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Batan D, Tseropoulos G, Bishop C, Kirkpatrick BE, Bera K, Khang A, Weiser-Evans M, Anseth KS. PTEN Regulates Myofibroblast Activation in Valvular Interstitials Cells based on Subcellular Localization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.30.601424. [PMID: 39005262 PMCID: PMC11244890 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.30.601424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is characterized by altered mechanics of the valve leaflets, which disrupts blood flow through the aorta and can cause left ventricle hypotrophy. These changes in the valve tissue result in activation of resident valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into myofibroblasts, which have increased levels of αSMA in their stress fibers. The persistence of VIC myofibroblast activation is a hallmark of AVS. In recent years, the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has emerged as an important player in the regulation of fibrosis in various tissues (e.g., lung, skin), which motivated us to investigate PTEN as a potential protective factor against matrix-induced myofibroblast activation in VICs. In aortic valve samples from humans, we found high levels of PTEN in healthy tissue and low levels of PTEN in diseased tissue. Then, using pharmacological inducers to treat VIC cultures, we observed PTEN overexpression prevented stiffness-induced myofibroblast activation, whereas genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PTEN further activated myofibroblasts. We also observed increased nuclear PTEN localization in VICs cultured on stiff matrices, and nuclear PTEN also correlated with smaller nuclei, altered expression of histones and a quiescent fibroblast phenotype. Together, these results suggest that PTEN not only suppresses VIC activation, but functions to promote quiescence, and could serve as a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of AVS.
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Sahoo PK, Hanovice N, Ward P, Agrawal M, Smith TP, SiMa H, Dulin JN, Vaughn LS, Tuszynski M, Welshhans K, Benowitz L, English A, Houle JD, Twiss JL. Disruption of Core Stress Granule Protein Aggregates Promotes CNS Axon Regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597743. [PMID: 38895344 PMCID: PMC11185597 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Depletion or inhibition of core stress granule proteins, G3BP1 in mammals and TIAR-2 in C. elegans , increases axon regeneration in injured neurons that show spontaneous regeneration. Inhibition of G3BP1 by expression of its acidic or 'B-domain' accelerates axon regeneration after nerve injury bringing a potential therapeutic intervention to promote neural repair in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we asked if G3BP1 inhibition is a viable strategy to promote regeneration in the injured mammalian central nervous system where axons do not regenerate spontaneously. G3BP1 B-domain expression was found to promote axon regeneration in both the mammalian spinal cord and optic nerve. Moreover, a cell permeable peptide to a subregion of G3BP1's B-domain (rodent G3BP1 amino acids 190-208) accelerated axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury and promoted the regrowth of reticulospinal axons into the distal transected spinal cord through a bridging peripheral nerve graft. The rodent and human G3BP1 peptides promoted axon growth from rodent and human neurons cultured on permissive substrates, and this function required alternating Glu/Asp-Pro repeats that impart a unique predicted tertiary structure. These studies point to G3BP1 granules as a critical impediment to CNS axon regeneration and indicate that G3BP1 granule disassembly represents a novel therapeutic strategy for promoting neural repair after CNS injury.
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Hu C, Zhao X, Cui C, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Yin H, Han S. miRNA-29-3p targets PTEN to regulate follicular development through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Theriogenology 2024; 214:173-181. [PMID: 37879287 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Granulosa cells play a pivotal role in growth, development and ovulation of ovarian follicle. Simultaneously, autophagy and apoptosis processes are crucial determinants in the destiny of granulosa cells. Within this context, miR-29-3p, known to regulate a broad spectrum of biological processes and critical for tumor detection, prognosis, and treatment, is poised to clarify its roles in both autophagy and apoptosis. To enhance the understanding of the influence of miR-29-3p on follicular development, our study primarily delved into the realms autophagy and apoptosis. We employed a well-established chicken follicular atrophy model achieved through subcutaneous injection of tamoxifen (TMX) into hens. qPCR analysis revealed a significant decrease in the expression of miR-29-3p within the atrophic follicles. In our in vitro experiments with cultured chicken primary granulosa cells, miR-29-3p emerged as a novel microRNA capable of impeding autophagy and apoptosis when transfected with miR-29-3p mimics and inhibitors. Results from luciferase reporter assays corroborated that PTEN is a legitimate target of miR-29-3p. Unlike miR-29-3p, PTEN appeared to foster autophagy and apoptosis in chicken granulosa cells. Moreover, our findings uncovered that miR-29-3p facilitates the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR proteins by targeting PTEN in chicken granulosa cells. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that miR-29-3p, through its targeting of PTEN via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, exerts inhibitory effects on autophagy and apoptosis. These effects may hold significant importance in the context of follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Can Cui
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shunshun Han
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Ahmed U, Ong SK, Tan KO, Khan KM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R, Alawfi BS, Anwar A. Alpha-Mangostin and its nano-conjugates induced programmed cell death in Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. Int Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00450-1. [PMID: 38015290 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba are free living amoebae that are the causative agent of keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Alpha-Mangostin (AMS) is a significant xanthone; that demonstrates a wide range of biological activities. Here, the anti-amoebic activity of α-Mangostin and its silver nano conjugates (AMS-AgNPs) were evaluated against pathogenic A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts in vitro. Amoebicidal assays showed that both AMS and AMS-AgNPs inhibited the viability of A. castellanii dose-dependently, with an IC50 of 88.5 ± 2.04 and 20.2 ± 2.17 μM, respectively. Both formulations inhibited A. castellanii-mediated human keratinocyte cell cytopathogenicity. Functional assays showed that both samples caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cytochrome-c reductase in the cytosol. Whole transcriptome sequencing of A. castellanii showed the expression of 826 genes, with 447 genes being up-regulated and 379 genes being down-regulated post treatment. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the majority of genes were linked to apoptosis, autophagy, RAP1, AGE-RAGE and oxytocin signalling pathways. Seven genes (PTEN, H3, ARIH1, SDR16C5, PFN, glnA GLUL, and SRX1) were identified as the most significant (Log2 (FC) value 4) for molecular mode of action in vitro. Future in vivo studies with AMS and nanoconjugates are needed to realize the clinical potential of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bader Saleem Alawfi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Gupta S, Sharma P, Chaudhary M, Premraj S, Kaur S, Vijayan V, Arun MG, Prasad NG, Ramachandran R. Pten associates with important gene regulatory network to fine-tune Müller glia-mediated zebrafish retina regeneration. Glia 2023; 71:259-283. [PMID: 36128720 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish possess a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged retina after an acute injury. Retina regeneration in zebrafish involves the induction of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) exhibiting stem cell-like characteristics, which are capable of restoring all retinal cell-types. The induction of MGPC through Müller glia-reprograming involves several cellular, genetic and biochemical events soon after a retinal injury. Despite the knowledge on the importance of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten), which is a dual-specificity phosphatase and tumor suppressor in the maintaining of cellular homeostasis, its importance during retina regeneration remains unknown. Here, we explored the importance of Pten during zebrafish retina regeneration. The Pten gets downregulated upon retinal injury and is absent from the MGPCs, which is essential to trigger Akt-mediated cellular proliferation essential for retina regeneration. We found that the downregulation of Pten in the post-injury retina accelerates MGPCs formation, while its overexpression restricts the regenerative response. We observed that Pten regulates the proliferation of MGPCs not only through Akt pathway but also by Mmp9/Notch signaling. Mmp9-activity is essential to induce the proliferation of MGPCs in the absence of Pten. Lastly, we show that expression of Pten is fine-tuned through Mycb/histone deacetylase1 and Tgf-β signaling. The present study emphasizes on the stringent regulation of Pten and its crucial involvement during the zebrafish retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanya Premraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vijithkumar Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manas Geeta Arun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
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6
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Langdon CG. Nuclear PTEN's Functions in Suppressing Tumorigenesis: Implications for Rare Cancers. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020259. [PMID: 36830628 PMCID: PMC9953540 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) encodes a tumor-suppressive phosphatase with both lipid and protein phosphatase activity. The tumor-suppressive functions of PTEN are lost through a variety of mechanisms across a wide spectrum of human malignancies, including several rare cancers that affect pediatric and adult populations. Originally discovered and characterized as a negative regulator of the cytoplasmic, pro-oncogenic phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, PTEN is also localized to the nucleus where it can exert tumor-suppressive functions in a PI3K pathway-independent manner. Cancers can usurp the tumor-suppressive functions of PTEN to promote oncogenesis by disrupting homeostatic subcellular PTEN localization. The objective of this review is to describe the changes seen in PTEN subcellular localization during tumorigenesis, how PTEN enters the nucleus, and the spectrum of impacts and consequences arising from disrupted PTEN nuclear localization on tumor promotion. This review will highlight the immediate need in understanding not only the cytoplasmic but also the nuclear functions of PTEN to gain more complete insights into how important PTEN is in preventing human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey G. Langdon
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; ; Tel.: +1-(843)-792-9289
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Perevalova AM, Kobelev VS, Sisakyan VG, Gulyaeva LF, Pustylnyak VO. Role of Tumor Suppressor PTEN and Its Regulation in Malignant Transformation of Endometrium. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1310-1326. [PMID: 36509719 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-suppressive effects of PTEN are well-known, but modern evidence suggest that they are not limited to its ability to inhibit pro-oncogenic PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Features of PTEN structure facilitate its interaction with substrates of different nature and display its activity in various ways both in the cytoplasm and in cell nuclei, which makes it possible to take a broader look at its ability to suppress tumor growth. The possible mechanisms of the loss of PTEN effects are also diverse - PTEN can be regulated at many levels, leading to change in the protein activity or its amount in the cell, while their significance for the development of malignant tumors has yet to be studied. Here we summarize the current data on the PTEN structure, its functions and changes in its regulatory mechanisms during malignant transformation of the cells, focusing on one of the most sensitive to the loss of PTEN types of malignant tumors - endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vyacheslav S Kobelev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Virab G Sisakyan
- Novosibirsk Regional Oncology Center, Novosibirsk, 630108, Russia
| | - Lyudmila F Gulyaeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Vladimir O Pustylnyak
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
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Gupta S, Kumar M, Chaudhuri S, Kumar A. The non-canonical nuclear functions of key players of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3181-3204. [PMID: 35616326 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K-AKT-MTOR signal transduction pathway is one of the essential signalling cascades within the cell due to its involvement in many vital functions. The pathway initiates with the recruitment of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3Ks) onto the plasma membrane, generating phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 ] and subsequently activating AKT. Being the central node of the PI3K network, AKT activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1 (MTORC1) via Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 inhibition in the cytoplasm. Although the cytoplasmic role of the pathway has been widely explored for decades, we now know that most of the effector molecules of the PI3K axis diverge from the canonical route and translocate to other cell organelles including the nucleus. The presence of phosphoinositides (PtdIns) inside the nucleus itself indicates the existence of a nuclear PI3K signalling. The nuclear localization of these signaling components is evident in regulating many nuclear processes like DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, maintenance of genomic integrity, chromatin architecture, and cell cycle control. Here, our review intends to present a comprehensive overview of the nuclear functions of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR signaling biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukund Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Soumi Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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9
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Wang Q, Wang J, Xiang H, Ding P, Wu T, Ji G. The biochemical and clinical implications of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten in different cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5833-5855. [PMID: 35018228 PMCID: PMC8727805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is widely known as a tumor suppressor gene. It is located on chromosome 10q23 with 200 kb, and has dual activity of both protein and lipid phosphatase. In addition, as a targeted gene in multiple pathways, PTEN has a variety of physiological activities, such as those regulating the cell cycle, inducing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting cell invasion, etc. The PTEN gene have been identified in many kinds of cancers due to its mutations, deletions and inactivation, such as lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer, and they are closely connected with the genesis and progression of cancers. To a large extent, the tumor suppressive function of PTEN is realized through its inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway which controls cells apoptosis and development. In addition, PTEN loss has been associated with the prognosis of many cancers, such as lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer. PTEN gene is related to many cancers and their pathological development. On the basis of a large number of related studies, this study describes in detail the structure, regulation, function and classical signal pathways of PTEN, as well as the relationship between various tumors related to PTEN. In addition, some drug studies targeting PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR are also introduced in order to provide some directions for experimental research and clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Peilun Ding
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
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Choi BH, Colon TM, Lee E, Kou Z, Dai W. CBX8 interacts with chromatin PTEN and is involved in regulating mitotic progression. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13110. [PMID: 34592789 PMCID: PMC8560621 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Besides its role in regulating phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signalling in the cytosol, PTEN also has a nuclear function. In this study, we attempted to understand the mechanism of chromatin PTEN in suppressing chromosomal instability during cell division. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunocoprecipitation, ectopic expression, and deletional analyses were used to identify the physical interaction between Chromobox Homolog protein 8 (CBX8) and PTEN, as well as the functional domain(s) of PTEN mediating the interaction. Cell synchronization followed by immunoblotting was employed to study cell cycle regulation of CBX8 and the functional interaction between chromatin PTEN and CBX8. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to study the role of PTEN and CBX8 in modulating histone epigenetic markers during the cell cycle. RESULTS Polycomb group (PcG) proteins including CBXs function to repress gene expression in a wide range of organisms including mammals. We recently showed that PTEN interacted with CBX8, a component of Polycomb Repressing Complex 1 (PRC1), and that CBX8 co-localized with PTEN in the nucleus. CBX8 levels were high, coinciding with its phosphorylation in mitosis. Phosphorylation of CBX8 was associated with monoubiquitinated PTEN and phosphorylated-BubR1 on chromatin. Moreover, CBX8 played an important role in cell proliferation and mitotic progression. Significantly, downregulation of either PTEN or CBX8 induced H3K27Me3 epigenetic marker in mitotic cells. CONCLUSION CBX8 is a new component that physically interacts with chromatin PTEN, playing an important role in regulating mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Tania Marlyn Colon
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ziyue Kou
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
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Zhang X, Sjöblom T. Targeting Loss of Heterozygosity: A Novel Paradigm for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010057. [PMID: 33450833 PMCID: PMC7828287 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a common genetic event in the development of cancer. In certain tumor types, LOH can affect more than 20% of the genome, entailing loss of allelic variation in thousands of genes. This reduction of heterozygosity creates genetic differences between tumor and normal cells, providing opportunities for development of novel cancer therapies. Here, we review and summarize (1) mutations associated with LOH on chromosomes which have been shown to be promising biomarkers of cancer risk or the prediction of clinical outcomes in certain types of tumors; (2) loci undergoing LOH that can be targeted for development of novel anticancer drugs as well as (3) LOH in tumors provides up-and-coming possibilities to understand the underlying mechanisms of cancer evolution and to discover novel cancer vulnerabilities which are worth a further investigation in the near future.
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12
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Wu R, Wang H, Huangfu J, Xiao R. A-FABP-PTEN/AKT Regulates Insulin Resistance in Preadipocyte Cell 3T3-L1 Cells. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2103-2110. [PMID: 34007196 PMCID: PMC8123973 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s305872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the regulation of A-FABP-PTEN/AKT on insulin resistance in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cell. METHODS siRNA interference method was used to knock-down the A-FABP expression in 3T3-L1 cells. The cell proliferation was detected by oil-O staining and MTT. The protein and mRNA expression levels of A-FABP, PTEN and AKT were detected by Western blot and qPCR. RESULTS Inhibition of A-FABP expression increased cell proliferation activity of the 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, siRNA3 significantly reduced A-FABP mRNA expression compared with siRNA1 and siRNA2 (P<0.05). The A-FABP mRNA level was significantly increased in the induced 3T3-L1 cells, while the PTEN mRNA expression was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Inhibition of A-FABP can significantly increase the PTEN mRNA expression in the process of induced 3T3-L1 cells (P<0.05). Overexpression of A-FABP can also increase the PTEN mRNA expression in the process of 3T3-L1 cell proliferation (P<0.05). Furthermore, the protein expression levels of PTEN and p-AKT expression were not changed in the process of 3T3-L1 cell proliferation with or without A-FABP interference (P>0.05). However, inhibition of A-FABP significantly increased the PTEN protein expression and reduced the p-AKT protein expression in the induced 3T3-L1 cells. CONCLUSION Our finding suggested that A-FABP can directly inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT and increase the PTEN expression in the process of normal adipocyte differentiation, which speculated that A-FABP played a crucial role by adjusting the AKT activity in the process of adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rensiqin Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Huangfu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian Huangfu Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, NO.1st Tunnel North Road, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-18686053304 Email
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Rui Xiao Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, NO.1st Tunnel North Road, Huhhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-18686053304 Email
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13
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Chang Z, Yan G, Zheng J, Liu Z. The lncRNA GAS5 Inhibits the Osteogenic Differentiation and Calcification of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:86-95. [PMID: 32347320 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease, is promoted by the osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The present study explored the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of the long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) in VC. Our results indicated that GAS5 was clearly downregulated in calcified human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Functionally, we found that overexpression of GAS5 significantly attenuated the osteogenic differentiation and calcification of HASMCs induced by high levels of phosphorus. Moreover, miR-26-5p was identified to potentially bind to GAS5, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was determined to be a direct target of miR-26b-5p in HASMCs. Mechanistically, enforced expression of miR-26-5p significantly attenuated PTEN protein expression in HASMCs. Rescue experiments demonstrated that cotransfection of HASMCs with miR-26-5p mimics reduced the inhibition of Lv-GAS5 on osteogenic differentiation and calcification. As a result, GAS5 was confirmed to be an miR-26b-5p sponge and to thereby increase the expression of PTEN in HASMCs. In ex vivo models, GAS5 was significantly downregulated and its expression inversely related to the expression of miR-26b-5 and positively associated with the expression of PTEN in calcified aortic rings induced by high levels of phosphorus. Together, these results suggest that the GAS5/miR-26-5p/PTEN axis could serve as a potential therapeutic target for VC in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Chang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping Area, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxin Yan
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping Area, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahe Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping Area, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping Area, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Fusco N, Sajjadi E, Venetis K, Gaudioso G, Lopez G, Corti C, Rocco EG, Criscitiello C, Malapelle U, Invernizzi M. PTEN Alterations and Their Role in Cancer Management: Are We Making Headway on Precision Medicine? Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E719. [PMID: 32605290 PMCID: PMC7397204 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) occur in a substantial proportion of solid tumors. These events drive tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Given its central role as a downregulator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, PTEN is deeply involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This gene is also implicated in the modulation of the DNA damage response and in tumor immune microenvironment modeling. Despite the actionability of PTEN alterations, their role as biomarkers remains controversial in clinical practice. To date, there is still a substantial lack of validated guidelines and/or recommendations for PTEN testing. Here, we provide an update on the current state of knowledge on biologic and genetic alterations of PTEN across the most frequent solid tumors, as well as on their actual and/or possible clinical applications. We focus on possible tailored schemes for cancer patients' clinical management, including risk assessment, diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (K.V.); (E.G.R.)
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Elham Sajjadi
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Konstantinos Venetis
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (K.V.); (E.G.R.)
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaudioso
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20131 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Gianluca Lopez
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20131 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Corti
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20131 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Elena Guerini Rocco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (K.V.); (E.G.R.)
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies Division, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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15
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Ge MK, Zhang N, Xia L, Zhang C, Dong SS, Li ZM, Ji Y, Zheng MH, Sun J, Chen GQ, Shen SM. FBXO22 degrades nuclear PTEN to promote tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1720. [PMID: 32249768 PMCID: PMC7136256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization of PTEN is essential for its tumor suppressive role, and loss of nuclear PTEN is more prominent than cytoplasmic PTEN in many kinds of cancers. However, nuclear PTEN-specific regulatory mechanisms were rarely reported. Based on the finding that nuclear PTEN is more unstable than cytoplasmic PTEN, here we identify that F-box only protein 22 (FBXO22) induces ubiquitylation of nuclear but not cytoplasmic PTEN at lysine 221, which is responsible for the degradation of nuclear PTEN. FBXO22 plays a tumor-promoting role by ubiquitylating and degrading nuclear PTEN. In accordance, FBXO22 is overexpressed in various cancer types, and contributes to nuclear PTEN downregulation in colorectal cancer tissues. Cumulatively, our study reports the mechanism to specifically regulate the stability of nuclear PTEN, which would provide the opportunity for developing therapeutic strategies aiming to achieve complete reactivation of PTEN as a tumor suppressor. Loss of nuclear PTEN is associated with aggressive cancers. Here the authors show that nuclear PTEN is more susceptible to ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation than cytoplasmic PTEN, and identify FBXO22 ubiquitinates and degrades nuclear PTEN to promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Kai Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043), Shanghai Cancer Institute, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043), Shanghai Cancer Institute, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043), Shanghai Cancer Institute, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043), Shanghai Cancer Institute, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Shu Dong
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Ming Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043), Shanghai Cancer Institute, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043), Shanghai Cancer Institute, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shao-Ming Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043), Shanghai Cancer Institute, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Abstract
Germline pathogenic phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations cause PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), characterized by various benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid, breast, endometrium, and other organs. Patients with PHTS may present with other clinical features such as macrocephaly, intestinal polyposis, cognitive changes, and pathognomonic skin changes. Clinically, deregulation of PTEN function is implicated in other human diseases in addition to many types of human cancer. PTEN is an important phosphatase that counteracts one of the most critical cancer pathways: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Although PTEN can dephosphorylate lipids and proteins, it also has functions independent of phosphatase activity in normal and pathological states. It is positively and negatively regulated at the transcriptional level as well as posttranslationally by phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, oxidation, and acetylation. Although most of its tumor-suppressor activity is likely to be caused by lipid dephosphorylation at the plasma membrane, PTEN also resides in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its subcellular distribution is under strict control. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge of PTEN function and recent discoveries in understanding PTEN function regulation and how this can be exploited therapeutically for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798.,Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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