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Campos Gudiño R, Neudorf NM, Andromidas D, Lichtensztejn Z, McManus KJ. Loss of EMI1 compromises chromosome stability and is associated with cellular transformation in colonic epithelial cell contexts. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02855-9. [PMID: 39358461 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Thus, identifying the aberrant genes and proteins underlying disease pathogenesis is critical to improve early detection methods and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome complements, is a predominant form of genome instability. It is a driver of genetic heterogeneity found in ~85% of CRCs. Although CIN contributes to CRC pathogenesis, the molecular determinants underlying CIN remain poorly understood. Recently, EMI1, an F-box protein, was identified as a candidate CIN gene. In this study, we sought to determine the impact reduced EMI1 expression has on CIN and cellular transformation. METHODS Coupling siRNA-based silencing and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout clones with quantitative imaging microscopy we evaluated the impact reduced EMI1 expression has on CIN and cellular transformation in four colonic epithelial cell contexts. RESULTS Quantitative imaging microscopy data revealed that reduced EMI1 expression induces increases in CIN phenotypes in both transient (siRNA) and constitutive (CRISPR/Cas9) cell models that are associated with increases in DNA damage and cellular transformation phenotypes in long-term studies. CONCLUSIONS This study determined that reduced EMI1 expression induces CIN and promotes cellular transformation, which is consistent with a role in early CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Campos Gudiño
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nicole M Neudorf
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Demi Andromidas
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kirk J McManus
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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2
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Safieddine A, Benassy MN, Bonte T, Slimani F, Pourcelot O, Kress M, Ernoult-Lange M, Courel M, Coleno E, Imbert A, Laine A, Godebert AM, Vinit A, Blugeon C, Chevreux G, Gautheret D, Walter T, Bertrand E, Bénard M, Weil D. Cell-cycle-dependent mRNA localization in P-bodies. Mol Cell 2024:S1097-2765(24)00744-5. [PMID: 39368464 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of RNA targeting to membraneless organelles is essential to disentangle their functions. Here, we investigate how P-bodies (PBs) evolve during cell-cycle progression in HEK293 cells. PB purification across the cell cycle uncovers widespread changes in their RNA content, partly uncoupled from cell-cycle-dependent changes in RNA expression. Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) shows various mRNA localization patterns in PBs peaking in G1, S, or G2, with examples illustrating the timely capture of mRNAs in PBs when their encoded protein becomes dispensable. Rather than directly reflecting absence of translation, cyclic mRNA localization in PBs can be controlled by RBPs, such as HuR in G2, and by RNA features. Indeed, while PB mRNAs are AU rich at all cell-cycle phases, they are specifically longer in G1, possibly related to post-mitotic PB reassembly. Altogether, our study supports a model where PBs are more than a default location for excess untranslated mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Safieddine
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Noëlle Benassy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bonte
- Centre for Computational Biology (CBIO), Mines Paris, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France; INSERM, U900, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Floric Slimani
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Oriane Pourcelot
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Kress
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michèle Ernoult-Lange
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maïté Courel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emeline Coleno
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Imbert
- Centre for Computational Biology (CBIO), Mines Paris, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Laine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Annie Munier Godebert
- Research Center Saint-Antoine (CRSA), CISA Flow Cytometry Facility, UMRS 938, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Angelique Vinit
- Research Center Saint-Antoine (CRSA), CISA Flow Cytometry Facility, UMRS 938, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Chevreux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Gautheret
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Walter
- Centre for Computational Biology (CBIO), Mines Paris, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France; INSERM, U900, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marianne Bénard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Weil
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France.
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3
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Mouery BL, Baker EM, Mei L, Wolff SC, Mills CA, Fleifel D, Mulugeta N, Herring LE, Cook JG. APC/C prevents a noncanonical order of cyclin/CDK activity to maintain CDK4/6 inhibitor-induced arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319574121. [PMID: 39024113 PMCID: PMC11287123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319574121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell cycle progression ensures homeostasis and prevents cancer. In proliferating cells, premature S phase entry is avoided by the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphasepromoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), although the APC/C substrates whose degradation restrains G1-S progression are not fully known. The APC/C is also active in arrested cells that exited the cell cycle, but it is not clear whether APC/C maintains all types of arrest. Here, by expressing the APC/C inhibitor, EMI1, we show that APC/C activity is essential to prevent S phase entry in cells arrested by pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibition (Palbociclib). Thus, active protein degradation is required for arrest alongside repressed cell cycle gene expression. The mechanism of rapid and robust arrest bypass from inhibiting APC/C involves CDKs acting in an atypical order to inactivate retinoblastoma-mediated E2F repression. Inactivating APC/C first causes mitotic cyclin B accumulation which then promotes cyclin A expression. We propose that cyclin A is the key substrate for maintaining arrest because APC/C-resistant cyclin A, but not cyclin B, is sufficient to induce S phase entry. Cells bypassing arrest from CDK4/6 inhibition initiate DNA replication with severely reduced origin licensing. The simultaneous accumulation of S phase licensing inhibitors, such as cyclin A and geminin, with G1 licensing activators disrupts the normal order of G1-S progression. As a result, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation are profoundly impaired. Our findings predict that cancers with elevated EMI1 expression will tend to escape CDK4/6 inhibition into a premature, underlicensed S phase and suffer enhanced genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Mouery
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Eliyambuya M. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10021
| | - Liu Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Samuel C. Wolff
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Computational Medicine Program, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Christine A. Mills
- University of North Carolina Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Dalia Fleifel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Nebyou Mulugeta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Laura E. Herring
- University of North Carolina Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
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4
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Dragoi CM, Kaur E, Barr AR, Tyson JJ, Novák B. The oscillation of mitotic kinase governs cell cycle latches in mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261364. [PMID: 38206091 PMCID: PMC10911285 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cell cycle alternates between two phases - S-G2-M with high levels of A- and B-type cyclins (CycA and CycB, respectively) bound to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and G1 with persistent degradation of CycA and CycB by an activated anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) bound to Cdh1 (also known as FZR1 in mammals; denoted APC/C:Cdh1). Because CDKs phosphorylate and inactivate Cdh1, these two phases are mutually exclusive. This 'toggle switch' is flipped from G1 to S by cyclin-E bound to a CDK (CycE:CDK), which is not degraded by APC/C:Cdh1, and from M to G1 by Cdc20-bound APC/C (APC/C:Cdc20), which is not inactivated by CycA:CDK or CycB:CDK. After flipping the switch, cyclin E is degraded and APC/C:Cdc20 is inactivated. Combining mathematical modelling with single-cell timelapse imaging, we show that dysregulation of CycB:CDK disrupts strict alternation of the G1-S and M-G1 switches. Inhibition of CycB:CDK results in Cdc20-independent Cdh1 'endocycles', and sustained activity of CycB:CDK drives Cdh1-independent Cdc20 endocycles. Our model provides a mechanistic explanation for how whole-genome doubling can arise, a common event in tumorigenesis that can drive tumour evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calin-Mihai Dragoi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ekjot Kaur
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexis R. Barr
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - John J. Tyson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Béla Novák
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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5
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Naseem Y, Zhang C, Zhou X, Dong J, Xie J, Zhang H, Agboyibor C, Bi Y, Liu H. Inhibitors Targeting the F-BOX Proteins. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:577-597. [PMID: 37624574 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
F-box proteins are involved in multiple cellular processes through ubiquitylation and consequent degradation of targeted substrates. Any significant mutation in F-box protein-mediated proteolysis can cause human malformations. The various cellular processes F-box proteins involved include cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. To target F-box proteins and their associated signaling pathways for cancer treatment, researchers have developed thousands of F-box inhibitors. The most advanced inhibitor of FBW7, NVD-BK M120, is a powerful P13 kinase inhibitor that has been proven to bring about apoptosis in cancerous human lung cells by disrupting levels of the protein known as MCL1. Moreover, F-box Inhibitors have demonstrated their efficacy for treating certain cancers through targeting particular mutated proteins. This paper explores the key studies on how F-box proteins act and their contribution to malignancy development, which fabricates an in-depth perception of inhibitors targeting the F-box proteins and their signaling pathways that eventually isolate the most promising approach to anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalnaz Naseem
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianshu Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Jiachong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - YueFeng Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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6
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Mouery BL, Baker EM, Mills CA, Herring LE, Fleifel D, Cook JG. APC/C prevents non-canonical order of cyclin/CDK activity to maintain CDK4/6 inhibitor-induced arrest. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.09.566394. [PMID: 37986787 PMCID: PMC10659421 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.566394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell cycle progression ensures homeostasis and prevents cancer. In proliferating cells, premature S phase entry is avoided by the E3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C (anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome), although the APC/C substrates whose degradation restrains G1-S progression are not fully known. The APC/C is also active in arrested cells that exited the cell cycle, but it is not clear if APC/C maintains all types of arrest. Here by expressing the APC/C inhibitor, EMI1, we show that APC/C activity is essential to prevent S phase entry in cells arrested by pharmacological CDK4/6 inhibition (Palbociclib). Thus, active protein degradation is required for arrest alongside repressed cell cycle gene expression. The mechanism of rapid and robust arrest bypass from inhibiting APC/C involves cyclin-dependent kinases acting in an atypical order to inactivate RB-mediated E2F repression. Inactivating APC/C first causes mitotic cyclin B accumulation which then promotes cyclin A expression. We propose that cyclin A is the key substrate for maintaining arrest because APC/C-resistant cyclin A, but not cyclin B, is sufficient to induce S phase entry. Cells bypassing arrest from CDK4/6 inhibition initiate DNA replication with severely reduced origin licensing. The simultaneous accumulation of S phase licensing inhibitors, such as cyclin A and geminin, with G1 licensing activators disrupts the normal order of G1-S progression. As a result, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation are profoundly impaired. Our findings predict that cancers with elevated EMI1 expression will tend to escape CDK4/6 inhibition into a premature, underlicensed S phase and suffer enhanced genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Mouery
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eliyambuya M Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Christine A Mills
- UNC Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill NC, 27599, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- UNC Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill NC, 27599, USA
| | - Dalia Fleifel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill NC, 27599, USA
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7
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Kukreja K, Patel N, Megason SG, Klein AM. Global decoupling of cell differentiation from cell division in early embryo development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.29.551123. [PMID: 37546736 PMCID: PMC10402169 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.29.551123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
As tissues develop, cells divide and differentiate concurrently. Conflicting evidence shows that cell division is either dispensable or required for formation of cell types. To determine the role of cell division in differentiation, we arrested the cell cycle in zebrafish embryos using two independent approaches and profiled them at single-cell resolution. We show that cell division is dispensable for differentiation of all embryonic tissues during initial cell type differentiation from early gastrulation to the end of segmentation. In the absence of cell division, differentiation slows down in some cell types, and cells exhibit global stress responses. While differentiation is robust to blocking cell division, the proportions of cells across cell states are not. This work simplifies our understanding of the role of cell division in development and showcases the utility of combining embryo-wide perturbations with single-cell RNA sequencing to uncover the role of common biological processes across multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalki Kukreja
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikit Patel
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Xu X, Chang CW, Li M, Omabe K, Le N, Chen YH, Liang F, Liu Y. DNA replication initiation factor RECQ4 possesses a role in antagonizing DNA replication initiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1233. [PMID: 36871012 PMCID: PMC9985596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the conserved C-terminus of the Rothmund-Thomson syndrome helicase RECQ4 is highly tumorigenic. However, while the RECQ4 N-terminus is known to facilitate DNA replication initiation, the function of its C-terminus remains unclear. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we identify an interaction between the RECQ4 N-terminus and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) on human chromatin. We further show that this interaction stabilizes APC/C co-activator CDH1 and enhances APC/C-dependent degradation of the replication inhibitor Geminin, allowing replication factors to accumulate on chromatin. In contrast, the function is blocked by the RECQ4 C-terminus, which binds to protein inhibitors of APC/C. A cancer-prone, C-terminal-deleted RECQ4 mutation increases origin firing frequency, accelerates G1/S transition, and supports abnormally high DNA content. Our study reveals a role of the human RECQ4 C-terminus in antagonizing its N-terminus, thereby suppressing replication initiation, and this suppression is impaired by oncogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5781 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Chou-Wei Chang
- Vesigen Therapeutics, 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 103, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Kenneth Omabe
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Nhung Le
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Feng Liang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA.
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9
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Hamdy H, Yang Y, Cheng C, Liu Q. Identification of Potential Hub Genes Related to Aflatoxin B1, Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020205. [PMID: 36829489 PMCID: PMC9952684 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the hepatotoxicant aflatoxin B1 to induce liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear, to offer fresh perspectives on the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of AFB1-Fibrosis-HCC, which may offer novel targets for the detection and therapy of HCC caused by AFB1. In this study, expression profiles of AFB1, liver fibrosis and liver cancer-related datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the GEO2R tool. The STRING database, CytoHubba, and Cytoscape software were used to create the protein-protein interaction and hub genes of the combined genes, and the ssGSEA score for inflammatory cells related gene sets, the signaling pathway, and immunotherapy were identified using R software and the GSEA database. The findings revealed that AFB1-associated liver fibrosis and HCC combined genes were linked to cell process disruptions, the BUB1B and RRM2 genes were identified as hub genes, and the BUB1B gene was significantly increased in JAK-STAT signaling gene sets pathways as well as having an immunotherapy-related impact. In conclusion, BUB1B and RRM2 were identified as potential biomarkers for AFB1-induced fibrosis and HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam Hamdy
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, New Valley 72713, Egypt
| | - Yi Yang
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8686-8424; Fax: +86-25-8686-8499
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10
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Fischer U, Meese E. Gene Amplification in Tumor Cells: Developed De Novo or Adopted from Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010148. [PMID: 36611942 PMCID: PMC9818554 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplifications have been known for several decades as physiological processes in amphibian and flies, e.g., during eggshell development in Drosophila and as part of pathological processes in humans, specifically in tumors and drug-resistant cells. The long-held belief that a physiological gene amplification does not occur in humans was, however, fundamental questioned by findings that showed gene amplification in human stem cells. We hypothesis that the physiological and the pathological, i.e., tumor associated processes of gene amplification share at their beginning the same underlying mechanism. Re-replication was reported both in the context of tumor related genome instability and during restricted time windows in Drosophila development causing the known developmental gene amplification in Drosophila. There is also growing evidence that gene amplification and re-replication were present in human stem cells. It appears likely that stem cells utilize a re-replication mechanism that has been developed early in evolution as a powerful tool to increase gene copy numbers very efficiently. Here, we show that, several decades ago, there was already evidence of gene amplification in non-tumor mammalian cells, but that was not recognized at the time and interpreted accordingly. We give an overview on gene amplifications during normal mammalian development, the possible mechanism that enable gene amplification and hypothesize how tumors adopted this capability for gene amplification.
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11
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Reusswig KU, Bittmann J, Peritore M, Courtes M, Pardo B, Wierer M, Mann M, Pfander B. Unscheduled DNA replication in G1 causes genome instability and damage signatures indicative of replication collisions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7014. [PMID: 36400763 PMCID: PMC9674678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replicates once per cell cycle. Interfering with the regulation of DNA replication initiation generates genome instability through over-replication and has been linked to early stages of cancer development. Here, we engineer genetic systems in budding yeast to induce unscheduled replication in a G1-like cell cycle state. Unscheduled G1 replication initiates at canonical S-phase origins. We quantifiy the composition of replisomes in G1- and S-phase and identified firing factors, polymerase α, and histone supply as factors that limit replication outside S-phase. G1 replication per se does not trigger cellular checkpoints. Subsequent replication during S-phase, however, results in over-replication and leads to chromosome breaks and chromosome-wide, strand-biased occurrence of RPA-bound single-stranded DNA, indicating head-to-tail replication collisions as a key mechanism generating genome instability upon G1 replication. Low-level, sporadic induction of G1 replication induces an identical response, indicating findings from synthetic systems are applicable to naturally occurring scenarios of unscheduled replication initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Uwe Reusswig
- grid.418615.f0000 0004 0491 845XDNA Replication and Genome Integrity, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPresent Address: Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Present Address: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Julia Bittmann
- grid.418615.f0000 0004 0491 845XDNA Replication and Genome Integrity, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martina Peritore
- grid.418615.f0000 0004 0491 845XDNA Replication and Genome Integrity, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany ,grid.7551.60000 0000 8983 7915Present Address: Genome Maintenance Mechanisms in Health and Disease, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathilde Courtes
- grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université de Montpellier – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Pardo
- grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université de Montpellier – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Wierer
- grid.418615.f0000 0004 0491 845XProteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XPresent Address: Proteomics Research Infrastructure, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- grid.418615.f0000 0004 0491 845XProteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Boris Pfander
- grid.418615.f0000 0004 0491 845XDNA Replication and Genome Integrity, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany ,grid.7551.60000 0000 8983 7915Present Address: Genome Maintenance Mechanisms in Health and Disease, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Present Address: Genome Maintenance Mechanisms in Health and Disease, Institute of Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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12
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Gao J, Yang D, Cao R, Huang H, Ma J, Wang Z, Xia J, Pan X. The role of Fbxo5 in the development of human malignant tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1456-1464. [PMID: 35530293 PMCID: PMC9077063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fbxo5 (F-Box only protein 5), as a substrate recognition subunit of SCF (SKP1-Cullin1-Fbox) protein, plays a crucial role in various cellular processes through ubiquitination and degradation of multiple proteins. In recent years, many studies have pointed out that Fbxo5 is critically involved in carcinogenesis. Moreover, targeting Fbxo5 could have a therapeutic potential for cancer therapy. This review focuses on the functions of Fbxo5 in various types of human malignancies and its underlying molecular mechanisms. This review might lay the foundation for enhancing future investigation on Fbxo5 functions in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Gao
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Ruoxue Cao
- Department of Laboratory, Lianyungang Second People’s HospitalLianyungang 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Xueshan Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
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13
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Malacrida A, Cavaletti G, Miloso M. Rigosertib and Cholangiocarcinoma: A Cell Cycle Affair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:213. [PMID: 35008638 PMCID: PMC8745771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigosertib is multi-kinase inhibitor that could represent an interesting therapeutic option for non-resectable patients with cholangiocarcinoma, a very aggressive hepatic cancer with limited effective treatments. The Western blotting technique was used to evaluate alterations in the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle of cholangiocarcinoma EGI-1 cells. Our results show an increase in EMI1 and Cyclin B protein levels after Rigosertib treatment. Moreover, the phosphorylation of CDK1 is significantly reduced by Rigosertib, while PLK1 expression increased after 24 h of treatment and decreased after 48 h. Finally, we evaluated the role of p53. Its levels increase after Rig treatment, and, as shown in the cell viability experiment with the p53 inhibitor Pifithrin, its activity is necessary for the effects of Rigosertib against the cell viability of EGI-1 cells. In conclusion, we hypothesized the mechanism of the action of Rigosertib against cholangiocarcinoma EGI-1 cells, highlighting the importance of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycles. The CDK1-Cyclin B complex and p53 play an important role, explaining the Block in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and the effect on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Malacrida
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy; (G.C.); (M.M.)
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14
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Sahay O, Barik GK, Sharma T, Pillai AD, Rapole S, Santra MK. Damsel in distress calling on her knights: Illuminating the pioneering role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in guarding the genome integrity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 109:103261. [PMID: 34920250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genomic integrity is of utmost importance for the organisms to survive and to accurately inherit traits to their progenies. Any kind of DNA damage either due to defect in DNA duplication and/ or uncontrolled cell division or intracellular insults or environment radiation can result in gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and ultimately genomic instability, which may cause several diseases including cancers. Therefore, cells have evolved machineries for the surveillance of genomic integrity. Enormous exciting studies in the past indicate that ubiquitination (a posttranslational modification of proteins) plays a crucial role in maintaining the genomic integrity by diverse ways. In fact, various E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyse ubiquitination of key proteins to control their central role during cell cycle, DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. Some E3 ligases promote genomic instability while others prevent it, deregulation of both of which leads to several malignancies. In this review, we consolidate the recent findings wherein the role of ubiquitination in conferring genome integrity is highlighted. We also discuss the latest discoveries on the mechanisms utilized by various E3 ligases to preserve genomic stability, with a focus on their actions during cell cycle progression and different types of DNA damage response as well as repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osheen Sahay
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Barik
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Tanisha Sharma
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ajay D Pillai
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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15
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Jung Y, Kraikivski P, Shafiekhani S, Terhune SS, Dash RK. Crosstalk between Plk1, p53, cell cycle, and G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation in cancer: computational modeling and analysis. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:46. [PMID: 34887439 PMCID: PMC8660825 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cancer cell lines can have varying responses to the same perturbations or stressful conditions. Cancer cells that have DNA damage checkpoint-related mutations are often more sensitive to gene perturbations including altered Plk1 and p53 activities than cancer cells without these mutations. The perturbations often induce a cell cycle arrest in the former cancer, whereas they only delay the cell cycle progression in the latter cancer. To study crosstalk between Plk1, p53, and G2/M DNA damage checkpoint leading to differential cell cycle regulations, we developed a computational model by extending our recently developed model of mitotic cell cycle and including these key interactions. We have used the model to analyze the cancer cell cycle progression under various gene perturbations including Plk1-depletion conditions. We also analyzed mutations and perturbations in approximately 1800 different cell lines available in the Cancer Dependency Map and grouped lines by genes that are represented in our model. Our model successfully explained phenotypes of various cancer cell lines under different gene perturbations. Several sensitivity analysis approaches were used to identify the range of key parameter values that lead to the cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Our resulting model can be used to predict the effect of potential treatments targeting key mitotic and DNA damage checkpoint regulators on cell cycle progression of different types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoon Jung
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Pavel Kraikivski
- Academy of Integrated Science, Division of Systems Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Sajad Shafiekhani
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Scott S. Terhune
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Center of Systems and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Center of Systems and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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16
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Kirillova A, Han L, Liu H, Kühn B. Polyploid cardiomyocytes: implications for heart regeneration. Development 2021; 148:271050. [PMID: 34897388 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells are generally thought to have arrived at their final form and function. Many terminally differentiated cell types are polyploid, i.e. they have multiple copies of the normally diploid genome. Mammalian heart muscle cells, termed cardiomyocytes, are one such example of polyploid cells. Terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes are bi- or multi-nucleated, or have polyploid nuclei. Recent mechanistic studies of polyploid cardiomyocytes indicate that they can limit cellular proliferation and, hence, heart regeneration. In this short Spotlight, we present the mechanisms generating bi- and multi-nucleated cardiomyocytes, and the mechanisms generating polyploid nuclei. Our aim is to develop hypotheses about how these mechanisms might relate to cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration. We also discuss how these new findings could be applied to advance cardiac regeneration research, and how they relate to studies of other polyploid cells, such as cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kirillova
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.,Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Honghai Liu
- Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.,Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.,Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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17
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Park Y, Park J, Ahn JW, Sim JM, Kang SJ, Kim S, Hwang SJ, Han SH, Sung KS, Lim J. Transcriptomic Landscape of Lower Grade Glioma Based on Age-Related Non-Silent Somatic Mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2281-2295. [PMID: 34205437 PMCID: PMC8293196 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioma accounts for 80% of all malignant brain tumours and is the most common adult primary brain tumour. Age is an important factor affecting the development of cancer, as somatic mutations accumulate with age. Here, we aimed to analyse the significance of age-dependent non-silent somatic mutations in glioma prognosis. Histological tumour grade depends on age at diagnosis in patients with IDH1, TP53, ATRX, and EGFR mutations. Age of patients with wild-type IDH1 and EGFR increased with increase in tumour grade, while the age of patients with IDH1 or EGFR mutation remained constant. However, the age of patients with EGFR mutation was higher than that of patients with IDH1 mutation. The hierarchical clustering of patients was dominantly separated by IDH1 and EGFR mutations. Furthermore, patients with IDH1 mutation were dominantly separated by TP53 and ATRX double mutation and its double wild-type counterpart. The age of patients with ATRX and TP53 mutation was lower than that of patients with wild-type ATRX and TP53. Patients with the double mutation showed poorer prognosis than those with the double wild type genotype. Unlike IDH1 mutant, IDH1 wild-type showed upregulation of expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJoon Park
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - JeongMan Park
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Ju Won Ahn
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Jeong Min Sim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Su Jung Kang
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Suwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - So Jung Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
- Global Research Supporting Center, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea;
| | - Kyoung Su Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Correspondence: or (K.S.S.); or (J.L.); Tel.: +82-51-240-5241 (K.S.S.); +82-31-780-5688 (J.L.)
| | - Jaejoon Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
- Correspondence: or (K.S.S.); or (J.L.); Tel.: +82-51-240-5241 (K.S.S.); +82-31-780-5688 (J.L.)
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18
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Abstract
Safeguards against excess DNA replication are often dysregulated in cancer, and driving cancer cells towards over-replication is a promising therapeutic strategy. We determined DNA synthesis patterns in cancer cells undergoing partial genome re-replication due to perturbed regulatory interactions (re-replicating cells). These cells exhibited slow replication, increased frequency of replication initiation events, and a skewed initiation pattern that preferentially reactivated early-replicating origins. Unlike in cells exposed to replication stress, which activated a novel group of hitherto unutilized (dormant) replication origins, the preferred re-replicating origins arose from the same pool of potential origins as those activated during normal growth. Mechanistically, the skewed initiation pattern reflected a disproportionate distribution of pre-replication complexes on distinct regions of licensed chromatin prior to replication. This distinct pattern suggests that circumventing the strong inhibitory interactions that normally prevent excess DNA synthesis can occur via at least two pathways, each activating a distinct set of replication origins.
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19
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Yan X, Stuurman N, Ribeiro SA, Tanenbaum ME, Horlbeck MA, Liem CR, Jost M, Weissman JS, Vale RD. High-content imaging-based pooled CRISPR screens in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211696. [PMID: 33465779 PMCID: PMC7821101 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based gene inactivation provides a powerful means for linking genes to particular cellular phenotypes. CRISPR-based screening typically uses large genomic pools of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). However, this approach is limited to phenotypes that can be enriched by chemical selection or FACS sorting. Here, we developed a microscopy-based approach, which we name optical enrichment, to select cells displaying a particular CRISPR-induced phenotype by automated imaging-based computation, mark them by photoactivation of an expressed photoactivatable fluorescent protein, and then isolate the fluorescent cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). A plugin was developed for the open source software μManager to automate the phenotypic identification and photoactivation of cells, allowing ∼1.5 million individual cells to be screened in 8 h. We used this approach to screen 6,092 sgRNAs targeting 544 genes for their effects on nuclear size regulation and identified 14 bona fide hits. These results present a scalable approach to facilitate imaging-based pooled CRISPR screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nico Stuurman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Susana A. Ribeiro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Cairn Biosciences, Inc., San Francisco, CA
| | - Marvin E. Tanenbaum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Max A. Horlbeck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christina R. Liem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Marco Jost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonathan S. Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Ronald D. Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA,Correspondence to Ronald D. Vale:
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20
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Modulation of Early Mitotic Inhibitor 1 (EMI1) depletion on the sensitivity of PARP inhibitors in BRCA1 mutated triple-negative breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0235025. [PMID: 33412559 PMCID: PMC7790533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 10-15% of all breast cancers and has a poor outcome as it lacks a receptor target for therapy, and TNBC is frequently associated with a germline mutation of BRCA1. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) drugs have demonstrated some effectiveness in treating BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutated breast and ovarian cancers but resistance to PARPi is common. Published results found that resistance to Olaparib, a PARPi, can be due to downregulation of EMI1 and the consequent upregulation of the RAD51 recombinase. Using a tissue culture-based cell viability assay, we extended those observations to another PARPi and to other chemotherapy drugs that affect DNA repair or the cell cycle. As we expected, EMI1 downregulation resulted in resistance to another PARPi drug, Talazoparib. EMI1 downregulation also led to resistance to other cytotoxic drugs, Cisplatin and CHK1 inhibitor. Notably, increasing the RAD51 protein expression only recapitulated some, but not all, of the effects of EMI1 depletion in conferring to the cell resistance to different PARPi and the other cytotoxic drugs. These results suggest that the downstream effects of EMI1 downregulation that contribute to PARPi resistance are increasing the concentration of RAD51 protein in the cell and blocking mitotic entry. We found that combining CHK1 inhibitor with olaparib results in restoration of sensitivity even when EMI1 expression is downregulated. This combination therapy may be a means to overcome the PARPi resistance in BRCA1-deficient TNBC cells.
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21
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Saidijam M, Afshar S, Taherkhani A. Identifying Potential Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer and Developing Non-invasive Diagnostic Models Using Bioinformatics Approaches. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ajmb.2020.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent causes of gastrointestinal tumors. Due to the invasiveness of the current diagnostic methods, there is an urgent need to develop non-invasive diagnostic approaches for CRC. The exact mechanisms and the most important genes associated with the development of CRC are not fully demonstrated. Objectives: This study aimed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), key genes, and their regulators associated with the pathogenesis of CRC. The signaling pathways and biological processes (BPs) that were significantly affected in CRC were also indicated. Moreover, two non-invasive models were constructed for CRC diagnosis. Methods: The miRNA dataset GSE59856 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to identify DEMs in CRC patients compared with healthy controls (HCs). A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built and analyzed. Significant clusters in the PPI networks were identified, and the BPs and pathways associated with these clusters were studied. The hub genes in the PPI network, as well as their regulators were identified. Results: A total of 569 DEMs were demonstrated with the criteria of P value <0.001. A total of 110 essential genes and 30 modules were identified in the PPI network. Functional analysis revealed that 1005 BPs, 9 molecular functions (MFs), 14 cellular components (CCs), and 887 pathways were significantly affected in CRC. A total of 22 transcription factors (TFs) were demonstrated as the regulators of the hubs. Conclusion: Our results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of CRC and advance the diagnostic and therapeutic methods of the disease. However, confirmation is required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Saidijam
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Taherkhani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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22
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Liu C, Konagaya Y, Chung M, Daigh LH, Fan Y, Yang HW, Terai K, Matsuda M, Meyer T. Altered G1 signaling order and commitment point in cells proliferating without CDK4/6 activity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5305. [PMID: 33082317 PMCID: PMC7576148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cycle entry relies on an orderly progression of signaling events. To start, cells first activate the kinase cyclin D-CDK4/6, which leads to eventual inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein Rb. Hours later, cells inactivate APC/CCDH1 and cross the final commitment point. However, many cells with genetically deleted cyclin Ds, which activate and confer specificity to CDK4/6, can compensate and proliferate. Despite its importance in cancer, how this entry mechanism operates remains poorly characterized, and whether cells use this path under normal conditions remains unknown. Here, using single-cell microscopy, we demonstrate that cells with acutely inhibited CDK4/6 enter the cell cycle with a slowed and fluctuating cyclin E-CDK2 activity increase. Surprisingly, with low CDK4/6 activity, the order of APC/CCDH1 and Rb inactivation is reversed in both cell lines and wild-type mice. Finally, we show that as a consequence of this signaling inversion, Rb inactivation replaces APC/CCDH1 inactivation as the point of no return. Together, we elucidate the molecular steps that enable cell-cycle entry without CDK4/6 activity. Our findings not only have implications in cancer resistance, but also reveal temporal plasticity underlying the G1 regulatory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Liu
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Yumi Konagaya
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mingyu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Leighton H Daigh
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Yilin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Hee Won Yang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kenta Terai
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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23
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Tsunematsu T, Arakaki R, Kawai H, Ruppert J, Tsuneyama K, Ishimaru N, Earnshaw WC, Pagano M, Kudo Y. APC/C Cdh1 is required for the termination of chromosomal passenger complex activity upon mitotic exit. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/18/jcs251314. [PMID: 32934012 PMCID: PMC7520452 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) ensures the faithful transmission of the genome. The CPC is composed of the enzymatic component Aurora B (AURKB) and the three regulatory and targeting components borealin, INCENP, and survivin (also known as BIRC5). Although the CPC is known to be involved in diverse mitotic events, it is still unclear how CPC function terminates after mitosis. Here we show that borealin is ubiquitylated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and its cofactor Cdh1 (also known as FZR1) and is subsequently degraded in G1 phase. Cdh1 binds to regions within the N terminus of borealin that act as a non-canonical degron. Aurora B has also been shown previously to be degraded by the APC/CCdh1 from late mitosis to G1. Indeed, Cdh1 depletion sustains an Aurora B activity with stable levels of borealin and Aurora B throughout the cell cycle, and causes reduced efficiency of DNA replication after release from serum starvation. Notably, inhibition of Aurora B kinase activity improves the efficiency of DNA replication in Cdh1-depleted cells. We thus propose that APC/CCdh1 terminates CPC activity upon mitotic exit and thereby contributes to proper control of DNA replication. Summary: APC/CCdh1 ubiquitylates both borealin, via a non-canonical degron motif, and Aurora B to terminate activity of the CPC in G1 phase. Disruption of this ubiquitylation reduces the efficiency of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Kawai
- Department of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jan Ruppert
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan .,Department of Oral Bioscience, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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24
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VanGenderen C, Harkness TAA, Arnason TG. The role of Anaphase Promoting Complex activation, inhibition and substrates in cancer development and progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15818-15855. [PMID: 32805721 PMCID: PMC7467358 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, facilitates mitotic and G1 progression, and is now recognized to play a role in maintaining genomic stability. Many APC substrates have been observed overexpressed in multiple cancer types, such as CDC20, the Aurora A and B kinases, and Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), suggesting APC activity is important for cell health. We performed BioGRID analyses of the APC coactivators CDC20 and CDH1, which revealed that at least 69 proteins serve as APC substrates, with 60 of them identified as playing a role in tumor promotion and 9 involved in tumor suppression. While these substrates and their association with malignancies have been studied in isolation, the possibility exists that generalized APC dysfunction could result in the inappropriate stabilization of multiple APC targets, thereby changing tumor behavior and treatment responsiveness. It is also possible that the APC itself plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis through its regulation of mitotic progression. In this review the connections between APC activity and dysregulation will be discussed with regards to cell cycle dysfunction and chromosome instability in cancer, along with the individual roles that the accumulation of various APC substrates may play in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordell VanGenderen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Troy Anthony Alan Harkness
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Terra Gayle Arnason
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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25
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Quantifying the Landscape and Transition Paths for Proliferation-Quiescence Fate Decisions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082582. [PMID: 32784979 PMCID: PMC7466041 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle, essential for biological functions, experiences delicate spatiotemporal regulation. The transition between G1 and S phase, which is called the proliferation–quiescence decision, is critical to the cell cycle. However, the stability and underlying stochastic dynamical mechanisms of the proliferation–quiescence decision have not been fully understood. To quantify the process of the proliferation–quiescence decision, we constructed its underlying landscape based on the relevant gene regulatory network. We identified three attractors on the landscape corresponding to the G0, G1, and S phases, individually, which are supported by single-cell data. By calculating the transition path, which quantifies the potential barrier, we built expression profiles in temporal order for key regulators in different transitions. We propose that the two saddle points on the landscape characterize restriction point (RP) and G1/S checkpoint, respectively, which provides quantitative and physical explanations for the mechanisms of Rb governing the RP while p21 controlling the G1/S checkpoint. We found that Emi1 inhibits the transition from G0 to G1, while Emi1 in a suitable range facilitates the transition from G1 to S. These results are partially consistent with previous studies, which also suggested new roles of Emi1 in the cell cycle. By global sensitivity analysis, we identified some critical regulatory factors influencing the proliferation–quiescence decision. Our work provides a global view of the stochasticity and dynamics in the proliferation–quiescence decision of the cell cycle.
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26
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Maintenance of genome integrity and active homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1220-1229. [PMID: 32770082 PMCID: PMC8080833 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess specific gene expression patterns that confer the ability to proliferate indefinitely and enable pluripotency, which allows ESCs to differentiate into diverse cell types in response to developmental signals. Compared to differentiated cells, ESCs harbor an elevated level of homologous recombination (HR)-related proteins and exhibit exceptional cell cycle control, characterized by a high proliferation rate and a prolonged S phase. HR is involved in several aspects of chromosome maintenance. For instance, HR repairs impaired chromosomes and prevents the collapse of DNA replication forks during cell proliferation. Thus, HR is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity and prevents cellular dysregulation and lethal events. In addition, abundant HR proteins in the prolonged S phase can efficiently protect ESCs from external damages and protect against genomic instability caused by DNA breaks, facilitating rapid and accurate DNA break repair following chromosome duplication. The maintenance of genome integrity is key to preserving the functions of ESCs and reducing the risks of cancer development, cell cycle arrest, and abnormal replication. Here, we review the fundamental links between the stem cell-specific HR process and DNA damage response as well as the different strategies employed by ESCs to maintain genomic integrity. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which give rise to the many specialized cells of the body, have highly effective molecular processes of DNA maintenance and repair which protect their genetic information from damage. Keun Pil Kim and colleagues at Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea, review the strategies found in ESCs to maintain the integrity of their DNA as they develop and multiply. A key feature is the process of homologous recombination (HR) in which one copy of a section of DNA acts as the template allowing a damaged version of the DNA to be repaired. HR also facilitates swapping of sections of DNA when sperm and egg cells form, promoting genetic diversity. HR appears to be especially significant in maintaining ESC DNA as ESCs possess higher levels of key proteins involved in its maintenance and regulation.
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27
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Pennycook BR, Barr AR. Restriction point regulation at the crossroads between quiescence and cell proliferation. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2046-2060. [PMID: 32564372 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
The coordination of cell proliferation with reversible cell cycle exit into quiescence is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms and for tissue homeostasis in the adult. The decision between quiescence and proliferation occurs at the restriction point, which is widely thought to be located in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, when cells integrate accumulated extracellular and intracellular signals to drive this binary cellular decision. On the molecular level, decision-making is exerted through the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (Rb) transcriptional repressor to regulate the expression of cell cycle genes. Recently, the classical view of restriction point regulation has been challenged. Here, we review the latest findings on the activation of CDKs, Rb phosphorylation and the nature and position of the restriction point within the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betheney R Pennycook
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexis R Barr
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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28
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication Is Independent of Anaphase-Promoting Complex Activity. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02079-19. [PMID: 32295923 PMCID: PMC7307157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02079-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex, or cyclosome (APC/C), is a large E3 ubiquitin ligase composed of 14 subunits. The activity of APC/C oscillates during the cell cycle to ensure a timely transition through each phase by promoting the degradation of important cell cycle regulators. Of the human herpesviruses, cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) both impair the activity of APC/C during their lytic replication cycle through virus-encoded protein kinases. Here, we addressed whether the oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) deregulates the activity of APC/C during the lytic replication cycle. To this end, we used the well-characterized iSLK.219 cell model of KSHV infection and established a new infection model of primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) infected with a lytically replicating KSHV BAC16 mutant. In contrast to those of EBV and HCMV, the KSHV lytic cycle occurs while the APC/C is active. Moreover, interfering with the activity of APC/C did not lead to major changes in the production of infectious virus. We further investigated whether rereplication stress induced by the unscheduled activation of the APC/C-CDH1 complex affects the number and integrity of KSHV viral episomes. Deep sequencing of the viral episomes and host chromosomes in iSLK.219 cells revealed that, while distinct regions in the cellular chromosomes were severely affected by rereplication stress, the integrity of the viral episomes remained unaltered.IMPORTANCE DNA viruses have evolved complex strategies to gain control over the cell cycle. Several of them target APC/C, a key cellular machinery that controls the timely progression of the cell cycle, by either blocking or enhancing its activity. Here, we investigated the activity of APC/C during the lytic replication cycle of KSHV and found that, in contrast to that of KSHV's close relatives EBV and HCMV, KSHV lytic replication occurs while the APC/C is active. Perturbing APC/C activity by depleting a core protein or the adaptor proteins of the catalytic domain, and hence interfering with normal cell-cycle progression, did not affect virus replication. This suggests that KSHV has evolved to replicate independently of the activity of APC/C and in various cell cycle conditions.
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29
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Zybina TG, Zybina EV. Role of cell cycling and polyploidy in placental trophoblast of different mammalian species. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:895-904. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G. Zybina
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology Institute of Cytology RAS St.‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Eugenia V. Zybina
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology Institute of Cytology RAS St.‐Petersburg Russia
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30
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Moustafa D, Abd Elwahed MR, Elsaid HH, Parvin JD. Modulation of Early Mitotic Inhibitor 1 (EMI1) Depletion on the Sensitivity of PARP Inhibitors in BRCA1 Mutated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.09.142026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 10–15% of all breast cancers and has a poor outcome as it lacks a receptor target for therapy, and TNBC is frequently associated with a germline mutation of BRCA1. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) drugs have demonstrated some effectiveness in treating BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutated breast and ovarian cancers but resistance to PARPi is common. Published results found that resistance to Olaparib, a PARPi, can be due to downregulation of EMI1 and the consequent upregulation of the RAD51 recombinase. Using a tissue culture-based cell viability assay, we extended those observations to another PARPi and to other chemotherapy drugs that affect DNA repair or the cell cycle. As we expected, EMI1 downregulation resulted in resistance to another PARPi drug, Talazoparib. EMI1 downregulation also led to resistance to other cytotoxic drugs, Cisplatin and CHK1 inhibitor. Surprisingly, EMI1 depletion also led to resistance to a MEK inhibitor, though this inhibitor blocks cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle and would not be expected to be sensitive to EMI1 levels. Notably, increasing the RAD51 protein expression only partially recapitulated the effects of EMI1 depletion in causing resistance to different PARPi and the other cytotoxic drugs. These results suggest that the downstream effects of EMI1 downregulation that contribute to PARPi resistance are increasing the concentration of RAD51 protein in the cell and blocking mitotic entry. We found that combining CHK1 inhibitor with olaparib results in restoration of sensitivity even when EMI1 expression is downregulated. This combination therapy may be a means to overcome the PARPi resistance in BRCA1-deficient TNBC cells.
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31
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Pal D, Torres AE, Stromberg BR, Messina AL, Dickson AS, De K, Willard B, Venere M, Summers MK. Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 promotes the SCF βTRCP-dependent degradation of Cdh1 during S-phase and efficient cell-cycle progression. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:298. [PMID: 32345958 PMCID: PMC7188793 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
APC/CCdh1 is a ubiquitin ligase with roles in numerous diverse processes, including control of cellular proliferation and multiple aspects of the DNA damage response. Precise regulation of APC/CCdh1 activity is central to efficient cell-cycle progression and cellular homeostasis. Here, we have identified Cdh1 as a direct substrate of the replication stress checkpoint effector kinase Chk1 and demonstrate that Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 contributes to its recognition by the SCFβTRCP ubiquitin ligase, promotes efficient S-phase entry, and is important for cellular proliferation during otherwise unperturbed cell cycles. We also find that prolonged Chk1 activity in late S/G2 inhibits Cdh1 accumulation. In addition to promoting control of APC/CCdh1 activity by facilitating Cdh1 destruction, we find that Chk1 also antagonizes activity of the ligase by perturbing the interaction between Cdh1 and the APC/C. Overall, these data suggest that the rise and fall of Chk1 activity contributes to the regulation of APC/CCdh1 activity that enhances the replication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Adrian E Torres
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin R Stromberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abbey L Messina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrew S Dickson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Kuntal De
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Monica Venere
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew K Summers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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32
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Thompson LL, Baergen AK, Lichtensztejn Z, McManus KJ. Reduced SKP1 Expression Induces Chromosome Instability through Aberrant Cyclin E1 Protein Turnover. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E531. [PMID: 32106628 PMCID: PMC7139525 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN), or progressive changes in chromosome numbers, is an enabling feature of many cancers; however, the mechanisms giving rise to CIN remain poorly understood. To expand our mechanistic understanding of the molecular determinants of CIN in humans, we employed a cross-species approach to identify 164 human candidates to screen. Using quantitative imaging microscopy (QuantIM), we show that silencing 148 genes resulted in significant changes in CIN-associated phenotypes in two distinct cellular contexts. Ten genes were prioritized for validation based on cancer patient datasets revealing frequent gene copy number losses and associations with worse patient outcomes. QuantIM determined silencing of each gene-induced CIN, identifying novel roles for each as chromosome stability genes. SKP1 was selected for in-depth analyses as it forms part of SCF (SKP1, CUL1, FBox) complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins for proteolytic degradation. Remarkably, SKP1 silencing induced increases in replication stress, DNA double strand breaks and chromothriptic events that were ascribed to aberrant increases in Cyclin E1 levels arising from reduced SKP1 expression. Collectively, these data reveal a high degree of evolutionary conservation between human and budding yeast CIN genes and further identify aberrant mechanisms associated with increases in chromothriptic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (A.K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Allison K. Baergen
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (A.K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (A.K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (A.K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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McHugh A, Fernandes K, Chinner N, Ibrahim AFM, Garg AK, Boag G, Hepburn LA, Proby CM, Leigh IM, Saville MK. The Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1154-1165.e5. [PMID: 31705877 PMCID: PMC7254059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed a small interfering RNA screen to identify targets for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) therapy in the ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like system. We provide evidence for selective anti-cSCC activity of knockdown of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH4, the ATPase p97/VCP, the deubiquitinating enzyme USP8, the cullin-RING ligase (CRL) 4 substrate receptor CDT2/DTL, and components of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Specifically attenuating CRL4CDT2 by CDT2 knockdown can be more potent in killing cSCC cells than targeting CRLs or CRL4s in general by RBX1 or DDB1 depletion. Suppression of the APC/C or forced APC/C activation by targeting its repressor EMI1 are both potential therapeutic approaches. We observed that cSCC cells can be selectively killed by small-molecule inhibitors of USP8 (DUBs-IN-3/compound 22c) and the NEDD8 E1 activating enzyme/CRLs (MLN4924/pevonedistat). A substantial proportion of cSCC cell lines are very highly MLN4924-sensitive. Pathways that respond to defects in proteostasis are involved in the anti-cSCC activity of p97 suppression. Targeting USP8 can reduce the expression of growth factor receptors that participate in cSCC development. EMI1 and CDT2 depletion can selectively cause DNA re-replication and DNA damage in cSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela McHugh
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Fernandes
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nerime Chinner
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Adel F M Ibrahim
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Amit K Garg
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Boag
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia A Hepburn
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark K Saville
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Lara-Gonzalez P, Moyle MW, Budrewicz J, Mendoza-Lopez J, Oegema K, Desai A. The G2-to-M Transition Is Ensured by a Dual Mechanism that Protects Cyclin B from Degradation by Cdc20-Activated APC/C. Dev Cell 2019; 51:313-325.e10. [PMID: 31588029 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the eukaryotic cell cycle, a threshold level of cyclin B accumulation triggers the G2-to-M transition, and subsequent cyclin B destruction triggers mitotic exit. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is the E3 ubiquitin ligase that, together with its co-activator Cdc20, targets cyclin B for destruction during mitotic exit. Here, we show that two pathways act in concert to protect cyclin B from Cdc20-activated APC/C in G2, in order to enable cyclin B accumulation and the G2-to-M transition. The first pathway involves the Mad1-Mad2 spindle checkpoint complex, acting in a distinct manner from checkpoint signaling after mitotic entry but employing a common molecular mechanism-the promotion of Mad2-Cdc20 complex formation. The second pathway involves cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation of Cdc20, which is known to reduce Cdc20's affinity for the APC/C. Cooperation of these two mechanisms, which target distinct APC/C binding interfaces of Cdc20, enables cyclin B accumulation and the G2-to-M transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Mark W Moyle
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacqueline Budrewicz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jose Mendoza-Lopez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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35
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Limas JC, Cook JG. Preparation for DNA replication: the key to a successful S phase. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2853-2867. [PMID: 31556113 PMCID: PMC6817399 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Successful genome duplication is required for cell proliferation and demands extraordinary precision and accuracy. The mechanisms by which cells enter, progress through, and exit S phase are intense areas of focus in the cell cycle and genome stability fields. Key molecular events in the G1 phase of the cell division cycle, especially origin licensing, are essential for pre-establishing conditions for efficient DNA replication during the subsequent S phase. If G1 events are poorly regulated or disordered, then DNA replication can be compromised leading to genome instability, a hallmark of tumorigenesis. Upon entry into S phase, coordinated origin firing and replication progression ensure complete, timely, and precise chromosome replication. Both G1 and S phase progressions are controlled by master cell cycle protein kinases and ubiquitin ligases that govern the activity and abundance of DNA replication factors. In this short review, we describe current understanding and recent developments related to G1 progression and S phase entrance and exit with a particular focus on origin licensing regulation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita C Limas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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36
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Hao Q, Tan W, Sun J, Li J, Chen CW, Li Z, Meng Y, Zhou Y, Han Z, Pei H, DePamphilis ML, Zhu W. The Cdk2-c-Myc-miR-571 Axis Regulates DNA Replication and Genomic Stability by Targeting Geminin. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4896-4910. [PMID: 31431461 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA rereplication leads to genomic instability and has been implicated in the pathology of a variety of human cancers. Eukaryotic DNA replication is tightly controlled to ensure it occurs only once during each cell cycle. Geminin is a critical component of this control, it prevents DNA rereplication from occurring during S, G2, and early M phases by preventing MCM helicases from forming prereplication complexes. Geminin is targeted for degradation by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) from anaphase through G1-phase, however, accumulating evidence indicates that Geminin is downregulated in late S-phase due to an unknown mechanism. Here, we used a high-throughput screen to identify miRNAs that can induce excess DNA replication and found that miR-571 could reduce the protein level of Geminin in late S-phase independent of the APC/C. Furthermore, miR-571 regulated efficient DNA replication and S-phase cell-cycle progression. Strikingly, c-Myc suppressed miR-571 expression by binding directly to the miR-571 promoter. At the beginning of S-phase, Cdk2 phosphorylated c-Myc at Serine 62, promoting its association with the miR-571 promoter region. Collectively, we identify miR-571 as the first miRNA that prevents aberrant DNA replication and the Cdk2-c-Myc-miR-571 axis as a new pathway for regulating DNA replication, cell cycle, and genomic stability in cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify a novel regulatory mechanism that is critical for maintaining genome integrity by regulating DNA replication and cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Zhuqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Zongzhu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Yunxiao Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Zhiyong Han
- Department of Medical Sciences, Seton Hall-Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Huadong Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wenge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.
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5-hydroxymethylcytosine Marks Mammalian Origins Acting as a Barrier to Replication. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11065. [PMID: 31363131 PMCID: PMC6667497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian cells, DNA replication occurs once, and only once between cell divisions. Replication initiation is a highly regulated process with redundant mechanisms that prevent errant initiation events. In lower eukaryotes, replication is initiated from a defined consensus sequence, whereas a consensus sequence delineating mammalian origin of replication has not been identified. Here we show that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is present at mammalian replication origins. Our data support the hypothesis that 5hmC has a role in cell cycle regulation. We show that 5hmC level is inversely proportional to proliferation; indeed, 5hmC negatively influences cell division by increasing the time a cell resides in G1. Our data suggest that 5hmC recruits replication-licensing factors, then is removed prior to or during origin firing. Later we propose that TET2, the enzyme catalyzing 5mC to 5hmC conversion, acts as barrier to rereplication. In a broader context, our results significantly advance the understating of 5hmC involvement in cell proliferation and disease states.
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38
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Control of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Initiation-Mechanisms to Ensure Smooth Transitions. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020099. [PMID: 30700044 PMCID: PMC6409694 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication differs from most other processes in biology in that any error will irreversibly change the nature of the cellular progeny. DNA replication initiation, therefore, is exquisitely controlled. Deregulation of this control can result in over-replication characterized by repeated initiation events at the same replication origin. Over-replication induces DNA damage and causes genomic instability. The principal mechanism counteracting over-replication in eukaryotes is a division of replication initiation into two steps—licensing and firing—which are temporally separated and occur at distinct cell cycle phases. Here, we review this temporal replication control with a specific focus on mechanisms ensuring the faultless transition between licensing and firing phases.
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39
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Lsd1 as a therapeutic target in Gfi1-activated medulloblastoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:332. [PMID: 30659187 PMCID: PMC6338772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs that modify the epigenome are powerful tools for treating cancer, but these drugs often have pleiotropic effects, and identifying patients who will benefit from them remains a major clinical challenge. Here we show that medulloblastomas driven by the transcription factor Gfi1 are exquisitely dependent on the enzyme lysine demethylase 1 (Kdm1a/Lsd1). We demonstrate that Lsd1 physically associates with Gfi1, and that these proteins cooperate to inhibit genes involved in neuronal commitment and differentiation. We also show that Lsd1 is essential for Gfi1-mediated transformation: Gfi1 proteins that cannot recruit Lsd1 are unable to drive tumorigenesis, and genetic ablation of Lsd1 markedly impairs tumor growth in vivo. Finally, pharmacological inhibitors of Lsd1 potently inhibit growth of Gfi1-driven tumors. These studies provide important insight into the mechanisms by which Gfi1 contributes to tumorigenesis, and identify Lsd1 inhibitors as promising therapeutic agents for Gfi1-driven medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma is one of the most prevalent malignant brain tumors in children and has very poor prognosis. In this study, the authors show, using a mouse model of medulloblastoma, that Gfi1 promotes tumor growth by recruiting Lsd1, that this interaction inhibits genes involved in neuronal differentiation, and that Lsd1 may be a therapeutic target in Gfi1-activated tumors.
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40
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Pronk MCA, Majolée J, Loregger A, van Bezu JSM, Zelcer N, Hordijk PL, Kovačević I. FBXW7 regulates endothelial barrier function by suppression of the cholesterol synthesis pathway and prenylation of RhoB. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:607-621. [PMID: 30601691 PMCID: PMC6589702 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases control both the actin cytoskeleton and adherens junction stability and are recognized as essential regulators of endothelial barrier function. They act as molecular switches and are primarily regulated by the exchange of GDP and GTP. However, posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, prenylation, and ubiquitination can additionally alter their localization, stability, and activity. F-box proteins are involved in the recognition of substrate proteins predestined for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Given the importance of ubiquitination, we studied the effect of the loss of 62 members of the F-box protein family on endothelial barrier function in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endothelial barrier function was quantified by electrical cell impedance sensing and macromolecule passage assay. Our RNA interference–based screen identified FBXW7 as a key regulator of endothelial barrier function. Mechanistically, loss of FBXW7 induced the accumulation of the RhoB GTPase in endothelial cells, resulting in their increased contractility and permeability. FBXW7 knockdown induced activation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and changed the prenylation of RhoB. This effect was reversed by farnesyl transferase inhibitors and by the addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. In summary, this study identifies FBXW7 as a novel regulator of endothelial barrier function in vitro. Loss of FBXW7 indirectly modulates RhoB activity via alteration of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and, consequently, of the prenylation status and activity of RhoB, resulting in increased contractility and disruption of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon C A Pronk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Jisca Majolée
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Anke Loregger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan S M van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Igor Kovačević
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
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41
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Abstract
The separation of sister chromatids at anaphase, which is regulated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase called the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), is arguably the most important irrevocable event during the cell cycle. The APC/C and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) are just two of the many significant cell cycle regulators and exert control through ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, respectively. The temporal and spatial regulation of the APC/C is achieved by multiple mechanisms, including phosphorylation, interaction with the structurally related co-activators Cdc20 and Cdh1, loading of distinct E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, binding with inhibitors and differential affinities for various substrates. Since the discovery of APC/C 25 years ago, intensive studies have uncovered many aspects of APC/C regulation, but we are still far from a full understanding of this important cellular machinery. Recent high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy analysis and reconstitution of the APC/C have greatly advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning the enzymatic properties of APC/C. In this review, we will examine the historical background and current understanding of APC/C regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamano
- Cell Cycle Control Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O’Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
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42
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Kernan J, Bonacci T, Emanuele MJ. Who guards the guardian? Mechanisms that restrain APC/C during the cell cycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1924-1933. [PMID: 30290241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is principally controlled by Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs), whose oscillating activities are determined by binding to Cyclin coactivators. Cyclins exhibit dynamic changes in abundance as cells pass through the cell cycle. The sequential, timed accumulation and degradation of Cyclins, as well as many other proteins, imposes order on the cell cycle and contributes to genome maintenance. The destruction of many cell cycle regulated proteins, including Cyclins A and B, is controlled by a large, multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase termed the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C activity is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. Its activation state increases dramatically in mid-mitosis and it remains active until the end of G1 phase. Following its mandatory inactivation at the G1/S boundary, APC/C activity remains low until the subsequent mitosis. Due to its role in guarding against the inappropriate or untimely accumulation of Cyclins, the APC/C is a core component of the cell cycle oscillator. In addition to the regulation of Cyclins, APC/C controls the degradation of many other substrates. Therefore, it is vital that the activity of APC/C itself be tightly guarded. The APC/C is most well studied for its role and regulation during mitosis. However, the APC/C also plays a similarly important and conserved role in the maintenance of G1 phase. Here we review the diverse mechanisms counteracting APC/C activity throughout the cell cycle and the importance of their coordinated actions on cell growth, proliferation, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kernan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bonacci
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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43
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Hernández-Carralero E, Cabrera E, Alonso-de Vega I, Hernández-Pérez S, Smits VAJ, Freire R. Control of DNA Replication Initiation by Ubiquitin. Cells 2018; 7:E146. [PMID: 30241373 PMCID: PMC6211026 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells divide by accomplishing a program of events in which the replication of the genome is a fundamental part. To ensure all cells have an accurate copy of the genome, DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle and is controlled by numerous pathways. A key step in this process is the initiation of DNA replication in which certain regions of DNA are marked as competent to replicate. Moreover, initiation of DNA replication needs to be coordinated with other cell cycle processes. At the molecular level, initiation of DNA replication relies, among other mechanisms, upon post-translational modifications, including the conjugation and hydrolysis of ubiquitin. An example is the precise control of the levels of the DNA replication initiation protein Cdt1 and its inhibitor Geminin by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. This control ensures that DNA replication occurs with the right timing during the cell cycle, thereby avoiding re-replication events. Here, we review the events that involve ubiquitin signalling during DNA replication initiation, and how they are linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Hernández-Carralero
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Elisa Cabrera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Alonso-de Vega
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Santiago Hernández-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Veronique A J Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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44
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Regulation of Mammalian DNA Replication via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1042:421-454. [PMID: 29357069 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper regulation of DNA replication ensures the faithful transmission of genetic material essential for optimal cellular and organismal physiology. Central to this regulation is the activity of a set of enzymes that induce or reverse posttranslational modifications of various proteins critical for the initiation, progression, and termination of DNA replication. This is particularly important when DNA replication proceeds in cancer cells with elevated rates of genomic instability and increased proliferative capacities. Here, we describe how DNA replication in mammalian cells is regulated via the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system as well as the consequence of derailed ubiquitylation signaling involved in this important cellular activity.
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45
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Kotsantis P, Petermann E, Boulton SJ. Mechanisms of Oncogene-Induced Replication Stress: Jigsaw Falling into Place. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:537-555. [PMID: 29653955 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene activation disturbs cellular processes and accommodates a complex landscape of changes in the genome that contribute to genomic instability, which accelerates mutation rates and promotes tumorigenesis. Part of this cellular turmoil involves deregulation of physiologic DNA replication, widely described as replication stress. Oncogene-induced replication stress is an early driver of genomic instability and is attributed to a plethora of factors, most notably aberrant origin firing, replication-transcription collisions, reactive oxygen species, and defective nucleotide metabolism.Significance: Replication stress is a fundamental step and an early driver of tumorigenesis and has been associated with many activated oncogenes. Deciphering the mechanisms that contribute to the replication stress response may provide new avenues for targeted cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the DNA replication stress response and examine the various mechanisms through which activated oncogenes induce replication stress. Cancer Discov; 8(5); 537-55. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Petermann
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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46
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Vanderdys V, Allak A, Guessous F, Benamar M, Read PW, Jameson MJ, Abbas T. The Neddylation Inhibitor Pevonedistat (MLN4924) Suppresses and Radiosensitizes Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells and Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:368-380. [PMID: 28838998 PMCID: PMC5805645 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cullin RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) with its substrate receptor CDT2 (CRL4-CDT2) is emerging as a critical regulator of DNA replication through targeting CDT1, SET8, and p21 for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. The aberrant increased stability of these proteins in cells with inactivated CRL4-CDT2 results in DNA rereplication, which is deleterious to cells due to the accumulation of replication intermediates and stalled replication forks. Here, we demonstrate that CDT2 is overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and its depletion by siRNA inhibits the proliferation of human papilloma virus-negative (HPV-ve) HNSCC cells primarily through the induction of rereplication. Treatment of HNSCC with the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor pevonedistat (MLN4924), which inhibits all cullin-based ligases, induces significant rereplication and inhibits HNSCC cell proliferation in culture and HNSCC xenografts in mice. Pevonedistat additionally sensitizes HNSCC cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and enhances IR-induced suppression of xenografts in mice. Induction of rereplication via CDT2 depletion, or via the stabilization or activation of CDT1, also radiosensitizes HNSCC cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that induction of rereplication represents a novel approach to treating radioresistant HNSCC tumors and suggest that pevonedistat may be considered as an adjuvant for IR-based treatments. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 368-80. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this MCT Focus section, "Developmental Therapeutics in Radiation Oncology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vanderdys
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amir Allak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Fadila Guessous
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mouadh Benamar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Paul W Read
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mark J Jameson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Tarek Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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47
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Vassilev A, Lee CY, Vassilev B, Zhu W, Ormanoglu P, Martin SE, DePamphilis ML. Identification of genes that are essential to restrict genome duplication to once per cell division. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34956-76. [PMID: 27144335 PMCID: PMC5085202 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear genome duplication is normally restricted to once per cell division, but aberrant events that allow excess DNA replication (EDR) promote genomic instability and aneuploidy, both of which are characteristics of cancer development. Here we provide the first comprehensive identification of genes that are essential to restrict genome duplication to once per cell division. An siRNA library of 21,584 human genes was screened for those that prevent EDR in cancer cells with undetectable chromosomal instability. Candidates were validated by testing multiple siRNAs and chemical inhibitors on both TP53+ and TP53- cells to reveal the relevance of this ubiquitous tumor suppressor to preventing EDR, and in the presence of an apoptosis inhibitor to reveal the full extent of EDR. The results revealed 42 genes that prevented either DNA re-replication or unscheduled endoreplication. All of them participate in one or more of eight cell cycle events. Seventeen of them have not been identified previously in this capacity. Remarkably, 14 of the 42 genes have been shown to prevent aneuploidy in mice. Moreover, suppressing a gene that prevents EDR increased the ability of the chemotherapeutic drug Paclitaxel to induce EDR, suggesting new opportunities for synthetic lethalities in the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Vassilev
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA
| | - Chrissie Y Lee
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA.,Current address: NantBioscience, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Boris Vassilev
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA
| | - Wenge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Pinar Ormanoglu
- National Center of Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Scott E Martin
- National Center of Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,Current Address: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA
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Taming the Beast: Control of APC/C Cdc20-Dependent Destruction. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 82:111-121. [PMID: 29133301 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.033712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multisubunit ubiquitin ligase that triggers the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in the cell cycle by targeting the substrates cyclin B and securin for destruction. APC/C activity toward these two key substrates requires the coactivator Cdc20. To ensure that cells enter mitosis and partition their duplicated genome with high accuracy, APC/CCdc20 activity must be tightly controlled. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate APC/CCdc20 activity both before and during mitosis. We focus our discussion primarily on the chromosomal pathways that both accelerate and delay APC/C activation by targeting Cdc20 to opposing fates. The findings discussed provide an overview of how cells control the activation of this major cell cycle regulator to ensure both accurate and timely cell division.
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Alfieri C, Zhang S, Barford D. Visualizing the complex functions and mechanisms of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Open Biol 2017; 7:170204. [PMID: 29167309 PMCID: PMC5717348 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that orchestrates cell cycle progression by mediating the degradation of important cell cycle regulators. During the two decades since its discovery, much has been learnt concerning its role in recognizing and ubiquitinating specific proteins in a cell-cycle-dependent manner, the mechanisms governing substrate specificity, the catalytic process of assembling polyubiquitin chains on its target proteins, and its regulation by phosphorylation and the spindle assembly checkpoint. The past few years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the quantitative mechanisms underlying these varied APC/C functions. This review integrates the overall functions and properties of the APC/C with mechanistic insights gained from recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of reconstituted human APC/C complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alfieri
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Suyang Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Schoonen PM, Talens F, Stok C, Gogola E, Heijink AM, Bouwman P, Foijer F, Tarsounas M, Blatter S, Jonkers J, Rottenberg S, van Vugt MATM. Progression through mitosis promotes PARP inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity in homologous recombination-deficient cancer cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15981. [PMID: 28714471 PMCID: PMC5520019 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in homologous recombination (HR) genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose to tumorigenesis. HR-deficient cancers are hypersensitive to Poly (ADP ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, but can acquire resistance and relapse. Mechanistic understanding how PARP inhibition induces cytotoxicity in HR-deficient cancer cells is incomplete. Here we find PARP inhibition to compromise replication fork stability in HR-deficient cancer cells, leading to mitotic DNA damage and consequent chromatin bridges and lagging chromosomes in anaphase, frequently leading to cytokinesis failure, multinucleation and cell death. PARP-inhibitor-induced multinucleated cells fail clonogenic outgrowth, and high percentages of multinucleated cells are found in vivo in remnants of PARP inhibitor-treated Brca2-/-;p53-/- and Brca1-/-;p53-/- mammary mouse tumours, suggesting that mitotic progression promotes PARP-inhibitor-induced cell death. Indeed, enforced mitotic bypass through EMI1 depletion abrogates PARP-inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity. These findings provide insight into the cytotoxic effects of PARP inhibition, and point at combination therapies to potentiate PARP inhibitor treatment of HR-deficient tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn M. Schoonen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francien Talens
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Stok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Gogola
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Margriet Heijink
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- The CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Sohvi Blatter
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A. T. M. van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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