Direct reprogramming of adult cells: avoiding the pluripotent state. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 7:19-29. [PMID: 24627642 PMCID: PMC3931695 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s38006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The procedure of using mature, fully differentiated cells and inducing them toward other cell types while bypassing an intermediate pluripotent state is termed direct reprogramming. Avoiding the pluripotent stage during cellular conversions can be achieved either through ectopic expression of lineage-specific factors (transdifferentiation) or a direct reprogramming process that involves partial reprogramming toward the pluripotent stage. Latest advances in the field seek to alleviate concerns that include teratoma formation or retroviral usage when it comes to delivering reprogramming factors to cells. They also seek to improve efficacy and efficiency of cellular conversion, both in vitro and in vivo. The final products of this reprogramming approach could be then directly implemented in regenerative and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kelaini
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Amy Cochrane
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Belfast, UK
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