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Zhang L, Lin Q, Jiang L, Wu M, Huang L, Quan W, Li X. Increased circulating innate lymphoid cell (ILC)1 and decreased circulating ILC3 are involved in the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:201. [PMID: 35413831 PMCID: PMC9003988 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate lymphoid cell (ILC) dysfunction is involved in numerous immune diseases, but this has not been demonstrated in Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP). This study aimed to investigate whether ILC dysfunction or imbalance participate in the pathogenesis of HSP. Methods This was a prospective study in patients with HSP who were hospitalized at the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University from June to December 2019. Age- and sex-matched controls were also enrolled. ILC subsets and lymphocyte subpopulations were determined by flow cytometry. The transmission immune turbidimetric method also facilitated the exploration of correlations between ILC subset frequency and lymphocyte subpopulation, as well as serum IgA in HSP patients. Results Fifty-one patients with HSP and 22 control patients were included. There were no differences in age and sex between the two groups. Compared with controls, patients with HSP had higher ILCs in relation to lymphocytes (P = 0.036), higher ILCs in relation to PBMCs (P = 0.026), higher ILC1s (P < 0.001), lower ILC3s (P < 0.05), and higher ILC1/ILC3 ratio (P < 0.001). Sixteen patients underwent routine therapy combined with methylprednisolone for 7–10 days; ILC1s were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) and ILC3s were increased (P = 0.033), and ILC1/ILC3 was significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Compared with the controls, the ratios of ILCs/lymphocytes and ILCs/PBMC were higher in patients in the arthritis and mixed groups (all P < 0.05). ILC1 were elevated in the purpura, arthritis, abdominal, and mixed groups (P = 0.027, P = 0.007, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). ILC1/ILCs were positively correlated with CD3 + CD8 + T lymphocytes (r = 0.3701, P = 0.0075). The level of IgA did not correlate with ILCs. Conclusions Higher circulating ILC1s and lower circulating ILC3s appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of HSP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03262-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92, Zhong Nan Street, Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215003, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92, Zhong Nan Street, Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92, Zhong Nan Street, Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92, Zhong Nan Street, Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215003, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Cella M, Gamini R, Sécca C, Collins PL, Zhao S, Peng V, Robinette ML, Schettini J, Zaitsev K, Gordon W, Bando JK, Yomogida K, Cortez V, Fronick C, Fulton R, Lin LL, Gilfillan S, Flavell RA, Shan L, Artyomov MN, Bowman M, Oltz EM, Jelinsky SA, Colonna M. Subsets of ILC3-ILC1-like cells generate a diversity spectrum of innate lymphoid cells in human mucosal tissues. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:980-991. [PMID: 31209406 PMCID: PMC6685551 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident lymphocytes categorized on the basis of their core regulatory programs and the expression of signature cytokines. Human ILC3s that produce the cytokine interleukin-22 convert into ILC1-like cells that produce interferon-γ in vitro, but whether this conversion occurs in vivo remains unclear. In the present study we found that ILC3s and ILC1s in human tonsils represented the ends of a spectrum that included additional discrete subsets. RNA velocity analysis identified an intermediate ILC3-ILC1 cluster, which had strong directionality toward ILC1s. In humanized mice, the acquisition of ILC1 features by ILC3s showed tissue dependency. Chromatin studies indicated that the transcription factors Aiolos and T-bet cooperated to repress regulatory elements active in ILC3s. A transitional ILC3-ILC1 population was also detected in the human intestine. We conclude that ILC3s undergo conversion into ILC1-like cells in human tissues in vivo, and that tissue factors and Aiolos were required for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ramya Gamini
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Cristiane Sécca
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick L. Collins
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Present address: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Wexner School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vincent Peng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle L. Robinette
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Present address: Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Jorge Schettini
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Present Address: Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - William Gordon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Present address: Cogen Therapeutics, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kentaro Yomogida
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Victor Cortez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Catrina Fronick
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Fulton
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lih-Ling Lin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Present address: Immunology and Inflammation, Sanofi, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liang Shan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxim N. Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Bowman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Present address: Immunology and Inflammation, Sanofi, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Present address: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Wexner School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Scott A. Jelinsky
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Vella LA, Buggert M, Manne S, Herati RS, Sayin I, Kuri-Cervantes L, Bukh Brody I, O’Boyle KC, Kaprielian H, Giles JR, Nguyen S, Muselman A, Antel JP, Bar-Or A, Johnson ME, Canaday DH, Naji A, Ganusov VV, Laufer TM, Wells AD, Dori Y, Itkin MG, Betts MR, Wherry EJ. T follicular helper cells in human efferent lymph retain lymphoid characteristics. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3185-3200. [PMID: 31264971 PMCID: PMC6668682 DOI: 10.1172/jci125628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (Tfh), a subset of CD4+ T cells, provide requisite help to B cells in the germinal centers (GC) of lymphoid tissue. GC Tfh are identified by high expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the inhibitory molecule PD-1. Although more accessible, blood contains lower frequencies of CXCR5+ and PD-1+ cells that have been termed circulating Tfh (cTfh). However, it remains unclear whether GC Tfh exit lymphoid tissues and populate this cTfh pool. To examine exiting cells, we assessed the phenotype of Tfh present within the major conduit of efferent lymph from lymphoid tissues into blood, the human thoracic duct. Unlike what was found in blood, we consistently identified a CXCR5-bright PD-1-bright (CXCR5BrPD-1Br) Tfh population in thoracic duct lymph (TDL). These CXCR5BrPD-1Br TDL Tfh shared phenotypic and transcriptional similarities with GC Tfh. Moreover, components of the epigenetic profile of GC Tfh could be detected in CXCR5BrPD-1Br TDL Tfh and the transcriptional imprint of this epigenetic signature was enriched in an activated cTfh subset known to contain vaccine-responding cells. Together with data showing shared TCR sequences between the CXCR5BrPD-1Br TDL Tfh and cTfh, these studies identify a population in TDL as a circulatory intermediate connecting the biology of Tfh in blood to Tfh in lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Vella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ramin S. Herati
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irene Bukh Brody
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaitlin C. O’Boyle
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hagop Kaprielian
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Josephine R. Giles
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Son Nguyen
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Muselman
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jack P. Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew E. Johnson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Terri M. Laufer
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew D. Wells
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoav Dori
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maxim G. Itkin
- Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infects Functionally Polarized Memory CD4 T Cells Equivalently In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02163-18. [PMID: 30787150 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02163-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the numerous immunological abnormalities observed in chronically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, perturbations in memory CD4 T cells are thought to contribute specifically to disease pathogenesis. Among these, functional imbalances in the frequencies of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and interleukin 17 (IL-17)/IL-22-producing Th cells (Th17/Th22) from mucosal sites and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in lymph nodes are thought to facilitate specific aspects of disease pathogenesis. However, while preferential infection of Tfh cells is widely thought to create an important viral reservoir in an immunologically privileged site in vivo, whether immunological perturbations among memory CD4 T cell populations are attributable to their relative infectivity by the virus in vivo is unclear. Here we studied peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues from antiretroviral (ARV)-treated and ARV-naive Asian macaques and isolated functionally defined populations of memory CD4 T cells. We then assessed the degree to which these populations were infected by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vivo, to determine whether particular functionally identified populations of memory CD4 T cells were preferentially infected by the virus. We found that SIV did not preferentially infect Th17 cells, compared to Th1 cells, Th2 cells, or Tregs. Moreover, Th17 cells contributed proportionately to the total pool of infected cells. Taken together, our data suggest that, although Tfh cells are more prone to harbor viral DNA, other functionally polarized cells are equally infected by the virus in vivo and Th17 cells are not preferentially infected.IMPORTANCE Functional perturbations of memory CD4 T cells have been suggested to underlie important aspects of HIV disease progression. However, the mechanisms underlying these perturbations remain unclear. Using a nonhuman primate model of HIV, we show that SIV infects functionally defined populations of memory CD4 T cells equally in different anatomic sites. Thus, preferential infection by the virus is unlikely to cause functional perturbations.
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5
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Colonna M. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Diversity, Plasticity, and Unique Functions in Immunity. Immunity 2019; 48:1104-1117. [PMID: 29924976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1, 2, and 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as tissue-resident innate correlates of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cells. Recent studies suggest that ILCs are more diverse than originally proposed; this might reflect truly distinct lineages or adaptation of ILCs to disparate tissue microenvironments, known as plasticity. Given that ILCs strikingly resemble T cells, are they redundant? While the regulation, timing, and magnitude of ILC and primary T cell responses differ, tissue-resident memory T cells may render ILCs redundant during secondary responses. The unique impact of ILCs in immunity is probably embodied in the extensive array of surface and intracellular receptors that endow these cells with the ability to distinguish between normal and pathogenic components, interact with other cells, and calibrate their cytokine secretion accordingly. Here I review recent advances in elucidating the diversity of ILCs and discuss their unique and redundant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Gaddis DE, Padgett LE, Wu R, McSkimming C, Romines V, Taylor AM, McNamara CA, Kronenberg M, Crotty S, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG, Hedrick CC. Apolipoprotein AI prevents regulatory to follicular helper T cell switching during atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1095. [PMID: 29545616 PMCID: PMC5854619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to the anti-inflammatory response during atherogenesis. Here we show that during atherogenesis Treg cells lose Foxp3 expression and their immunosuppressive function, leading to the conversion of a fraction of these cells into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. We show that Tfh cells are pro-atherogenic and that their depletion reduces atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, the conversion of Treg cells to Tfh cells correlates with reduced expression of IL-2Rα and pSTAT5 levels and increased expression of IL-6Rα. In vitro, incubation of naive T cells with oxLDL prevents their differentiation into Treg cells. Furthermore, injection of lipid-free Apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) into ApoE−/− mice reduces intracellular cholesterol levels in Treg cells and prevents their conversion into Tfh cells. Together our results suggest that ApoAI, the main protein in high-density lipoprotein particles, modulates the cellular fate of Treg cells and thus influences the immune response during atherosclerosis. Regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to the anti-inflammatory response during atherogenesis. Here Gaddis et al. show that Apolipoprotein AI prevents the conversion of Treg cells into pro-atherogenic T follicular helper cells, and thus regulates the immune response during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E Gaddis
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lindsey E Padgett
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Runpei Wu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chantel McSkimming
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Veronica Romines
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Angela M Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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