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Zhang N, Lin J, Lin VPH, Milbreta U, Chin JS, Chew EGY, Lian MM, Foo JN, Zhang K, Wu W, Chew SY. A 3D Fiber-Hydrogel Based Non-Viral Gene Delivery Platform Reveals that microRNAs Promote Axon Regeneration and Enhance Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100805. [PMID: 34050637 PMCID: PMC8336488 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment approaches toward spinal cord injuries (SCI) have mainly focused on overcoming the inhibitory microenvironment that surrounds lesion sites. Unfortunately, the mere modulation of the cell/tissue microenvironment is often insufficient to achieve desired functional recovery. Therefore, stimulating the intrinsic growth ability of injured neurons becomes crucial. MicroRNAs (miRs) play significant roles during axon regeneration by regulating local protein synthesis at growth cones. However, one challenge of using miRs to treat SCI is the lack of efficient delivery approaches. Here, a 3D fiber-hydrogel scaffold is introduced which can be directly implanted into a spinal cord transected rat. This 3D scaffold consists of aligned electrospun fibers which provide topographical cues to direct axon regeneration, and collagen matrix which enables a sustained delivery of miRs. Correspondingly, treatment with Axon miRs (i.e., a cocktail of miR-132/miR-222/miR-431) significantly enhances axon regeneration. Moreover, administration of Axon miRs along with anti-inflammatory drug, methylprednisolone, synergistically enhances functional recovery. Additionally, this combined treatment also decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and enhance gene expressions related to extracellular matrix deposition. Finally, increased Axon miRs dosage with methylprednisolone, significantly promotes functional recovery and remyelination. Altogether, scaffold-mediated Axon miR treatment with methylprednisolone is a promising therapeutic approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Vincent Po Hen Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological University61 Nanyang DriveSingapore637335Singapore
| | - Elaine Guo Yan Chew
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Michelle Mulan Lian
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Institute of CNS RegenerationMinistry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint LaboratoryJinan University601 West Huangpu AvenueGuangzhou510632P. R. China
- Re‐Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd.1463 Wuzhong AveSuzhou330520P. R. China
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
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Zhao J, Wang X, Meng X, Zou W, Xu S. Rapid and efficient wounding for in vivo studies of neuronal dendrite regeneration and degeneration. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:163-166. [PMID: 33483295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Zhao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinan Meng
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058 China.
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Sabirzhanov B, Matyas J, Coll-Miro M, Yu LL, Faden AI, Stoica BA, Wu J. Inhibition of microRNA-711 limits angiopoietin-1 and Akt changes, tissue damage, and motor dysfunction after contusive spinal cord injury in mice. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:839. [PMID: 31685802 PMCID: PMC6828685 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes neuronal cell death and vascular damage, which contribute to neurological dysfunction. Given that many biochemical changes contribute to such secondary injury, treatment approaches have increasingly focused on combined therapies or use of multi-functional drugs. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small (20-23 nucleotide), non-protein-coding RNAs and can negatively regulate target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. As individual miRs can potentially modulate expression of multiple relevant proteins after injury, they are attractive candidates as upstream regulators of the secondary SCI progression. In the present study we examined the role of miR-711 modulation after SCI. Levels of miR-711 were increased in injured spinal cord early after SCI, accompanied by rapid downregulation of its target angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), an endothelial growth factor. Changes of miR-711 were also associated with downregulation of the pro-survival protein Akt (protein kinase B), another target of miR-711, with sequential activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and the pro-apoptotic BH3-only molecule PUMA. Central administration of a miR-711 hairpin inhibitor after SCI limited decreases of Ang-1/Akt expression and attenuated apoptotic pathways. Such treatment also reduced neuronal/axonal damage, protected microvasculature and improved motor dysfunction following SCI. In vitro, miR-711 levels were rapidly elevated by neuronal insults, but not by activated microglia and astrocytes. Together, our data suggest that post-traumatic miR-711 elevation contributes to neuronal cell death after SCI, in part by inhibiting Ang-1 and Akt pathways, and may serve as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Matyas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marina Coll-Miro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laina Lijia Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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4
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Agostinone J, Alarcon-Martinez L, Gamlin C, Yu WQ, Wong ROL, Di Polo A. Insulin signalling promotes dendrite and synapse regeneration and restores circuit function after axonal injury. Brain 2019; 141:1963-1980. [PMID: 29931057 PMCID: PMC6022605 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite pathology and synapse disassembly are critical features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In spite of this, the capacity of injured neurons to regenerate dendrites has been largely ignored. Here, we show that, upon axonal injury, retinal ganglion cells undergo rapid dendritic retraction and massive synapse loss that preceded neuronal death. Human recombinant insulin, administered as eye drops or systemically after dendritic arbour shrinkage and prior to cell loss, promoted robust regeneration of dendrites and successful reconnection with presynaptic targets. Insulin-mediated regeneration of excitatory postsynaptic sites on retinal ganglion cell dendritic processes increased neuronal survival and rescued light-triggered retinal responses. Further, we show that axotomy-induced dendrite retraction triggered substantial loss of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity exclusively in retinal ganglion cells, and that insulin fully reversed this response. Targeted loss-of-function experiments revealed that insulin-dependent activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is required for new dendritic branching to restore arbour complexity, while complex 2 (mTORC2) drives dendritic process extension thus re-establishing field area. Our findings demonstrate that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system have the intrinsic capacity to regenerate dendrites and synapses after injury, and provide a strong rationale for the use of insulin and/or its analogues as pro-regenerative therapeutics for intractable neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Agostinone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis Alarcon-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Teotia P, Van Hook MJ, Fischer D, Ahmad I. Human retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration by recapitulating developmental mechanisms: effects of recruitment of the mTOR pathway. Development 2019; 146:dev178012. [PMID: 31273087 PMCID: PMC6633601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The poor axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) often leads to permanent functional deficit following disease or injury. For example, degeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in glaucoma leads to irreversible loss of vision. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that the mTOR pathway regulates the development of human RGCs and that its recruitment after injury facilitates axon regeneration. We observed that the mTOR pathway is active during RGC differentiation, and using the induced pluripotent stem cell model of neurogenesis show that it facilitates the differentiation, function and neuritogenesis of human RGCs. Using a microfluidic model, we demonstrate that recruitment of the mTOR pathway facilitates human RGC axon regeneration after axotomy, providing evidence that the recapitulation of developmental mechanism(s) might be a viable approach for facilitating axon regeneration in the diseased or injured human CNS, thus helping to reduce and/or recover loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Zhang H, Li Y, Reall T, Xu Y, Goodman C, Saathoff S, Ringbauer J, Stanley D. Characterization of cell lines derived from the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:749-755. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Banerjee A, Roy JK. Bantam regulates the axonal geometry of Drosophila larval brain by modulating actin regulator enabled. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10158-018-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Oren-Suissa M, Gattegno T, Kravtsov V, Podbilewicz B. Extrinsic Repair of Injured Dendrites as a Paradigm for Regeneration by Fusion in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 206:215-230. [PMID: 28283540 PMCID: PMC5419471 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.196386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury triggers regeneration of axons and dendrites. Research has identified factors required for axonal regeneration outside the CNS, but little is known about regeneration triggered by dendrotomy. Here, we study neuronal plasticity triggered by dendrotomy and determine the fate of complex PVD arbors following laser surgery of dendrites. We find that severed primary dendrites grow toward each other and reconnect via branch fusion. Simultaneously, terminal branches lose self-avoidance and grow toward each other, meeting and fusing at the tips via an AFF-1-mediated process. Ectopic branch growth is identified as a step in the regeneration process required for bypassing the lesion site. Failure of reconnection to the severed dendrites results in degeneration of the distal end of the neuron. We discover pruning of excess branches via EFF-1 that acts to recover the original wild-type arborization pattern in a late stage of the process. In contrast, AFF-1 activity during dendritic auto-fusion is derived from the lateral seam cells and not autonomously from the PVD neuron. We propose a model in which AFF-1-vesicles derived from the epidermal seam cells fuse neuronal dendrites. Thus, EFF-1 and AFF-1 fusion proteins emerge as new players in neuronal arborization and maintenance of arbor connectivity following injury in Caenorhabditis elegans Our results demonstrate that there is a genetically determined multi-step pathway to repair broken dendrites in which EFF-1 and AFF-1 act on different steps of the pathway. EFF-1 is essential for dendritic pruning after injury and extrinsic AFF-1 mediates dendrite fusion to bypass injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Oren-Suissa
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Tamar Gattegno
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Veronika Kravtsov
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Benjamin Podbilewicz
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Kravtsov V, Oren-Suissa M, Podbilewicz B. AFF-1 fusogen can rejuvenate the regenerative potential of adult dendritic trees via self-fusion. Development 2017; 144:2364-2374. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.150037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes structural changes, affecting brain homeostasis, neuronal function and consequently cognition. The complex architecture of dendritic arbors poses a challenge to understanding age-dependent morphological alterations, behavioral plasticity and remodeling following brain injury. Here, we use the PVD polymodal neurons of C. elegans as a model to study how aging affects neuronal plasticity. Using confocal live imaging of C. elegans PVD neurons, we demonstrate age-related progressive morphological alterations of intricate dendritic arbors. We show that insulin/IGF-1 receptor mutations (daf-2) fail to inhibit the progressive morphological aging of dendrites and do not prevent the minor decline in response to harsh touch during aging. We uncovered that PVD aging is characterized by a major decline in regenerative potential of dendrites following experimental laser dendrotomy. Furthermore, the remodeling of transected dendritic trees via AFF-1-mediated self-fusion can be restored in old animals by DAF-2 insulin/IGF-1 receptor mutations, and can be differentially reestablished by ectopic expression of AFF-1 fusion protein (fusogen). Thus, AFF-1 fusogen ectopically expressed in the PVD and mutations in DAF-2/IGF-1R, differentially rejuvenate some aspects of dendritic regeneration following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kravtsov
- Department of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Meital Oren-Suissa
- Department of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Benjamin Podbilewicz
- Department of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Impairments in dendrite morphogenesis as etiology for neurodevelopmental disorders and implications for therapeutic treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:946-978. [PMID: 27143622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite morphology is pivotal for neural circuitry functioning. While the causative relationship between small-scale dendrite morphological abnormalities (shape, density of dendritic spines) and neurodevelopmental disorders is well established, such relationship remains elusive for larger-scale dendrite morphological impairments (size, shape, branching pattern of dendritic trees). Here, we summarize published data on dendrite morphological irregularities in human patients and animal models for neurodevelopmental disorders, with focus on autism and schizophrenia. We next discuss high-risk genes for these disorders and their role in dendrite morphogenesis. We finally overview recent developments in therapeutic attempts and we discuss how they relate to dendrite morphology. We find that both autism and schizophrenia are accompanied by dendritic arbor morphological irregularities, and that majority of their high-risk genes regulate dendrite morphogenesis. Thus, we present a compelling argument that, along with smaller-scale morphological impairments in dendrites (spines and synapse), irregularities in larger-scale dendrite morphology (arbor shape, size) may be an important part of neurodevelopmental disorders' etiology. We suggest that this should not be ignored when developing future therapeutic treatments.
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Lu Y, Belin S, He Z. Signaling regulations of neuronal regenerative ability. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:135-42. [PMID: 24727245 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Different from physiological axon growth during development, a major limiting factor for successful axon regeneration is the poor intrinsic regenerative capacity in mature neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies identified several molecular pathways, including PTEN/mTOR, Jak/STAT, DLK/JNK, providing important probes in investigating the mechanisms by which the regenerative ability is regulated. This review will summarize these recent findings and speculate their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stéphane Belin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Axon regeneration after damage is widespread in the animal kingdom, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has recently emerged as a tractable model in which to study the genetics and cell biology of axon regrowth in vivo. A key early step in axon regrowth is the conversion of part of a mature axon shaft into a growth cone-like structure, involving coordinated alterations in the microtubule, actin, and neurofilament systems. Recent attention has focused on microtubule dynamics as a determinant of axon-regrowth ability in several organisms. Live imaging studies have begun to reveal how the microtubule cytoskeleton is remodeled after axon injury, as well as the regulatory pathways involved. The dual leucine zipper kinase family of mixed-lineage kinases has emerged as a critical sensor of axon damage and plays a key role in regulating microtubule dynamics in the damaged axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Chisholm
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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13
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Franco C, Soares R, Pires E, Koci K, Almeida AM, Santos R, Coelho AV. Understanding regeneration through proteomics. Proteomics 2013; 13:686-709. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Franco
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Renata Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Kamila Koci
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - André M. Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Romana Santos
- Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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