1
|
Reza MH, Dutta S, Goyal R, Shah H, Dey G, Sanyal K. Expansion microscopy reveals characteristic ultrastructural features of pathogenic budding yeast species. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262046. [PMID: 39051746 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen associated with candidemia. Similar to other fungi, the complex life cycle of C. albicans has been challenging to study with high-resolution microscopy due to its small size. Here, we employed ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) to directly visualise subcellular structures at high resolution in the yeast and during its transition to hyphal growth. N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-ester pan-labelling in combination with immunofluorescence via snapshots of various mitotic stages provided a comprehensive map of nucleolar and mitochondrial segregation dynamics and enabled the resolution of the inner and outer plaque of spindle pole bodies (SPBs). Analyses of microtubules (MTs) and SPBs suggest that C. albicans displays a side-by-side SPB arrangement with a short mitotic spindle and longer astral MTs (aMTs) at the pre-anaphase stage. Modifications to the established U-ExM protocol enabled the expansion of six other human fungal pathogens, revealing that the side-by-side SPB configuration is a plausibly conserved feature shared by many fungal species. We highlight the power of U-ExM to investigate subcellular organisation at high resolution and low cost in poorly studied and medically relevant microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Hashim Reza
- Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Srijana Dutta
- Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Hiral Shah
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Gautam Dey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Kaustuv Sanyal
- Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cho E, Lee SH, Dean RA, Jeon J. Distinct dynamics of the nucleolus in response to nutrient availability and during development in the rice blast fungus. mBio 2023; 14:e0184423. [PMID: 37768072 PMCID: PMC10653916 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01844-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure that is involved in many fundamental processes of the nucleus. In higher eukaryotic cells, the size and shape of nucleoli correlate with nucleolar activities. For fungi, knowledge of the nucleolus and its functions is primarily gleaned from budding yeast. Whether such correlation is conserved and how nucleolar functions are regulated in filamentous fungi including important human and crop pathogens are largely unknown. Our observations reveal that the dynamics of nucleolus in a model plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is distinct from those of animal and yeast nucleoli under low nutrient availability and during pathogenic development. Our data not only provide new insight into the nucleoli in filamentous fungi but also highlight the need for investigating how nucleolar dynamics is regulated in comparison to other eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunbyeol Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antagonising Chromatin Remodelling Activities in the Regulation of Mammalian Ribosomal Transcription. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070961. [PMID: 34202617 PMCID: PMC8303148 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal transcription constitutes the major energy consuming process in cells and is regulated in response to proliferation, differentiation and metabolic conditions by several signalling pathways. These act on the transcription machinery but also on chromatin factors and ncRNA. The many ribosomal gene repeats are organised in a number of different chromatin states; active, poised, pseudosilent and repressed gene repeats. Some of these chromatin states are unique to the 47rRNA gene repeat and do not occur at other locations in the genome, such as the active state organised with the HMG protein UBF whereas other chromatin state are nucleosomal, harbouring both active and inactive histone marks. The number of repeats in a certain state varies on developmental stage and cell type; embryonic cells have more rRNA gene repeats organised in an open chromatin state, which is replaced by heterochromatin during differentiation, establishing different states depending on cell type. The 47S rRNA gene transcription is regulated in different ways depending on stimulus and chromatin state of individual gene repeats. This review will discuss the present knowledge about factors involved, such as chromatin remodelling factors NuRD, NoRC, CSB, B-WICH, histone modifying enzymes and histone chaperones, in altering gene expression and switching chromatin states in proliferation, differentiation, metabolic changes and stress responses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fritz AJ, Gillis NE, Gerrard DL, Rodriguez PD, Hong D, Rose JT, Ghule PN, Bolf EL, Gordon JA, Tye CE, Boyd JR, Tracy KM, Nickerson JA, van Wijnen AJ, Imbalzano AN, Heath JL, Frietze SE, Zaidi SK, Carr FE, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. Higher order genomic organization and epigenetic control maintain cellular identity and prevent breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:484-499. [PMID: 30873710 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells establish and sustain structural and functional integrity of the genome to support cellular identity and prevent malignant transformation. In this review, we present a strategic overview of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms including histone modifications and higher order chromatin organization (HCO) that are perturbed in breast cancer onset and progression. Implications for dysfunctions that occur in hormone regulation, cell cycle control, and mitotic bookmarking in breast cancer are considered, with an emphasis on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell activities. The architectural organization of regulatory machinery is addressed within the contexts of translating cancer-compromised genomic organization to advances in breast cancer risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and identification of novel therapeutic targets with high specificity and minimal off target effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - N E Gillis
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pharmacology, Larner college of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - D L Gerrard
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - P D Rodriguez
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - D Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J T Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - P N Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - E L Bolf
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pharmacology, Larner college of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J A Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - C E Tye
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J R Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - K M Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J A Nickerson
- Division of Genes and Development of the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - A J van Wijnen
- Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - A N Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - J L Heath
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pediatrics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - S E Frietze
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - S K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - F E Carr
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pharmacology, Larner college of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - G S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Macovei A, Faè M, Biggiogera M, de Sousa Araújo S, Carbonera D, Balestrazzi A. Ultrastructural and Molecular Analyses Reveal Enhanced Nucleolar Activity in Medicago truncatula Cells Overexpressing the MtTdp2α Gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:596. [PMID: 29868059 PMCID: PMC5958304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (Tdp2) involved in the repair of 5'-end-blocking DNA lesions is still poorly explored in plants. To gain novel insights, Medicago truncatula suspension cultures overexpressing the MtTdp2α gene (Tdp2α-13C and Tdp2α-28 lines, respectively) and a control (CTRL) line carrying the empty vector were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed enlarged nucleoli (up to 44% expansion of the area, compared to CTRL), the presence of nucleolar vacuoles, increased frequency of multinucleolate cells (up to 4.3-fold compared to CTRL) and reduced number of ring-shaped nucleoli in Tdp2α-13C and Tdp2α-28 lines. Ultrastructural data suggesting for enhanced nucleolar activity in MtTdp2α-overexpressing lines were integrated with results from bromouridine incorporation. The latter revealed an increase of labeled transcripts in both Tdp2α-13C and Tdp2α-28 cells, within the nucleolus and in the extra-nucleolar region. MtTdp2α-overexpressing cells showed tolerance to etoposide, a selective inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II, as evidenced by DNA diffusion assay. TEM analysis revealed etoposide-induced rearrangements within the nucleolus, resembling the nucleolar caps observed in animal cells under transcription impairment. Based on these findings it is evident that MtTdp2α-overexpression enhances nucleolar activity in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Faè
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Instituto de Technologia Quìmica e Biologica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Carbonera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alma Balestrazzi,
| |
Collapse
|