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Li K, Kong J, Zhang S, Zhao T, Qian W. Distance-dependent inhibition of translation initiation by downstream out-of-frame AUGs is consistent with a Brownian ratchet process of ribosome scanning. Genome Biol 2022; 23:254. [PMID: 36510274 PMCID: PMC9743702 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic ribosomes are widely presumed to scan mRNA for the AUG codon to initiate translation in a strictly 5'-3' movement (i.e., strictly unidirectional scanning model), so that ribosomes initiate translation exclusively at the 5' proximal AUG codon (i.e., the first-AUG rule). RESULTS We generate 13,437 yeast variants, each with an ATG triplet placed downstream (dATGs) of the annotated ATG (aATG) codon of a green fluorescent protein. We find that out-of-frame dATGs can inhibit translation at the aATG, but with diminishing strength over increasing distance between aATG and dATG, undetectable beyond ~17 nt. This phenomenon is best explained by a Brownian ratchet mechanism of ribosome scanning, in which the ribosome uses small-amplitude 5'-3' and 3'-5' oscillations with a net 5'-3' movement to scan the AUG codon, thereby leading to competition for translation initiation between aAUG and a proximal dAUG. This scanning model further predicts that the inhibitory effect induced by an out-of-frame upstream AUG triplet (uAUG) will diminish as uAUG approaches aAUG, which is indeed observed among the 15,586 uATG variants generated in this study. Computational simulations suggest that each triplet is scanned back and forth approximately ten times until the ribosome eventually migrates to downstream regions. Moreover, this scanning process could constrain the evolution of sequences downstream of the aATG to minimize proximal out-of-frame dATG triplets in yeast and humans. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings uncover the basic process by which eukaryotic ribosomes scan for initiation codons, and how this process could shape eukaryotic genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinhui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenfeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Wang Y, Huan Q, Li K, Qian W. Single-cell transcriptome atlas of the leaf and root of rice seedlings. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:881-898. [PMID: 34340913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a multicellular organism, rice flourishes relying on gene expression diversity among cells of various functions. However, cellular-resolution transcriptome features are yet to be fully recognized, let alone cell-specific transcriptional responses to environmental stimuli. In this study, we apply single-cell RNA sequencing to both shoot and root of rice seedlings growing in Kimura B nutrient solution or exposed to various abiotic stresses and characterize transcriptomes for a total of 237,431 individual cells. We identify 15 and 9 cell types in the leaf and root, respectively, and observe that common transcriptome features are often shared between leaves and roots in the same tissue layer, except for endodermis or epidermis. Abiotic stress stimuli alter gene expression largely in a cell type-specific manner, but for a given cell type, different stresses often trigger transcriptional regulation of roughly the same set of genes. Besides, we detect proportional changes in cell populations in response to abiotic stress and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms through single-cell reconstruction of the developmental trajectory. Collectively, our study represents a benchmark-setting data resource of single-cell transcriptome atlas for rice seedlings and an illustration of exploiting such resources to drive discoveries in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenfeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cooke SL, Soares BL, Müller CA, Nieduszynski CA, Bastos de Oliveira FM, de Bruin RAM. Tos4 mediates gene expression homeostasis through interaction with HDAC complexes independently of H3K56 acetylation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100533. [PMID: 33713703 PMCID: PMC8054192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibits gene expression homeostasis, which is defined as the buffering of transcription levels against changes in DNA copy number during the S phase of the cell cycle. It has been suggested that S. cerevisiae employs an active mechanism to maintain gene expression homeostasis through Rtt109-Asf1-dependent acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 56 (H3K56). Here, we show that gene expression homeostasis can be achieved independently of H3K56 acetylation by Tos4 (Target of Swi6-4). Using Nanostring technology, we establish that Tos4-dependent gene expression homeostasis depends on its forkhead-associated (FHA) domain, which is a phosphopeptide recognition domain required to bind histone deacetylases (HDACs). We demonstrate that the mechanism of Tos4-dependent gene expression homeostasis requires its interaction with the Rpd3L HDAC complex. However, this is independent of Rpd3's well-established roles in both histone deacetylation and controlling the DNA replication timing program, as established by deep sequencing of Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorted (FACS) S and G2 phase populations. Overall, our data reveals that Tos4 mediates gene expression homeostasis through its FHA domain-dependent interaction with the Rpd3L complex, which is independent of H3K56ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Cooke
- MRC Laboratory Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara L Soares
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolin A Müller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Conrad A Nieduszynski
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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Fan P, Han B, Hu H, Wei Q, Zhang X, Meng L, Nie J, Tang X, Tian X, Zhang L, Wang L, Li J. Proteome of thymus and spleen reveals that 10-hydroxydec-2-enoic acid could enhance immunity in mice. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:267-279. [PMID: 32077781 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1733529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: 10-hydroxydec-2-enoic acid (10-HDA), a unique component of royal jelly existing only in nature, has the potential to promote human health. Knowledge of 10-HDA in regulating immuno-activity, however, is lacking. The aim of our work is to gain a novel understanding of 10-HDA in promoting immunity.Methods: Immuno-suppressed mice were generated by cyclophosphamide injection, After 10-HDA supplementation to the mice to rescue their immunity, the proteomes of the thymus and spleen were analyzed.Results: The weight of the body, thymus, and spleen in cyclophosphamide-induced mice recovered by 10-HDA indicate its potential role in immuno-organ protection. In the thymus, the enhanced activity of pathways associated with DNA/RNA/protein activities may be critical for T-lymphocyte proliferation/differentiation, and cytotoxicity. In the spleen, the induced pathways involved in DNA/RNA/protein activities, and cell proliferative stimulation suggest their vital role in B-lymphocyte affinity maturation, antigen presentation, and macrophage activity. The up-regulated proteins highly connected in networks modulated by 10-HDA indicate that the mice may evolve tactics to respond to immuno-organ impairment by activating critical physiological processes.Conclusion: Our data constitute a proof-of-concept that 10-HDA is a potential agent to improve immunity in the thymus and spleen and offer a new venue for applying natural products to the therapy for hypoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Fan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Han
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Han Hu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiaohong Wei
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lifeng Meng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Technology, Hunan SJA Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Department of Technology, Hunan SJA Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tian
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Research & Development, Henan Jianda Bio Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jianke Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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