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Cai J, Yun Q, Zhang CY, Wang Z, Hinshaw SM, Zhou H, Suhandynata RT. Concatemer Assisted Stoichiometry Analysis (CASA): targeted mass spectrometry for protein quantification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605382. [PMID: 39091769 PMCID: PMC11291133 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Large multi-protein machines are central to multiple biological processes. However, stoichiometric determination of protein complex subunits in their native states presents a significant challenge. This study addresses the limitations of current tools in accuracy and precision by introducing concatemer-assisted stoichiometry analysis (CASA). CASA leverages stable isotope-labeled concatemers and liquid chromatography parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-PRM-MS) to achieve robust quantification of proteins with sub-femtomole sensitivity. As a proof-of-concept, CASA was applied to study budding yeast kinetochores. Stoichiometries were determined for ex vivo reconstituted kinetochore components, including the canonical H3 nucleosomes, centromeric (Cse4CENP-A) nucleosomes, centromere proximal factors (Cbf1 and CBF3 complex), inner kinetochore proteins (Mif2CENP-C, Ctf19CCAN complex), and outer kinetochore proteins (KMN network). Absolute quantification by CASA revealed Cse4CENP-A as a cell-cycle controlled limiting factor for kinetochore assembly. These findings demonstrate that CASA is applicable for stoichiometry analysis of multi-protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Cai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Quan Yun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Cindy Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Stephen M. Hinshaw
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Raymond T. Suhandynata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California
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Uzoeto HO, Cosmas S, Ajima JN, Arazu AV, Didiugwu CM, Ekpo DE, Ibiang GO, Durojaye OA. Computer-aided molecular modeling and structural analysis of the human centromere protein–HIKM complex. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Protein–peptide and protein–protein interactions play an essential role in different functional and structural cellular organizational aspects. While Cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography generate the most complete structural characterization, most biological interactions exist in biomolecular complexes that are neither compliant nor responsive to direct experimental analysis. The development of computational docking approaches is therefore necessary. This starts from component protein structures to the prediction of their complexes, preferentially with precision close to complex structures generated by X-ray crystallography.
Results
To guarantee faithful chromosomal segregation, there must be a proper assembling of the kinetochore (a protein complex with multiple subunits) at the centromere during the process of cell division. As an important member of the inner kinetochore, defects in any of the subunits making up the CENP-HIKM complex lead to kinetochore dysfunction and an eventual chromosomal mis-segregation and cell death. Previous studies in an attempt to understand the assembly and mechanism devised by the CENP-HIKM in promoting the functionality of the kinetochore have reconstituted the protein complex from different organisms including fungi and yeast. Here, we present a detailed computational model of the physical interactions that exist between each component of the human CENP-HIKM, while validating each modeled structure using orthologs with existing crystal structures from the protein data bank.
Conclusions
Results from this study substantiate the existing hypothesis that the human CENP-HIK complex shares a similar architecture with its fungal and yeast orthologs, and likewise validate the binding mode of CENP-M to the C-terminus of the human CENP-I based on existing experimental reports.
Graphical abstract
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Mehta G, Sanyal K, Abhishek S, Rajakumara E, Ghosh SK. Minichromosome maintenance proteins in eukaryotic chromosome segregation. Bioessays 2021; 44:e2100218. [PMID: 34841543 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins are well-known for their functions in DNA replication. However, their roles in chromosome segregation are yet to be reviewed in detail. Following the discovery in 1984, a group of Mcm proteins, known as the ARS-nonspecific group consisting of Mcm13, Mcm16-19, and Mcm21-22, were characterized as bonafide kinetochore proteins and were shown to play significant roles in the kinetochore assembly and high-fidelity chromosome segregation. This review focuses on the structure, function, and evolution of this group of Mcm proteins. Our in silico analysis of the physical interactors of these proteins reveals that they share non-overlapping functions despite being copurified in biochemically stable complexes. We have discussed the contrasting results reported in the literature and experimental strategies to address them. Taken together, this review focuses on the structure-function of the ARS-nonspecific Mcm proteins and their evolutionary flexibility to maintain genome stability in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Kaustuv Sanyal
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Suman Abhishek
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Eerappa Rajakumara
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Santanu K Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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Quan Y, Hinshaw SM, Wang PC, Harrison SC, Zhou H. Ctf3/CENP-I provides a docking site for the desumoylase Ulp2 at the kinetochore. THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 220:212227. [PMID: 34081091 PMCID: PMC8178754 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The step-by-step process of chromosome segregation defines the stages of the cell cycle. In eukaryotes, signals controlling these steps converge upon the kinetochore, a multiprotein assembly that connects spindle microtubules to chromosomal centromeres. Kinetochores control and adapt to major chromosomal transactions, including replication of centromeric DNA, biorientation of sister centromeres on the metaphase spindle, and transit of sister chromatids into daughter cells during anaphase. Although the mechanisms that ensure tight microtubule coupling at anaphase are at least partly understood, kinetochore adaptations that support other cell cycle transitions are not. We report here a mechanism that enables regulated control of kinetochore sumoylation. A conserved surface of the Ctf3/CENP-I kinetochore protein provides a binding site for Ulp2, the nuclear enzyme that removes SUMO chains from modified substrates. Ctf3 mutations that disable Ulp2 recruitment cause elevated inner kinetochore sumoylation and defective chromosome segregation. The location of the site within the assembled kinetochore suggests coordination between sumoylation and other cell cycle–regulated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Quan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Pang-Che Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Recruitment of the Ulp2 protease to the inner kinetochore prevents its hyper-sumoylation to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008477. [PMID: 31747400 PMCID: PMC6892545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is the central molecular machine that drives chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes. Genetic studies have suggested that protein sumoylation plays a role in regulating the inner kinetochore; however, the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ulp2, an evolutionarily conserved SUMO specific protease, contains a previously uncharacterized kinetochore-targeting motif that recruits Ulp2 to the kinetochore via the Ctf3CENP-I-Mcm16CENP-H-Mcm22CENP-K complex (CMM). Once recruited, Ulp2 selectively targets multiple subunits of the kinetochore, specifically the Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN), via its SUMO-interacting motif (SIM). Mutations that impair the kinetochore recruitment of Ulp2 or its binding to SUMO result in an elevated rate of chromosome loss, while mutations that affect both result in a synergistic increase of chromosome loss rate, hyper-sensitivity to DNA replication stress, along with a dramatic accumulation of hyper-sumoylated CCAN. Notably, sumoylation of CCAN occurs at the kinetochore and is perturbed by DNA replication stress. These results indicate that Ulp2 utilizes its dual substrate recognition to prevent hyper-sumoylation of CCAN, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation during cell division.
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Hinshaw SM, Dates AN, Harrison SC. The structure of the yeast Ctf3 complex. eLife 2019; 8:e48215. [PMID: 31194673 PMCID: PMC6602579 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are the chromosomal attachment points for spindle microtubules. They are also signaling hubs that control major cell cycle transitions and coordinate chromosome folding. Most well-studied eukaryotes rely on a conserved set of factors, which are divided among two loosely-defined groups, for these functions. Outer kinetochore proteins contact microtubules or regulate this contact directly. Inner kinetochore proteins designate the kinetochore assembly site by recognizing a specialized nucleosome containing the H3 variant Cse4/CENP-A. We previously determined the structure, resolved by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), of the yeast Ctf19 complex (Ctf19c, homologous to the vertebrate CCAN), providing a high-resolution view of inner kinetochore architecture (Hinshaw and Harrison, 2019). We now extend these observations by reporting a near-atomic model of the Ctf3 complex, the outermost Ctf19c sub-assembly seen in our original cryo-EM density. The model is sufficiently well-determined by the new data to enable molecular interpretation of Ctf3 recruitment and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Andrew N Dates
- Harvard Chemical Biology PhD ProgramHarvard UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
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Mittal P, Chavan A, Trakroo D, Shah S, Ghosh SK. Outer kinetochore protein Dam1 promotes centromere clustering in parallel with Slk19 in budding yeast. Chromosoma 2019; 128:133-148. [PMID: 30903360 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-019-00694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A higher order organization of the centromeres in the form of clustering of these DNA loci has been observed in many organisms. While centromere clustering is biologically significant to achieve faithful chromosome segregation, the underlying molecular mechanism is yet to be fully understood. In budding yeast, a kinetochore-associated protein Slk19 is shown to have a role in clustering in association with the microtubules whereas removal of either Slk19 or microtubules alone does not have any effect on the centromere clustering. Furthermore, Slk19 is non-essential for growth and becomes cleaved during anaphase whereas clustering being an essential event occurs throughout the cell cycle. Hence, we searched for an additional factor involved in the clustering and since the integrity of the kinetochore complex is shown to be crucial for centromere clustering, we restricted our search within the complex. We observed that the outermost kinetochore protein Dam1 promotes centromere clustering through stabilization of the kinetochore integrity. While in the absence of Dam1 we failed to detect Slk19 at the centromere, on the other hand, we found almost no Dam1 at the centromere in the absence of Slk19 and microtubules suggesting interdependency between these two pathways. Strikingly, we observed that overexpression of Dam1 or Slk19 could restore the centromere clustering largely in the cells devoid of Slk19 and microtubules or Dam1, respectively. Thus, we propose that in budding yeast, centromere clustering is achieved at least by two parallel pathways, through Dam1 and another via Slk19, in concert with the microtubules suggesting that having a dual mechanism may be crucial for ensuring microtubule capture by the point centromeres where each attaches to only one microtubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mittal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Ankita Chavan
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Deepika Trakroo
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sanket Shah
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Santanu K Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Samel A, Nguyen TKL, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE. Defects in methylation of arginine 37 on CENP-A/Cse4 are compensated by the ubiquitin ligase complex Ubr2/Mub1. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:2966861. [PMID: 28158539 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore, a supramolecular protein complex, provides the physical connection between chromatin and the microtubule and ensures correct chromosome segregation during mitosis. Centromeric regions are marked by the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A. Cse4, the CENP-A homologue from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is methylated on arginine 37 in its N-terminus (R37), and the absence of methylation (cse4-R37A) causes synthetic genetic defects in combination with mutations or deletions in genes encoding components of the Ctf19/CCAN complex and with the CDEI binding protein Cbf1. Here, we report that the absence of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Ubr2 as well as its adaptor protein Mub1 suppresses the defects caused by the absence of Cse4-R37 methylation. Ubr2 is known to regulate the levels of the MIND complex component Dsn1 via ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Accordingly, we found that overexpression of DSN1 also led to suppression of Cse4 methylation defects. Altogether, our data indicate that the absence of R37 methylation reduces the recruitment of kinetochore proteins to centromeric chromatin, and that this can be compensated for by stabilising the outer kinetochore protein Dsn1.
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9
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Hoischen C, Yavas S, Wohland T, Diekmann S. CENP-C/H/I/K/M/T/W/N/L and hMis12 but not CENP-S/X participate in complex formation in the nucleoplasm of living human interphase cells outside centromeres. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192572. [PMID: 29509805 PMCID: PMC5839545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore proteins assemble onto centromeric chromatin and regulate DNA segregation during cell division. The inner kinetochore proteins bind centromeres while most outer kinetochore proteins assemble at centromeres during mitosis, connecting the complex to microtubules. Here, we measured the co-migration between protein pairs of the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN) and hMis12 complexes by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) in the nucleoplasm outside centromeres in living human interphase cells. FCCS is a method that can tell if in living cells two differently fluorescently labelled molecules migrate independently, or co-migrate and thus are part of one and the same soluble complex. We also determined the apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of the hetero-dimers CENP-T/W and CENP-S/X. We measured co-migration between CENP-K and CENP-T as well as between CENP-M and CENP-T but not between CENP-T/W and CENP-S/X. Furthermore, CENP-C co-migrated with CENP-H, and CENP-K with CENP-N as well as with CENP-L. Thus, in the nucleoplasm outside centromeres, a large fraction of the CENP-H/I/K/M proteins interact with CENP-C, CENP-N/L and CENP-T/W but not with CENP-S/X. Our FCCS analysis of the Mis12 complex showed that hMis12, Nsl1, Dsn1 and Nnf1 also form a complex outside centromeres of which at least hMis12 associated with the CENP-C/H/I/K/M/T/W/N/L complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoischen
- Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Friz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sibel Yavas
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Centre of Bioimaging Sciences, Lee Wee Kheng Buildung, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Centre of Bioimaging Sciences, Lee Wee Kheng Buildung, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Friz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
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Schmitzberger F, Richter MM, Gordiyenko Y, Robinson CV, Dadlez M, Westermann S. Molecular basis for inner kinetochore configuration through RWD domain-peptide interactions. EMBO J 2017; 36:3458-3482. [PMID: 29046335 PMCID: PMC5709738 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are dynamic cellular structures that connect chromosomes to microtubules. They form from multi‐protein assemblies that are evolutionarily conserved between yeasts and humans. One of these assemblies—COMA—consists of subunits Ame1CENP‐U, Ctf19CENP‐P, Mcm21CENP‐O and Okp1CENP‐Q. A description of COMA molecular organization has so far been missing. We defined the subunit topology of COMA, bound with inner kinetochore proteins Nkp1 and Nkp2, from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, with nanoflow electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and mapped intermolecular contacts with hydrogen‐deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry. Our data suggest that the essential Okp1 subunit is a multi‐segmented nexus with distinct binding sites for Ame1, Nkp1‐Nkp2 and Ctf19‐Mcm21. Our crystal structure of the Ctf19‐Mcm21 RWD domains bound with Okp1 shows the molecular contacts of this important inner kinetochore joint. The Ctf19‐Mcm21 binding motif in Okp1 configures a branch of mitotic inner kinetochores, by tethering Ctf19‐Mcm21 and Chl4CENP‐N‐Iml3CENP‐L. Absence of this motif results in dependence on the mitotic checkpoint for viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmitzberger
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA .,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena M Richter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yuliya Gordiyenko
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Biology Department, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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Kinetochore Function from the Bottom Up. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 28:22-33. [PMID: 28985987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During a single human lifetime, nearly one quintillion chromosomes separate from their sisters and transit to their destinations in daughter cells. Unlike DNA replication, chromosome segregation has no template, and, unlike transcription, errors frequently lead to a total loss of cell viability. Rapid progress in recent years has shown how kinetochores enable faithful execution of this process by connecting chromosomal DNA to microtubules. These findings have transformed our idea of kinetochores from cytological features to immense molecular machines and now allow molecular interpretation of many long-appreciated kinetochore functions. In this review we trace kinetochore protein connectivity from chromosomal DNA to microtubules, relating new findings to important points of regulation and function.
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Hinshaw SM, Makrantoni V, Harrison SC, Marston AL. The Kinetochore Receptor for the Cohesin Loading Complex. Cell 2017; 171:72-84.e13. [PMID: 28938124 PMCID: PMC5610175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ring-shaped cohesin complex brings together distant DNA domains to maintain, express, and segregate the genome. Establishing specific chromosomal linkages depends on cohesin recruitment to defined loci. One such locus is the budding yeast centromere, which is a paradigm for targeted cohesin loading. The kinetochore, a multiprotein complex that connects centromeres to microtubules, drives the recruitment of high levels of cohesin to link sister chromatids together. We have exploited this system to determine the mechanism of specific cohesin recruitment. We show that phosphorylation of the Ctf19 kinetochore protein by a conserved kinase, DDK, provides a binding site for the Scc2/4 cohesin loading complex, thereby directing cohesin loading to centromeres. A similar mechanism targets cohesin to chromosomes in vertebrates. These findings represent a complete molecular description of targeted cohesin loading, a phenomenon with wide-ranging importance in chromosome segregation and, in multicellular organisms, transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vasso Makrantoni
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Adèle L Marston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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Abstract
The genetic material, contained on chromosomes, is often described as the "blueprint for life." During nuclear division, the chromosomes are pulled into each of the two daughter nuclei by the coordination of spindle microtubules, kinetochores, centromeres, and chromatin. These four functional units must link the chromosomes to the microtubules, signal to the cell when the attachment is made so that division can proceed, and withstand the force generated by pulling the chromosomes to either daughter cell. To perform each of these functions, kinetochores are large protein complexes, approximately 5MDa in size, and they contain at least 45 unique proteins. Many of the central components in the kinetochore are well conserved, yielding a common core of proteins forming consistent structures. However, many of the peripheral subcomplexes vary between different taxonomic groups, including changes in primary sequence and gain or loss of whole proteins. It is still unclear how significant these changes are, and answers to this question may provide insights into adaptation to specific lifestyles or progression of disease that involve chromosome instability.
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Musacchio A, Desai A. A Molecular View of Kinetochore Assembly and Function. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E5. [PMID: 28125021 PMCID: PMC5371998 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters. Kinetochores also control feedback mechanisms responsible for the correction of incorrect microtubule attachments, and for the coordination of chromosome attachment with cell cycle progression. Finally, kinetochores contribute to their own preservation, across generations, at the specific chromosomal loci devoted to host them, the centromeres. They achieve this in most species by exploiting an epigenetic, DNA-sequence-independent mechanism; notable exceptions are budding yeasts where a specific sequence is associated with centromere function. In the last 15 years, extensive progress in the elucidation of the composition of the kinetochore and the identification of various physical and functional modules within its substructure has led to a much deeper molecular understanding of kinetochore organization and the origins of its functional output. Here, we provide a broad summary of this progress, focusing primarily on kinetochores of humans and budding yeast, while highlighting work from other models, and present important unresolved questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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CCAN Assembly Configures Composite Binding Interfaces to Promote Cross-Linking of Ndc80 Complexes at the Kinetochore. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2370-8. [PMID: 27524485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Partitioning of the genome requires kinetochores, large protein complexes that mediate dynamic attachment of chromosomes to the spindle. Kinetochores contain two supramolecular protein assemblies. The ten-protein KMN network harbors key microtubule-binding sites in the Ndc80 complex and mediates assembly of checkpoint complexes via the KNL-1/Spc105 protein [1, 2]. As KMN does not contact DNA directly, it relies on different centromere-binding proteins for recruitment and cell-cycle-dependent assembly. These proteins are collectively referred to as the CCAN (constitutive centromere-associated network) [2-4]. The molecular mechanisms by which CCAN subunits associate, however, have remained incompletely defined. In particular, it is unclear how CCAN subunits facilitate the assembly of a microtubule-binding interface that contains multiple Ndc80 molecules bound to different receptors [5]. Here, we dissect molecular mechanisms that underlie targeting of the CCAN subunit Cnn1/CENP-T to the sequence-determined point centromeres of budding yeast. Systematic quantitative mass spectrometry experiments reveal association dependencies within the yeast CCAN network. We show that evolutionarily conserved residues in the histone-fold domain of Cnn1 are required for the formation of a stable five-subunit CCAN subassembly with the Ctf3 complex. Cnn1 localizes in a Ctf3-dependent manner to the core of the yeast point centromere, overlapping with the yeast CENP-A protein Cse4. By arranging the N-terminal domains of the CCAN subunits Mcm16, Mcm22, and Cnn1 into close proximity, the Ctf3c-Cnn1-Wip1 complex configures a composite interaction site for two molecules of the Ndc80 complex. Our experiments show how cooperative assembly mechanisms organize the microtubule-binding interface of the kinetochore.
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Freitag M. The kinetochore interaction network (KIN) of ascomycetes. Mycologia 2016; 108:485-505. [PMID: 26908646 DOI: 10.3852/15-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation relies on coordinated activity of a large assembly of proteins, the kinetochore interaction network (KIN). How conserved the underlying mechanisms driving the epigenetic phenomenon of centromere and kinetochore assembly and maintenance are remains unclear, even though various eukaryotic models have been studied. More than 50 different proteins, many in multiple copies, comprise the KIN or are associated with fungal centromeres and kinetochores. Proteins isolated from immune sera recognized centromeric regions on chromosomes and thus were named centromere proteins (CENPs). CENP-A, sometimes called centromere-specific H3 (CenH3), is incorporated into nucleosomes within or near centromeres. The constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) assembles on this specialized chromatin, likely based on specific interactions with and requiring presence of CENP-C. The outer kinetochore comprises the Knl1-Mis12-Ndc80 (KMN) protein complexes that connect CCAN to spindles, accomplished by binding and stabilizing microtubules (MTs) and in the process generating load-bearing assemblies for chromatid segregation. In most fungi the Dam1/DASH complex connects the KMN complexes to MTs. Fungi present a rich resource to investigate mechanistic commonalities but also differences in kinetochore architecture. While ascomycetes have sets of CCAN and KMN proteins that are conserved with those of budding yeast or metazoans, searching other major branches of the fungal kingdom revealed that CCAN proteins are poorly conserved at the primary sequence level. Several conserved binding motifs or domains within KMN complexes have been described recently, and these features of ascomycete KIN proteins are shared with most metazoan proteins. In addition, several ascomycete-specific domains have been identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7305
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17
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Quantitative BrdU immunoprecipitation method demonstrates that Fkh1 and Fkh2 are rate-limiting activators of replication origins that reprogram replication timing in G1 phase. Genome Res 2016; 26:365-75. [PMID: 26728715 PMCID: PMC4772018 DOI: 10.1101/gr.196857.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiaeForkhead Box (FOX) proteins, Fkh1 and Fkh2, regulate diverse cellular processes including transcription, long-range DNA interactions during homologous recombination, and replication origin timing and long-range origin clustering. We hypothesized that, as stimulators of early origin activation, Fkh1 and Fkh2 abundance limits the rate of origin activation genome-wide. Existing methods, however, are not well-suited to quantitative, genome-wide measurements of origin firing between strains and conditions. To overcome this limitation, we developed qBrdU-seq, a quantitative method for BrdU incorporation analysis of replication dynamics, and applied it to show that overexpression of Fkh1 and Fkh2 advances the initiation timing of many origins throughout the genome resulting in a higher total level of origin initiations in early S phase. The higher initiation rate is accompanied by slower replication fork progression, thereby maintaining a normal length of S phase without causing detectable Rad53 checkpoint kinase activation. The advancement of origin firing time, including that of origins in heterochromatic domains, was established in late G1 phase, indicating that origin timing can be reset subsequently to origin licensing. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of origin timing regulation by identifying Fkh1 and Fkh2 as rate-limiting factors for origin firing that determine the ability of replication origins to accrue limiting factors and have the potential to reprogram replication timing late in G1 phase.
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Abendroth C, Hofmeister A, Hake SB, Kamweru PK, Miess E, Dornblut C, Küffner I, Deng W, Leonhardt H, Orthaus S, Hoischen C, Diekmann S. The CENP-T C-terminus is exclusively proximal to H3.1 and not to H3.2 or H3.3. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5839-63. [PMID: 25775162 PMCID: PMC4394509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore proteins assemble onto centromeric chromatin and regulate DNA segregation during cell division. The inner kinetochore proteins bind centromeres while most outer kinetochore proteins assemble at centromeres during mitosis, connecting the complex to microtubules. The centromere-kinetochore complex contains specific nucleosomes and nucleosomal particles. CENP-A replaces canonical H3 in centromeric nucleosomes, defining centromeric chromatin. Next to CENP-A, the CCAN multi-protein complex settles which contains CENP-T/W/S/X. These four proteins are described to form a nucleosomal particle at centromeres. We had found the CENP-T C-terminus and the CENP-S termini next to histone H3.1 but not to CENP-A, suggesting that the Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN) bridges a CENP-A- and a H3-containing nucleosome. Here, we show by in vivo FRET that this proximity between CENP-T and H3 is specific for H3.1 but neither for the H3.1 mutants H3.1(C96A) and H3.1(C110A) nor for H3.2 or H3.3. We also found CENP-M next to H3.1 but not to these H3.1 mutants. Consistently, we detected CENP-M next to CENP-S. These data elucidate the local molecular neighborhood of CCAN proteins next to a H3.1-containing centromeric nucleosome. They also indicate an exclusive position of H3.1 clearly distinct from H3.2, thus documenting a local, and potentially also functional, difference between H3.1 and H3.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Abendroth
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Antje Hofmeister
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sandra B Hake
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Schillerstr. 44, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Paul K Kamweru
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Elke Miess
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Carsten Dornblut
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Isabell Küffner
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Biology II, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Hoischen
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
The AGC kinase Sch9 regulates filamentation in Candida albicans. Here, we show that Sch9 binding is most enriched at the centromeres in C. albicans, but not in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of CaSch9 leads to a 150- to 750-fold increase in chromosome loss. Thus, we report a previously unknown role of Sch9 in chromosome segregation.
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20
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Agarwal M, Mehta G, Ghosh SK. Role of Ctf3 and COMA subcomplexes in meiosis: Implication in maintaining Cse4 at the centromere and numeric spindle poles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:671-84. [PMID: 25562757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis and meiosis, kinetochore, a conserved multi-protein complex, connects microtubule with the centromere and promotes segregation of the chromosomes. In budding yeast, central kinetochore complex named Ctf19 has been implicated in various functions and is believed to be made up of three biochemically distinct subcomplexes: COMA, Ctf3 and Iml3-Chl4. In this study, we aimed to identify whether Ctf3 and COMA subcomplexes have any unshared function at the kinetochore. Our data suggests that both these subcomplexes may work as a single functional unit without any unique functions, which we tested. Analysis of severity of the defects in the mutants suggests that COMA is epistatic to Ctf3 subcomplex. Interestingly, we noticed that these subcomplexes affect the organization of mitotic and meiotic kinetochores with subtle differences and they promote maintenance of Cse4 at the centromeres specifically during meiosis which is similar to the role of Mis6 (Ctf3 homolog) in fission yeast during mitosis. Interestingly, analysis of ctf3Δ and ctf19Δ mutants revealed a novel role of Ctf19 complex in regulation of SPB cohesion and duplication in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076, India
| | - Gunjan Mehta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076, India
| | - Santanu K Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076, India.
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21
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Basilico F, Maffini S, Weir JR, Prumbaum D, Rojas AM, Zimniak T, De Antoni A, Jeganathan S, Voss B, van Gerwen S, Krenn V, Massimiliano L, Valencia A, Vetter IR, Herzog F, Raunser S, Pasqualato S, Musacchio A. The pseudo GTPase CENP-M drives human kinetochore assembly. eLife 2014; 3:e02978. [PMID: 25006165 PMCID: PMC4080450 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores, multi-subunit complexes that assemble at the interface with centromeres, bind spindle microtubules to ensure faithful delivery of chromosomes during cell division. The configuration and function of the kinetochore-centromere interface is poorly understood. We report that a protein at this interface, CENP-M, is structurally and evolutionarily related to small GTPases but is incapable of GTP-binding and conformational switching. We show that CENP-M is crucially required for the assembly and stability of a tetramer also comprising CENP-I, CENP-H, and CENP-K, the HIKM complex, which we extensively characterize through a combination of structural, biochemical, and cell biological approaches. A point mutant affecting the CENP-M/CENP-I interaction hampers kinetochore assembly and chromosome alignment and prevents kinetochore recruitment of the CENP-T/W complex, questioning a role of CENP-T/W as founder of an independent axis of kinetochore assembly. Our studies identify a single pathway having CENP-C as founder, and CENP-H/I/K/M and CENP-T/W as CENP-C-dependent followers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02978.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Basilico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Prumbaum
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ana M Rojas
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Campus Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - Tomasz Zimniak
- Department of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna De Antoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sadasivam Jeganathan
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Beate Voss
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Suzan van Gerwen
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Veronica Krenn
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Massimiliano
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Department of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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22
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Sau S, Sutradhar S, Paul R, Sinha P. Budding yeast kinetochore proteins, Chl4 and Ctf19, are required to maintain SPB-centromere proximity during G1 and late anaphase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101294. [PMID: 25003500 PMCID: PMC4086815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the budding yeast, centromeres stay clustered near the spindle pole bodies (SPBs) through most of the cell cycle. This SPB-centromere proximity requires microtubules and functional kinetochores, which are protein complexes formed on the centromeres and capable of binding microtubules. The clustering is suggested by earlier studies to depend also on protein-protein interactions between SPB and kinetochore components. Previously it has been shown that the absence of non-essential kinetochore proteins of the Ctf19 complex weakens kinetochore-microtubule interaction, but whether this compromised interaction affects centromere/kinetochore positioning inside the nucleus is unknown. We found that in G1 and in late anaphase, SPB-centromere proximity was disturbed in mutant cells lacking Ctf19 complex members,Chl4p and/or Ctf19p, whose centromeres lay further away from their SPBs than those of the wild-type cells. We unequivocally show that the SPB-centromere proximity and distances are not dependent on physical interactions between SPB and kinetochore components, but involve microtubule-dependent forces only. Further insight on the positional difference between wild-type and mutant kinetochores was gained by generating computational models governed by (1) independently regulated, but constant kinetochore microtubule (kMT) dynamics, (2) poleward tension on kinetochore and the antagonistic polar ejection force and (3) length and force dependent kMT dynamics. Numerical data obtained from the third model concurs with experimental results and suggests that the absence of Chl4p and/or Ctf19p increases the penetration depth of a growing kMT inside the kinetochore and increases the rescue frequency of a depolymerizing kMT. Both the processes result in increased distance between SPB and centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Sau
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sutradhar
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Raja Paul
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (PS); (RP)
| | - Pratima Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (PS); (RP)
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23
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Abstract
The propagation of all organisms depends on the accurate and orderly segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. Budding yeast has long served as an outstanding model organism to identify the components and underlying mechanisms that regulate chromosome segregation. This review focuses on the kinetochore, the macromolecular protein complex that assembles on centromeric chromatin and maintains persistent load-bearing attachments to the dynamic tips of spindle microtubules. The kinetochore also serves as a regulatory hub for the spindle checkpoint, ensuring that cell cycle progression is coupled to the achievement of proper microtubule-kinetochore attachments. Progress in understanding the composition and overall architecture of the kinetochore, as well as its properties in making and regulating microtubule attachments and the spindle checkpoint, is discussed.
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24
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Mehta GD, Agarwal M, Ghosh SK. Functional characterization of kinetochore protein, Ctf19 in meiosis I: an implication of differential impact of Ctf19 on the assembly of mitotic and meiotic kinetochores in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2014; 91:1179-99. [PMID: 24446862 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell division process through which chromosome numbers are reduced by half for the generation of gametes. Kinetochore, a multiprotein complex that connects centromeres to microtubules, plays essential role in chromosome segregation. Ctf19 is the key central kinetochore protein that recruits all the other non-essential proteins of the Ctf19 complex in budding yeast. Earlier studies have shown the role of Ctf19 complex in enrichment of cohesin around the centromeres both during mitosis and meiosis, leading to sister chromatid cohesion and meiosis II disjunction. Here we show that Ctf19 is also essential for the proper execution of the meiosis I specific unique events, such as non-homologous centromere coupling, homologue pairing, chiasmata resolution and proper orientation of homologues and sister chromatids with respect to the spindle poles. Additionally, this investigation reveals that proper kinetochore function is required for faithful chromosome condensation in meiosis. Finally, this study suggests that absence of Ctf19 affects the integrity of meiotic kinetochore differently than that of the mitotic kinetochore. Consequently, absence of Ctf19 leads to gross chromosome missegregation during meiosis as compared with mitosis. Hence, this study reports for the first time the differential impact of a non-essential kinetochore protein on the mitotic and meiotic kinetochore ensembles and hence chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan D Mehta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Wadhawani Research Centre of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 40076, India
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25
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Tirupataiah S, Jamir I, Srividya I, Mishra K. Yeast Nkp2 is required for accurate chromosome segregation and interacts with several components of the central kinetochore. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:787-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Lahiri S, Mehta GD, Ghosh SK. Iml3p, a component of the Ctf19 complex of the budding yeast kinetochore is required to maintain kinetochore integrity under conditions of spindle stress. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:375-85. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunjan D. Mehta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Wadhwani Research Centre in Biosciences and Bioengineering (WRCBB); Indian Institute of Technology; Bombay; Powai; India
| | - Santanu Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Wadhwani Research Centre in Biosciences and Bioengineering (WRCBB); Indian Institute of Technology; Bombay; Powai; India
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27
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Best HA, Matthews JH, Heathcott RW, Hanna R, Leahy DC, Coorey NVC, Bellows DS, Atkinson PH, Miller JH. Laulimalide and peloruside A inhibit mitosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by preventing microtubule depolymerisation-dependent steps in chromosome separation and nuclear positioning. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:2842-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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SWI/SNF-like chromatin remodeling factor Fun30 supports point centromere function in S. cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002974. [PMID: 23028372 PMCID: PMC3459985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Budding yeast centromeres are sequence-defined point centromeres and are, unlike in many other organisms, not embedded in heterochromatin. Here we show that Fun30, a poorly understood SWI/SNF-like chromatin remodeling factor conserved in humans, promotes point centromere function through the formation of correct chromatin architecture at centromeres. Our determination of the genome-wide binding and nucleosome positioning properties of Fun30 shows that this enzyme is consistently enriched over centromeres and that a majority of CENs show Fun30-dependent changes in flanking nucleosome position and/or CEN core micrococcal nuclease accessibility. Fun30 deletion leads to defects in histone variant Htz1 occupancy genome-wide, including at and around most centromeres. FUN30 genetically interacts with CSE4, coding for the centromere-specific variant of histone H3, and counteracts the detrimental effect of transcription through centromeres on chromosome segregation and suppresses transcriptional noise over centromere CEN3. Previous work has shown a requirement for fission yeast and mammalian homologs of Fun30 in heterochromatin assembly. As centromeres in budding yeast are not embedded in heterochromatin, our findings indicate a direct role of Fun30 in centromere chromatin by promoting correct chromatin architecture.
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29
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Schmitzberger F, Harrison SC. RWD domain: a recurring module in kinetochore architecture shown by a Ctf19-Mcm21 complex structure. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:216-22. [PMID: 22322944 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins Ctf19, Okp1, Mcm21 and Ame1 are the components of COMA, a subassembly of budding-yeast kinetochores. We have determined the crystal structure of a conserved COMA subcomplex--the Ctf19-Mcm21 heterodimer--from Kluyveromyces lactis. Both proteins contain 'double-RWD' domains, which together form a Y-shaped framework with flexible N-terminal extensions. The kinetochore proteins Csm1, Spc24 and Spc25 have related single RWD domains, and Ctf19 and Mcm21 associate with pseudo-twofold symmetry analogous to that in the Csm1 homodimer and the Spc24-Spc25 heterodimer. The double-RWD domain core of the Ctf19-Mcm21 heterodimer is sufficient for association with Okp1-Ame1; the less conserved N-terminal regions may interact with components of a more extensive 'CTF19 complex'. Our structure shows the RWD domain to be a recurring module of kinetochore architecture that may be present in other kinetochore substructures. Like many eukaryotic molecular machines, kinetochores may have evolved from simpler assemblies by multiplication of a few ancestral modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmitzberger
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Stirling PC, Crisp MJ, Basrai MA, Tucker CM, Dunham MJ, Spencer FA, Hieter P. Mutability and mutational spectrum of chromosome transmission fidelity genes. Chromosoma 2011; 121:263-75. [PMID: 22198145 PMCID: PMC3350768 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than two decades since the original chromosome transmission fidelity (Ctf) screen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was published. Since that time the spectrum of mutations known to cause Ctf and, more generally, chromosome instability (CIN) has expanded dramatically as a result of systematic screens across yeast mutant arrays. Here we describe a comprehensive summary of the original Ctf genetic screen and the cloning of the remaining complementation groups as efforts to expand our knowledge of the CIN gene repertoire and its mutability in a model eukaryote. At the time of the original screen, it was impossible to predict either the genes and processes that would be overrepresented in a pool of random mutants displaying a Ctf phenotype or what the entire set of genes potentially mutable to Ctf would be. We show that in a collection of 136 randomly selected Ctf mutants, >65% of mutants map to 13 genes, 12 of which are involved in sister chromatid cohesion and/or kinetochore function. Extensive screening of systematic mutant collections has shown that ~350 genes with functions as diverse as RNA processing and proteasomal activity mutate to cause a Ctf phenotype and at least 692 genes are required for faithful chromosome segregation. The enrichment of random Ctf alleles in only 13 of ~350 possible Ctf genes suggests that these genes are more easily mutable to cause genome instability than the others. These observations inform our understanding of recurring CIN mutations in human cancers where presumably random mutations are responsible for initiating the frequently observed CIN phenotype of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Stirling
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
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Misregulation of Scm3p/HJURP causes chromosome instability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human cells. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002303. [PMID: 21980305 PMCID: PMC3183075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore (centromeric DNA and associated proteins) is a key determinant for high fidelity chromosome transmission. Evolutionarily conserved Scm3p is an essential component of centromeric chromatin and is required for assembly and function of kinetochores in humans, fission yeast, and budding yeast. Overexpression of HJURP, the mammalian homolog of budding yeast Scm3p, has been observed in lung and breast cancers and is associated with poor prognosis; however, the physiological relevance of these observations is not well understood. We overexpressed SCM3 and HJURP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and HJURP in human cells and defined domains within Scm3p that mediate its chromosome loss phenotype. Our results showed that the overexpression of SCM3 (GALSCM3) or HJURP (GALHJURP) caused chromosome loss in a wild-type yeast strain, and overexpression of HJURP led to mitotic defects in human cells. GALSCM3 resulted in reduced viability in kinetochore mutants, premature separation of sister chromatids, and reduction in Cse4p and histone H4 at centromeres. Overexpression of CSE4 or histone H4 suppressed chromosome loss and restored levels of Cse4p at centromeres in GALSCM3 strains. Using mutant alleles of scm3, we identified a domain in the N-terminus of Scm3p that mediates its interaction with CEN DNA and determined that the chromosome loss phenotype of GALSCM3 is due to centromeric association of Scm3p devoid of Cse4p/H4. Furthermore, we determined that similar to other systems the centromeric association of Scm3p is cell cycle regulated. Our results show that altered stoichiometry of Scm3p/HJURP, Cse4p, and histone H4 lead to defects in chromosome segregation. We conclude that stringent regulation of HJURP and SCM3 expression are critical for genome stability.
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Perpelescu M, Fukagawa T. The ABCs of CENPs. Chromosoma 2011; 120:425-46. [PMID: 21751032 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Equal distribution of DNA in mitosis requires the assembly of a large proteinaceous ensemble onto the centromeric DNA, called the kinetochore. With few exceptions, kinetochore specification is independent of the DNA sequence and is determined epigenetically by deposition at the centromeric chromatin of special nucleosomes containing an H3-related histone, CENP-A. Onto centromeric CENP-A chromatin is assembled the so-called constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) of 16 proteins distributed in several functional groups as follows: CENP-C, CENP-H/CENP-I/CENP-K/, CENP-L/CENP-M/CENP-N, CENP-O/CENP-P/CENP-Q/CENP-R/CENP-U(50), CENP-T/CENP-W, and CENP-S/CENP-X. One role of the CCAN is to recruit outer kinetochore components further, such as KNL1, the Mis12 complex, and the Ndc80 complex (KMN network) to which attach the spindle microtubules with their structural and regulatory proteins. Among the CENPs in CCAN, CENP-C and CENP-T are required in parallel for operational kinetochore specification and spindle attachment. This review presents discussion of the latest structural and functional data on CENP-A and CENPs from the CCAN as well as their interaction with the KMN network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Perpelescu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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Shiroiwa Y, Hayashi T, Fujita Y, Villar-Briones A, Ikai N, Takeda K, Ebe M, Yanagida M. Mis17 is a regulatory module of the Mis6-Mal2-Sim4 centromere complex that is required for the recruitment of CenH3/CENP-A in fission yeast. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17761. [PMID: 21445296 PMCID: PMC3061866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The centromere is the chromosome domain on which the mitotic kinetochore forms for proper segregation. Deposition of the centromeric histone H3 (CenH3, CENP-A) is vital for the formation of centromere-specific chromatin. The Mis6-Mal2-Sim4 complex of the fission yeast S. pombe is required for the recruitment of CenH3 (Cnp1), but its function remains obscure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mass spectrometry was performed on the proteins precipitated with Mis6- and Mis17-FLAG. The results together with the previously identified Sim4- and Mal2-TAP precipitated proteins indicated that the complex contains 12 subunits, Mis6, Sim4, Mal2, Mis15, Mis17, Cnl2, Fta1-4, Fta6-7, nine of which have human centromeric protein (CENP) counterparts. Domain dissection indicated that the carboxy-half of Mis17 is functional, while its amino-half is regulatory. Overproduction of the amino-half caused strong negative dominance, which led to massive chromosome missegregation and hypersensitivity to the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA. Mis17 was hyperphosphorylated and overproduction-induced negative dominance was abolished in six kinase-deletion mutants, ssp2 (AMPK), ppk9 (AMPK), ppk15 (Yak1), ppk30 (Ark1), wis4 (Ssk2), and lsk1 (P-TEFb). CONCLUSIONS Mis17 may be a regulatory module of the Mis6 complex. Negative dominance of the Mis17 fragment is exerted while the complex and CenH3 remain at the centromere, a result that differs from the mislocalization seen in the mis17-362 mutant. The known functions of the kinases suggest an unexpected link between Mis17 and control of the cortex actin, nutrition, and signal/transcription. Possible interpretations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yohta Fujita
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Nobuyasu Ikai
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Takeda
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yanagida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Jaimovich A, Rinott R, Schuldiner M, Margalit H, Friedman N. Modularity and directionality in genetic interaction maps. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:i228-36. [PMID: 20529911 PMCID: PMC2881382 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Genetic interactions between genes reflect functional relationships caused by a wide range of molecular mechanisms. Large-scale genetic interaction assays lead to a wealth of information about the functional relations between genes. However, the vast number of observed interactions, along with experimental noise, makes the interpretation of such assays a major challenge. Results: Here, we introduce a computational approach to organize genetic interactions and show that the bulk of observed interactions can be organized in a hierarchy of modules. Revealing this organization enables insights into the function of cellular machineries and highlights global properties of interaction maps. To gain further insight into the nature of these interactions, we integrated data from genetic screens under a wide range of conditions to reveal that more than a third of observed aggravating (i.e. synthetic sick/lethal) interactions are unidirectional, where one gene can buffer the effects of perturbing another gene but not vice versa. Furthermore, most modules of genes that have multiple aggravating interactions were found to be involved in such unidirectional interactions. We demonstrate that the identification of external stimuli that mimic the effect of specific gene knockouts provides insights into the role of individual modules in maintaining cellular integrity. Availability: We designed a freely accessible web tool that includes all our findings, and is specifically intended to allow effective browsing of our results (http://compbio.cs.huji.ac.il/GIAnalysis). Contact:maya.schuldiner@weizmann.ac.il; hanahm@ekmd.huji.ac.il; nir@cs.huji.ac.il Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Jaimovich
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Sarkar S, Haldar S, Hajra S, Sinha P. The budding yeast protein Sum1 functions independently of its binding partners Hst1 and Sir2 histone deacetylases to regulate microtubule assembly. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:660-73. [PMID: 20608984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast protein Sum1 is a transcription factor that associates with the histone deacetylase Hst1p or, in its absence, with Sir2p to form repressed chromatin. In this study, SUM1 has been identified as an allele-specific dosage suppressor of mutations in the major alpha-tubulin-coding gene TUB1. When cloned in a 2mu vector, SUM1 suppressed the cold-sensitive and benomyl-hypersensitive phenotypes associated with the tub1-1 mutation. The suppression was Hst1p- and Sir2p-independent, suggesting that it was not mediated by deacetylation events associated with Sum1p when it functions along with its known partner histone deacetylases. This protein was confined to the nucleus, but did not colocalize with the microtubules nor did it bind to alpha- or beta-tubulin. Cells deleted of SUM1 showed hypersensitivity to benomyl and cold-sensitive growth, phenotypes exhibited by mutants defective in microtubule function and cytoskeletal defects. These observations suggest that Sum1p is a novel regulator of microtubule function. We propose that as a dosage suppressor, Sum1p promotes the formation of microtubules by increasing the availability of the alphabeta-heterodimer containing the mutant alpha-tubulin subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Dixon SJ, Costanzo M, Baryshnikova A, Andrews B, Boone C. Systematic Mapping of Genetic Interaction Networks. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 43:601-25. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Dixon
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Michael Costanzo
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada;
| | - Anastasia Baryshnikova
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada;
| | - Brenda Andrews
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada;
| | - Charles Boone
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada;
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37
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Pagliuca C, Draviam VM, Marco E, Sorger PK, De Wulf P. Roles for the conserved spc105p/kre28p complex in kinetochore-microtubule binding and the spindle assembly checkpoint. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7640. [PMID: 19893618 PMCID: PMC2764089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinetochores attach sister chromatids to microtubules of the mitotic spindle and orchestrate chromosome disjunction at anaphase. Although S. cerevisiae has the simplest known kinetochores, they nonetheless contain approximately 70 subunits that assemble on centromeric DNA in a hierarchical manner. Developing an accurate picture of the DNA-binding, linker and microtubule-binding layers of kinetochores, including the functions of individual proteins in these layers, is a key challenge in the field of yeast chromosome segregation. Moreover, comparison of orthologous proteins in yeast and humans promises to extend insight obtained from the study of simple fungal kinetochores to complex animal cell kinetochores. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that S. cerevisiae Spc105p forms a heterotrimeric complex with Kre28p, the likely orthologue of the metazoan kinetochore protein Zwint-1. Through systematic analysis of interdependencies among kinetochore complexes, focused on Spc105p/Kre28p, we develop a comprehensive picture of the assembly hierarchy of budding yeast kinetochores. We find Spc105p/Kre28p to comprise the third linker complex that, along with the Ndc80 and MIND linker complexes, is responsible for bridging between centromeric heterochromatin and kinetochore MAPs and motors. Like the Ndc80 complex, Spc105p/Kre28p is also essential for kinetochore binding by components of the spindle assembly checkpoint. Moreover, these functions are conserved in human cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Spc105p/Kre28p is the last of the core linker complexes to be analyzed in yeast and we show it to be required for kinetochore binding by a discrete subset of kMAPs (Bim1p, Bik1p, Slk19p) and motors (Cin8p, Kar3p), all of which are nonessential. Strikingly, dissociation of these proteins from kinetochores prevents bipolar attachment, even though the Ndc80 and DASH complexes, the two best-studied kMAPs, are still present. The failure of Spc105 deficient kinetochores to bind correctly to spindle microtubules and to recruit checkpoint proteins in yeast and human cells explains the observed severity of missegregation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pagliuca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Viji M. Draviam
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenio Marco
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter K. Sorger
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter De Wulf
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Fernius J, Marston AL. Establishment of cohesion at the pericentromere by the Ctf19 kinetochore subcomplex and the replication fork-associated factor, Csm3. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000629. [PMID: 19730685 PMCID: PMC2727958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex holds sister chromatids together from the time of their duplication in S phase until their separation during mitosis. Although cohesin is found along the length of chromosomes, it is most abundant at the centromere and surrounding region, the pericentromere. We show here that the budding yeast Ctf19 kinetochore subcomplex and the replication fork-associated factor, Csm3, are both important mediators of pericentromeric cohesion, but they act through distinct mechanisms. We show that components of the Ctf19 complex direct the increased association of cohesin with the pericentromere. In contrast, Csm3 is dispensable for cohesin enrichment in the pericentromere but is essential in ensuring its functionality in holding sister centromeres together. Consistently, cells lacking Csm3 show additive cohesion defects in combination with mutants in the Ctf19 complex. Furthermore, delaying DNA replication rescues the cohesion defect observed in cells lacking Ctf19 complex components, but not Csm3. We propose that the Ctf19 complex ensures additional loading of cohesin at centromeres prior to passage of the replication fork, thereby ensuring its incorporation into functional linkages through a process requiring Csm3. During cell division, chromosomes must be distributed accurately to daughter cells to protect against aneuploidy, a state in which cells have too few or too many chromosomes, and which is associated with diseases such as cancer and birth defects. This process begins with the generation of an exact copy of each chromosome and the establishment of tight linkages that hold the newly duplicated sister chromosomes together. These linkages, generated by the cohesin complex, are essential to resist the pulling forces of the spindle, which will pull the sister chromosomes apart into the two new daughter cells. Here we examine the establishment of cohesin at the pericentromere, the region surrounding the site of spindle attachment and where its forces are strongest. We find that a dedicated pathway promotes cohesin establishment in this region through a two-step mechanism. In the first step, a group of proteins, known as the Ctf19 complex, promote the association of cohesin with this region. In the second step, the Csm3 protein, which is coupled to the DNA replication machinery, ensures its conversion into functional linkages. We demonstrate the importance of this process for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Fernius
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adele L. Marston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Pif1, an evolutionarily conserved helicase, negatively regulates telomere length by removing telomerase from chromosome ends. Pif1 has also been implicated in DNA replication processes such as Okazaki fragment maturation and replication fork pausing. We find that overexpression of Saccharomyces cervisiae PIF1 results in dose-dependent growth inhibition. Strong overexpression causes relocalization of the DNA damage response factors Rfa1 and Mre11 into nuclear foci and activation of the Rad53 DNA damage checkpoint kinase, indicating that the toxicity is caused by accumulation of DNA damage. We screened the complete set of approximately 4800 haploid gene deletion mutants and found that moderate overexpression of PIF1, which is only mildly toxic on its own, causes growth defects in strains with mutations in genes involved in DNA replication and the DNA damage response. Interestingly, we find that telomerase-deficient strains are also sensitive to PIF1 overexpression. Our data are consistent with a model whereby increased levels of Pif1 interfere with DNA replication, causing collapsed replication forks. At chromosome ends, collapsed forks result in truncated telomeres that must be rapidly elongated by telomerase to maintain viability.
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40
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Torras-Llort M, Moreno-Moreno O, Azorín F. Focus on the centre: the role of chromatin on the regulation of centromere identity and function. EMBO J 2009; 28:2337-48. [PMID: 19629040 PMCID: PMC2722248 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a specialised chromosomal structure that regulates faithful chromosome segregation during cell division, as it dictates the site of assembly of the kinetochore, a critical structure that mediates binding of chromosomes to the spindle, monitors bipolar attachment and pulls chromosomes to the poles during anaphase. Identified more than a century ago as the primary constriction of condensed metaphase chromosomes, the centromere remained elusive to molecular characterisation for many years owed to its unusual enrichment in highly repetitive satellite DNA sequences, except in budding yeast. In the last decade, our understanding of centromere structure, organisation and function has increased tremendously. Nowadays, we know that centromere identity is determined epigenetically by the formation of a unique type of chromatin, which is characterised by the presence of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CenH3, originally called CENP-A, which replaces canonical histone H3 at centromeres. CenH3-chromatin constitutes the physical and functional foundation for kinetochore assembly. This review explores recent studies addressing the structural and functional characterisation of CenH3-chromatin, its assembly and propagation during mitosis, and its contribution to kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Torras-Llort
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Moreno-Moreno
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Azorín
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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Panchenko T, Black BE. The epigenetic basis for centromere identity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 48:1-32. [PMID: 19521810 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00182-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The centromere serves as the control locus for chromosome segregation at mitosis and meiosis. In most eukaryotes, including mammals, the location of the centromere is epigenetically defined. The contribution of both genetic and epigenetic determinants to centromere function is the subject of current investigation in diverse eukaryotes. Here we highlight key findings from several organisms that have shaped the current view of centromeres, with special attention to experiments that have elucidated the epigenetic nature of their specification. Recent insights into the histone H3 variant, CENP-A, which assembles into centromeric nucleosomes that serve as the epigenetic mark to perpetuate centromere identity, have added important mechanistic understanding of how centromere identity is initially established and subsequently maintained in every cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Panchenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
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Cohen RL, Espelin CW, De Wulf P, Sorger PK, Harrison SC, Simons KT. Structural and functional dissection of Mif2p, a conserved DNA-binding kinetochore protein. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4480-91. [PMID: 18701705 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mif2p is the budding-yeast orthologue of the mammalian centromere-binding protein CENP-C. We have mapped domains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mif2p and studied the phenotyptic consequences of their deletion. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we have further shown that Mif2p binds in the CDEIII region of the budding-yeast centromere, probably in close spatial association with Ndc10p. Moreover, ChIP experiments show that Mif2p recruits to yeast kinetochores a substantial subset of inner and outer kinetochore proteins, but not the Ndc80 or Spc105 complexes. We have determined the crystal structure of the C-terminal, dimerization domain of Mif2p. It has a "cupin" fold, extremely similar both in polypeptide chain conformation and in dimer geometry to the dimerization domain of a bacterial transcription factor. The Mif2p dimer seems to be part of an enhanceosome-like structure that nucleates kinetochore assembly in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Cohen
- Jack and Eileen Connors Structural Biology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Altered dosage and mislocalization of histone H3 and Cse4p lead to chromosome loss in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2008; 179:263-75. [PMID: 18458100 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.088518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cse4p is an essential histone H3 variant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that defines centromere identity and is required for proper segregation of chromosomes. In this study, we investigated phenotypic consequences of Cse4p mislocalization and increased dosage of histone H3 and Cse4p, and established a direct link between histone stoichiometry, mislocalization of Cse4p, and chromosome segregation. Overexpression of the stable Cse4p mutant, cse4(K16R), resulted in its mislocalization, increased association with chromatin, and a high rate of chromosome loss, all of which were suppressed by constitutive expression of histone H3 (delta 16H3). We determined that delta 16H3 did not lead to increased chromosome loss; however, increasing the dosage of histone H3 (GALH3) resulted in significant chromosome loss due to reduced levels of centromere (CEN)-associated Cse4p and synthetic dosage lethality (SDL) in kinetochore mutants. These phenotypes were suppressed by GALCSE4. We conclude that the chromosome missegregation of GALcse4(K16R) and GALH3 strains is due to mislocalization and a functionally compromised kinetochore, respectively. Suppression of these phenotypes by histone delta 16H3 and GALCSE4 supports the conclusion that proper stoichiometry affects the localization of histone H3 and Cse4p and is thus essential for accurate chromosome segregation.
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44
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Ybp2 associates with the central kinetochore of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mediates proper mitotic progression. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1617. [PMID: 18286174 PMCID: PMC2238814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint ensures the accurate segregation of chromosomes by monitoring the status of kinetochore attachment to microtubules. Simultaneous mutations in one of several kinetochore and cohesion genes and a spindle checkpoint gene cause a synthetic-lethal or synthetic-sick phenotype. A synthetic genetic array (SGA) analysis using a mad2Delta query mutant strain of yeast identified YBP2, a gene whose product shares sequence similarity with the product of YBP1, which is required for H(2)O(2)-induced oxidation of the transcription factor Yap1. ybp2Delta was sensitive to benomyl and accumulated at the mitotic stage of the cell cycle. Ybp2 physically associates with proteins of the COMA complex (Ctf19, Okp1, Mcm21, and Ame1) and 3 components of the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80, Nuf2, and Spc25 but not Spc24) in the central kinetochore and with Cse4 (the centromeric histone and CENP-A homolog). Chromatin-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that Ybp2 associates specifically with CEN DNA. Furthermore, ybp2Delta showed synthetic-sick interactions with mutants of the genes that encode the COMA complex components. Ybp2 seems to be part of a macromolecular kinetochore complex and appears to contribute to the proper associations among the central kinetochore subcomplexes and the kinetochore-specific nucleosome.
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45
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Tanaka TU, Stark MJR, Tanaka K. Kinetochore capture and bi-orientation on the mitotic spindle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 6:929-42. [PMID: 16341079 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein complexes that are formed on chromosome regions known as centromeres. For high-fidelity chromosome segregation, kinetochores must be correctly captured on the mitotic spindle before anaphase onset. During prometaphase, kinetochores are initially captured by a single microtubule that extends from a spindle pole and are then transported poleward along the microtubule. Subsequently, microtubules that extend from the other spindle pole also interact with kinetochores and, eventually, each sister kinetochore attaches to microtubules that extend from opposite poles - this is known as bi-orientation. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms of these processes, by focusing on budding yeast and drawing comparisons with other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki U Tanaka
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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46
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Abstract
The kinetochore is a key cell division organelle that enables high-fidelity transmission of genetic information by coupling chromosomes to spindle microtubules during mitosis and meiosis. Despite its cytological description more than a century ago, remarkably little information is available on kinetochore function at a molecular level. Recently, important advances elucidating the overall organization of kinetochores, as well as information about the structures and molecular mechanisms of kinetochore function, have been achieved through a detailed analysis of the kinetochores of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we review the current understanding of kinetochore function in budding yeast and draw comparisons to recent findings in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Westermann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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47
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Camahort R, Li B, Florens L, Swanson SK, Washburn MP, Gerton JL. Scm3 is essential to recruit the histone h3 variant cse4 to centromeres and to maintain a functional kinetochore. Mol Cell 2007; 26:853-65. [PMID: 17569568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a complex multiprotein structure located at centromeres that is essential for proper chromosome segregation. Budding-yeast Cse4 is an essential evolutionarily conserved histone H3 variant recruited to the centromere by an unknown mechanism. We have identified Scm3, an inner kinetochore protein that immunopurifies with Cse4. Scm3 is essential for viability and localizes to all centromeres. Construction of a conditional SCM3 allele reveals that depletion results in metaphase arrest, with duplicated spindle poles, short spindles, and unequal DNA distribution. The metaphase arrest is mediated by the mitotic spindle checkpoint being dependent on Mad1 and the Aurora kinase B homolog Ipl1. Scm3 interacts with both Ndc10 and Cse4 and is essential to establish centromeric chromatin after DNA replication. In addition, Scm3 is required to maintain kinetochore function throughout the cell cycle. We propose a model in which Ndc10/Scm3 binds to centromeric DNA, which is in turn essential for targeting Cse4 to centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Camahort
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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48
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Ma L, McQueen J, Cuschieri L, Vogel J, Measday V. Spc24 and Stu2 promote spindle integrity when DNA replication is stalled. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:2805-16. [PMID: 17507656 PMCID: PMC1949354 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-09-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore, a protein complex that links chromosomes to microtubules (MTs), is required to prevent spindle expansion during S phase in budding yeast, but the mechanism of how the kinetochore maintains integrity of the bipolar spindle before mitosis is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that a mutation of Spc24, a component of the conserved Ndc80 kinetochore complex, causes lethality when cells are exposed to the DNA replication inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) due to premature spindle expansion and segregation of incompletely replicated DNA. Overexpression of Stu1, a CLASP-related MT-associated protein or a truncated form of the XMAP215 orthologue Stu2 rescues spc24-9 HU lethality and prevents spindle expansion. Truncated Stu2 likely acts in a dominant-negative manner, because overexpression of full-length STU2 does not rescue spc24-9 HU lethality, and spindle expansion in spc24-9 HU-treated cells requires active Stu2. Stu1 and Stu2 localize to the kinetochore early in the cell cycle and Stu2 kinetochore localization depends on Spc24. We propose that mislocalization of Stu2 results in premature spindle expansion in S phase stalled spc24-9 mutants. Identifying factors that restrain spindle expansion upon inhibition of DNA replication is likely applicable to the mechanism by which spindle elongation is regulated during a normal cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- *Genetics Graduate Program and
- Wine Research Centre/Michael Smith Laboratories, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada; and
| | - Jennifer McQueen
- *Genetics Graduate Program and
- Wine Research Centre/Michael Smith Laboratories, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada; and
| | | | - Jackie Vogel
- Department of Biology and
- Developmental Biology Research Initiative, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - Vivien Measday
- Wine Research Centre/Michael Smith Laboratories, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada; and
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Ogiwara H, Ui A, Kawashima S, Kugou K, Onoda F, Iwahashi H, Harata M, Ohta K, Enomoto T, Seki M. Actin-related protein Arp4 functions in kinetochore assembly. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:3109-17. [PMID: 17452364 PMCID: PMC1888834 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-related proteins (Arps) comprise a conserved protein family. Arp4p is found in large multisubunits of the INO80 and SWR1 chromatin remodeling complexes and in the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. Here we show that arp4 (arp4S23A/D159A) temperature-sensitive cells are defective in G2/M phase function. arp4 mutants are sensitive to the microtubule depolymerizing agent benomyl and arrest at G2/M phase at restrictive temperature. Arp4p is associated with centromeric and telomeric regions throughout cell cycle. Ino80p, Esa1p and Swr1p, components of the INO80, NuA4 and SWR1 complexes, respectively, also associate with centromeres. The association of many kinetochore components including Cse4p, a component of the centromere nucleosome, Mtw1p and Ctf3p is partially impaired in arp4 cells, suggesting that the G2/M arrest of arp4 mutant cells is due to a defect in formation of the chromosomal segregation apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ogiwara
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ayako Ui
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawashima
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kugou
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Onoda
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwahashi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takemi Enomoto
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masayuki Seki
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, The Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan and Tohoku University 21st Century COE Program “Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug development and Clinical Evaluation”, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +81-22-795-6875+81-22-795-6873
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50
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Vos LJ, Famulski JK, Chan GKT. How to build a centromere: from centromeric and pericentromeric chromatin to kinetochore assembly. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 84:619-39. [PMID: 16936833 DOI: 10.1139/o06-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the centromere, a specialized region of DNA along with a constitutive protein complex which resides at the primary constriction and is the site of kinetochore formation, has been puzzling biologists for many years. Recent advances in the fields of chromatin, microscopy, and proteomics have shed a new light on this complex and essential process. Here we review recently discovered mechanisms and proteins involved in determining mammalian centromere location and assembly. The centromeric core protein CENP-A, a histone H3 variant, is hypothesized to designate centromere localization by incorporation into centromere-specific nucleosomes and is essential for the formation of a functional kinetochore. It has been found that centromere localization of centromere protein A (CENP-A), and therefore centromere determination, requires proteins involved in histone deacetylation, as well as base excision DNA repair pathways and proteolysis. In addition to the incorporation of CENP-A at the centromere, the formation of heterochromatin through histone methylation and RNA interference is also crucial for centromere formation. The assembly of the centromere and kinetochore is complex and interdependent, involving epigenetics and hierarchical protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J Vos
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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